The Mexican paradox is the observation that Mexicans exhibit a surprisingly low incidence of low birth weight (especially foreign-born Mexican mothers [1]), contrary to what would be expected from their socioeconomic status (SES). This appears as an outlier in graphs correlating SES with low-birth-weight rates. The medical causes of lower rates of low birth weights among birthing Mexican mothers has been called into question. [2]
The Hispanic paradox refers to the same phenomenon observed across the populations of South and Central America, where Mexicans remain the healthier. [3]
Description
The results of a study showed that the mean birth weight of Mexican-American babies was 3.34 kg (7.37 lbs), while that of non-Hispanic White babies was 3.39 kg (7.48 lbs.). This finding re-emphasized the independence of mean birth weight and LBW. This however did not refute the discrepancies in LBW for Mexicans. The study also showed that the overall preterm birth rate was higher among Mexican Americans (10.6%) than non-Hispanic Whites (9.3%). In North Carolina, from 1996 to 2000, the infant death rate was 6.1 for Mexican-born infants, in comparison to 6.6 for White infants, and 15 for Black infants. [4] The overall hypothesis of the authors was that this finding reflected an error in recorded gestational age, described in a strongly bimodal birth-weight distribution at young gestational ages for Mexican-Americans.[ citation needed]
Many external effects come into play, such as the Mexican diet, extended family ties, low levels of stress, strong religious beliefs and strong ties to their communities. A 1995 study suggested that the Virgin of Guadeloupe encouraged healthy births thanks to its iconic pregnancy symbolism. [4] Another study suggested that resistance to changes in diet is responsible for the positive birth weight association for Mexican-American mothers. [5] Yet another study showed that Mexicans blend traditional and modern medicine, a potential explanation for the paradox. [3]
It was also observed that, the longer Mexican women live in the United States, the more their infant mortality risks increased. [4] [6] Lower occurrences of periodontal disease with Mexican-American women was also suggested as an explanation for the Mexican paradox. [7] Another study revealed that, beyond healthy births, Mexican infants also have lower developmental outcomes in their development years. [8]
A 2014 study concluded that the Mexican paradox is disappearing slowly, most of the comparison data between Mexican infants and White infants being fairly similar in recent years. [1] Another 2016 study showed that the Mexican paradox erodes in the third generation of the immigrated family. [9]
It was also verified that Mexicans have less high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases and most cancers. than the US population in general. [3]
See also
References
- ^ a b El-Sayed AM, Paczkowski MM, March D, Galea S (2014-11-01). "Trends in the Mexican infant mortality paradox over the past two decades". Annals of Epidemiology. 24 (11): 831–836. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.09.005. ISSN 1047-2797. PMID 25282323.
- ^ Buekens P, Notzon F, Kotelchuck M, Wilcox A (August 2000). "Why do Mexican Americans give birth to few low-birth-weight infants?". Am. J. Epidemiol. 152 (4): 347–51. doi: 10.1093/aje/152.4.347. PMID 10968379.
- ^ a b c Waldstein A (21 April 2017). "Why Mexican immigrants are healthier than their US-born peers". The Conversation. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
- ^ a b c Solow B (2003-01-22). "The "Mexican Paradox"". INDY Week. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
- ^ McGlade MS, Saha S, Dahlstrom ME (December 2004). "The Latina Paradox: An Opportunity for Restructuring Prenatal Care Delivery". Am J Public Health. 94 (12): 2062–5. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.94.12.2062. PMC 1448590. PMID 15569952.
- ^ Horevitz E, Organista KC (2013-02-01). "The Mexican Health Paradox: Expanding the Explanatory Power of the Acculturation Construct". Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 35 (1): 3–34. doi: 10.1177/0739986312460370. ISSN 0739-9863. S2CID 145064883.
- ^ Xiong X, Buekens P, Vastardis S, Wu T (2006). "Periodontal disease as one possible explanation for the Mexican paradox". Medical Hypotheses. 67 (6): 1348–1354. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.05.059. ISSN 0306-9877. PMID 16935435.
- ^ Padilla YC, Boardman JD, Hummer RA, Espitia M (2002). "Is the Mexican American "Epidemiologic Paradox" Advantage at Birth Maintained through Early Childhood?". Social Forces. 80 (3): 1101–1123. doi: 10.1353/sof.2002.0014. ISSN 0037-7732. JSTOR 3086467. S2CID 20939903.
- ^ Giuntella O (2016-12-01). "The Hispanic health paradox: New evidence from longitudinal data on second and third-generation birth outcomes". SSM - Population Health. 2: 84–89. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.02.013. ISSN 2352-8273. PMC 5757955. PMID 29349130.
Further reading
- Magaña A, Clark NM (February 1995). "Examining a paradox: does religiosity contribute to positive birth outcomes in Mexican American populations?". Health Educ Q. 22 (1): 96–109. doi: 10.1177/109019819502200109. PMID 7721605. S2CID 22994946.
- Padilla YC, Boardman JD, Hummer RA, Espitia M (23 March 2002). "Is the Mexican American "Epidemiologic Paradox" Advantage at Birth Maintained through Early Childhood?". Social Forces. 80 (3): 1101–23. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.502.3759. doi: 10.1353/sof.2002.0014. ISSN 0037-7732. S2CID 20939903.
