From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Myopodin
protein , also called Synaptopodin-2 is a
protein that in humans is encoded by the SYNPO2
gene .
[5]
[6]
[7] Myopodin is expressed in
cardiac ,
smooth muscle and
skeletal muscle , and localizes to
Z-disc structures.
Structure
Myopodin is a 117.4 kDa protein composed of 1093 amino acids,
[8] although four alternatively-spliced isoforms have been described.
[9] Myopodin contains one PPXY motif, multiple PXXP motifs, and two potential
nuclear localization sequences (one
N-terminal and one
C-terminal ).
[5] PPXY motifs have been shown to mediate
interactions , and PXXP motifs represent potential sites of
interaction for
SH3 domain -containing proteins. Myopodin contains a novel
actin binding site (between amino acids 410 and 563) in the center of the protein.
[5]
Function
During
myotube differentiation, myopodin
interacts with
stress fibers prior to
co-localizing with
alpha actinin-2 at
Z-discs in mature striated muscle cells.
[5] Myopodin has been shown to shuttle between the
nucleus and
cytoplasm in
myoblasts and myotubes in response to stress; its export from the
nucleus is sensitive to
lemtomycin B .
[5] The nuclear localization of myopodin is sensitive to
Importin 13 , which directly binds myopodin and facilitates its translocation.
[6] Importin binding and nuclear import of myopodin appears to be mediated by
serine /
threonine phosphorylation-dependent binding of myopodin to
14-3-3 beta
[10] Myopodin appears to regulate compartmentalized, intracellular signal transduction between the
Z-disc and
nucleus in
cardiac muscle cells, by forming a
Z-disc signaling complex with
alpha actinin-2 ,
calcineurin ,
CaMKII ,
muscle-specific A-kinase anchoring protein , and
myomegalin .
[11] Specifically, phosphorylation by
protein kinase A or
CaMKII , and dephosphorylation by
calcineurin facilitates the binding or release, respectively, of
14-3-3-beta , and the corresponding
nuclear or
cytoplasmic localization, respectively, of myopodin.
[11]
Interactions
Myopodin
interacts with:
References
^
a
b
c
GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000172403 –
Ensembl , May 2017
^
a
b
c
GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000050315 –
Ensembl , May 2017
^
"Human PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .
^
"Mouse PubMed Reference:" . National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine .
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g Weins A, Schwarz K, Faul C, Barisoni L, Linke WA, Mundel P (Oct 2001).
"Differentiation- and stress-dependent nuclear cytoplasmic redistribution of myopodin, a novel actin-bundling protein" . The Journal of Cell Biology . 155 (3): 393–404.
doi :
10.1083/jcb.200012039 .
PMC
2150840 .
PMID
11673475 .
^
a
b
c Liang J, Ke G, You W, Peng Z, Lan J, Kalesse M, Tartakoff AM, Kaplan F, Tao T (Jan 2008). "Interaction between importin 13 and myopodin suggests a nuclear import pathway for myopodin". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry . 307 (1–2): 93–100.
doi :
10.1007/s11010-007-9588-1 .
PMID
17828378 .
S2CID
19273082 .
^
"Entrez Gene: SYNPO2 synaptopodin 2" .
^ Joon-Sub Chung.
"Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB) —— Protein Information" . heartproteome.org . Archived from
the original on 2015-06-17. Retrieved 2015-06-15 .
^
"SYNPO2 - Synaptopodin-2 - Homo sapiens (Human) - SYNPO2 gene & protein" . uniprot.org .
^ Faul C, Hüttelmaier S, Oh J, Hachet V, Singer RH, Mundel P (May 2005).
"Promotion of importin alpha-mediated nuclear import by the phosphorylation-dependent binding of cargo protein to 14-3-3" . The Journal of Cell Biology . 169 (3): 415–24.
doi :
10.1083/jcb.200411169 .
PMC
2171942 .
PMID
15883195 .
^
a
b
c
d
e
f Faul C, Dhume A, Schecter AD, Mundel P (Dec 2007).
"Protein kinase A, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II, and calcineurin regulate the intracellular trafficking of myopodin between the Z-disc and the nucleus of cardiac myocytes" . Molecular and Cellular Biology . 27 (23): 8215–27.
doi :
10.1128/MCB.00950-07 .
PMC
2169179 .
PMID
17923693 .
Further reading
Houlgatte R, Mariage-Samson R, Duprat S, Tessier A, Bentolila S, Lamy B, Auffray C (Oct 1995).
"The Genexpress Index: a resource for gene discovery and the genic map of the human genome" . Genome Research . 5 (3): 272–304.
doi :
10.1101/gr.5.3.272 .
PMID
8593614 .
Hartley JL, Temple GF, Brasch MA (Nov 2000).
"DNA cloning using in vitro site-specific recombination" . Genome Research . 10 (11): 1788–95.
doi :
10.1101/gr.143000 .
PMC
310948 .
PMID
11076863 .
Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R, Gassenhuber J, Glassl S, Ansorge W, Böcher M, Blöcker H, Bauersachs S, Blum H, Lauber J, Düsterhöft A, Beyer A, Köhrer K, Strack N, Mewes HW, Ottenwälder B, Obermaier B, Tampe J, Heubner D, Wambutt R, Korn B, Klein M, Poustka A (Mar 2001).
"Toward a catalog of human genes and proteins: sequencing and analysis of 500 novel complete protein coding human cDNAs" . Genome Research . 11 (3): 422–35.
doi :
10.1101/gr.GR1547R .
PMC
311072 .
PMID
11230166 .
Simpson JC, Wellenreuther R, Poustka A, Pepperkok R, Wiemann S (Sep 2000).
"Systematic subcellular localization of novel proteins identified by large-scale cDNA sequencing" . EMBO Reports . 1 (3): 287–92.
doi :
10.1093/embo-reports/kvd058 .
PMC
1083732 .
PMID
11256614 .
Van Impe K, De Corte V, Eichinger L, Bruyneel E, Mareel M, Vandekerckhove J, Gettemans J (May 2003).
"The Nucleo-cytoplasmic actin-binding protein CapG lacks a nuclear export sequence present in structurally related proteins" . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 278 (20): 17945–52.
doi :
10.1074/jbc.M209946200 .
PMID
12637565 .
Sanchez-Carbayo M, Schwarz K, Charytonowicz E, Cordon-Cardo C, Mundel P (Aug 2003).
"Tumor suppressor role for myopodin in bladder cancer: loss of nuclear expression of myopodin is cell-cycle dependent and predicts clinical outcome" . Oncogene . 22 (34): 5298–305.
doi :
10.1038/sj.onc.1206616 .
PMID
12917631 .
Jing L, Liu L, Yu YP, Dhir R, Acquafondada M, Landsittel D, Cieply K, Wells A, Luo JH (May 2004).
"Expression of myopodin induces suppression of tumor growth and metastasis" . The American Journal of Pathology . 164 (5): 1799–806.
doi :
10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63738-8 .
PMC
1615646 .
PMID
15111326 .
Wiemann S, Arlt D, Huber W, Wellenreuther R, Schleeger S, Mehrle A, Bechtel S, Sauermann M, Korf U, Pepperkok R, Sültmann H, Poustka A (Oct 2004).
"From ORFeome to biology: a functional genomics pipeline" . Genome Research . 14 (10B): 2136–44.
doi :
10.1101/gr.2576704 .
PMC
528930 .
PMID
15489336 .
Mehrle A, Rosenfelder H, Schupp I, del Val C, Arlt D, Hahne F, Bechtel S, Simpson J, Hofmann O, Hide W, Glatting KH, Huber W, Pepperkok R, Poustka A, Wiemann S (Jan 2006).
"The LIFEdb database in 2006" . Nucleic Acids Research . 34 (Database issue): D415–8.
doi :
10.1093/nar/gkj139 .
PMC
1347501 .
PMID
16381901 .