The Mexican paradox is the observation that Mexicans exhibit a surprisingly low incidence of low birth weight (especially foreign-born Mexican mothers [1]), contrary to what would be expected from their socioeconomic status (SES). This appears as an outlier in graphs correlating SES with low-birth-weight rates. The medical causes of lower rates of low birth weights among birthing Mexican mothers has been called into question. [2]
The Hispanic paradox refers to the same phenomenon observed across the populations of South and Central America, where Mexicans remain the healthier. [3]
Description
The results of a study showed that the mean birth weight of Mexican-American babies was 3.34 kg (7.37 lbs), while that of non-Hispanic White babies was 3.39 kg (7.48 lbs.). This finding re-emphasized the independence of mean birth weight and LBW. This however did not refute the discrepancies in LBW for Mexicans. The study also showed that the overall preterm birth rate was higher among Mexican Americans (10.6%) than non-Hispanic Whites (9.3%). In North Carolina, from 1996 to 2000, the infant death rate was 6.1 for Mexican-born infants, in comparison to 6.6 for White infants, and 15 for Black infants. [4] The overall hypothesis of the authors was that this finding reflected an error in recorded gestational age, described in a strongly bimodal birth-weight distribution at young gestational ages for Mexican-Americans.[ citation needed]
Many external effects come into play, such as the Mexican diet, extended family ties, low levels of stress, strong religious beliefs and strong ties to their communities. A 1995 study suggested that the Virgin of Guadeloupe encouraged healthy births thanks to its iconic pregnancy symbolism. [4] Another study suggested that resistance to changes in diet is responsible for the positive birth weight association for Mexican-American mothers. [5] Yet another study showed that Mexicans blend traditional and modern medicine, a potential explanation for the paradox. [3]
It was also observed that, the longer Mexican women live in the United States, the more their infant mortality risks increased. [4] [6] Lower occurrences of periodontal disease with Mexican-American women was also suggested as an explanation for the Mexican paradox. [7] Another study revealed that, beyond healthy births, Mexican infants also have lower developmental outcomes in their development years. [8]
A 2014 study concluded that the Mexican paradox is disappearing slowly, most of the comparison data between Mexican infants and White infants being fairly similar in recent years. [1] Another 2016 study showed that the Mexican paradox erodes in the third generation of the immigrated family. [9]
It was also verified that Mexicans have less high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases and most cancers. than the US population in general. [3]
See also
References
- ^ a b El-Sayed AM, Paczkowski MM, March D, Galea S (2014-11-01). "Trends in the Mexican infant mortality paradox over the past two decades". Annals of Epidemiology. 24 (11): 831–836. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.09.005. ISSN 1047-2797. PMID 25282323.
- ^ Buekens P, Notzon F, Kotelchuck M, Wilcox A (August 2000). "Why do Mexican Americans give birth to few low-birth-weight infants?". Am. J. Epidemiol. 152 (4): 347–51. doi: 10.1093/aje/152.4.347. PMID 10968379.
- ^ a b c Waldstein A (21 April 2017). "Why Mexican immigrants are healthier than their US-born peers". The Conversation. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
- ^ a b c Solow B (2003-01-22). "The "Mexican Paradox"". INDY Week. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
- ^ McGlade MS, Saha S, Dahlstrom ME (December 2004). "The Latina Paradox: An Opportunity for Restructuring Prenatal Care Delivery". Am J Public Health. 94 (12): 2062–5. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.94.12.2062. PMC 1448590. PMID 15569952.
- ^ Horevitz E, Organista KC (2013-02-01). "The Mexican Health Paradox: Expanding the Explanatory Power of the Acculturation Construct". Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 35 (1): 3–34. doi: 10.1177/0739986312460370. ISSN 0739-9863. S2CID 145064883.
- ^ Xiong X, Buekens P, Vastardis S, Wu T (2006). "Periodontal disease as one possible explanation for the Mexican paradox". Medical Hypotheses. 67 (6): 1348–1354. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.05.059. ISSN 0306-9877. PMID 16935435.
- ^ Padilla YC, Boardman JD, Hummer RA, Espitia M (2002). "Is the Mexican American "Epidemiologic Paradox" Advantage at Birth Maintained through Early Childhood?". Social Forces. 80 (3): 1101–1123. doi: 10.1353/sof.2002.0014. ISSN 0037-7732. JSTOR 3086467. S2CID 20939903.
- ^ Giuntella O (2016-12-01). "The Hispanic health paradox: New evidence from longitudinal data on second and third-generation birth outcomes". SSM - Population Health. 2: 84–89. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.02.013. ISSN 2352-8273. PMC 5757955. PMID 29349130.
Further reading
- Magaña A, Clark NM (February 1995). "Examining a paradox: does religiosity contribute to positive birth outcomes in Mexican American populations?". Health Educ Q. 22 (1): 96–109. doi: 10.1177/109019819502200109. PMID 7721605. S2CID 22994946.
- Padilla YC, Boardman JD, Hummer RA, Espitia M (23 March 2002). "Is the Mexican American "Epidemiologic Paradox" Advantage at Birth Maintained through Early Childhood?". Social Forces. 80 (3): 1101–23. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.502.3759. doi: 10.1353/sof.2002.0014. ISSN 0037-7732. S2CID 20939903.