The
East Lothian Regiment (Sir Patrick Hepburn of Waughton) [oo].[8]
General of the OrdnanceSir Alexander Hamilton
(Not all the guns listed below would have been present at the battle)
8 brass demi-cannons
1 brass culverin
3 brass quarter-cannons
9 iron demi-culverins
48 brass demi-culverins
Almost all the senior officers of the Covenanter army had experience in the
Thirty Years' War. Many of the regiments had served during the
Bishops' Wars in Scotland (1639-1641) and the
Irish Rebellion of 1641. The infantry was thus a mix of experience, with new and old regiments both containing officers and men with continental experience. Those with siege experience had been left investing Newcastle under a veteran of Dutch service, Lieutenant General the
Earl of Callandar.[9] The cavalry used smaller and lighter mounts than English units.[10] Those on the left wing were placed in the rear of Cromwell's horse; on the right, Eglinton's horse were alongside Fairfax's regiment in the front rank and Leven's and Dalhousie's regiments in the rear.[11]
Earl of Manchester's Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel Clifton: 18 companies)[13]
Major General Crawford's Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel William Hamilton: 8 companies)
Sir Miles Hobart's Regiment (9 companies)
Francis Russell's Regiment (10 companies)
Edward Montagu's Regiment (10 companies)
John Pickering's Regiment (10 companies)
(Russell's, Montagu's and Pickering's regiments were brigaded together. Some of these would have taken heavy casualties at a failed
storming of York on 16 June)[14]
This army was raised in the Eastern Counties of England (
Norfolk,
Suffolk,
Essex,
Cambridgeshire and
Huntingdonshire). Although there were religious tensions within the army between the
Independents, championed by Cromwell, and the
Presbyterians who were backed by Manchester and Crawford, there was no argument on the day of battle.
The list of Colonels and regiments is probably incomplete. It is evident that most regiments were very weak. The troops present at Marston Moor had a high proportion of recent recruits.
Royalists
A plan of the Royalist dispositions at Marston Moor, drawn up by Sir Bernard de Gomme (who was the equivalent of Prince Rupert's chief of staff during the battle).
(Prince Rupert's and Byron's regiments formed a separate brigade, numbering 1,500, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Napier of Byron's regiment)
Henry Warren's Regiment
Sir Michael Erneley's Regiment
Richard Gibson's Regiment
(Warren's, Erneley's and Gibson's regiments had returned from Ireland in late 1643 or early 1644, and had suffered heavy losses at the
Battle of Nantwich. Erneley's and Gibson's regiments were brigaded together)
(Tillier's and Broughton's regiments had returned from Ireland in early 1644; Robert Ellice's regiment consisted of men from North Wales but had joined these two regiments on their march through Lancashire[citation needed]).
Sir Thomas Tyldesley's Regiment
Edward Chisenall's Regiment
(Tyldesley's and Chisenall's regiments were recently raised in
Lancashire).
Henry Cheator's Regiment (raised in
Cumberland, joined Rupert's army at
Skipton at the end of June)
14 assorted field guns
The hard core of this army was Rupert's own regiments of horse and foot, and a small army under Lord Byron from
Cheshire and North
Wales. To this had been added
English regiments recently returned from Ireland, which were said to be full of Puritan sympathisers, and newly raised units from
Lancashire, with other small contingents.
Newcastle's cavalry escaped from York shortly after the start of the siege and moved through Derbyshire to link up with Rupert near
Bury in
Lancashire. The "Northern Horse" already had a reputation for hard fighting but poor discipline. There were too many weak regiments of horse and commanders to list separately; also, it is not certain whether any given regiment was present at Marston Moor, or was elsewhere (with a force under Colonel Clavering, or in various garrisons). At Marston Moor, Newcastle's cavalry were organised as:
Sir Charles Lucas's Brigade (700)
Sir Richard Dacre's Brigade (800) (Dacre was mortally wounded during the battle)
Sir William Blakiston's Brigade (600)
Sir Edward Widdrington's Brigade (400)
Colonel
Samuel Tuke's Regiment (200) (formerly the Duke of York's regiment)[19]
Colonel Francis Carnaby's Regiment (200)
Commissary-General George Porter's Troop (50)
Derbyshire contingent
When Goring marched to join Rupert in Lancashire, he picked up a contingent from
Derbyshire en route.
As with Goring's horse, Newcastle's infantry were from too many weak regiments to list separately. On the battlefield they were formed into seven "divisions".
Newcastle's army was mostly raised in
Northumberland and
Durham and had already endured a siege of ten weeks, with some hard fighting. Three other regiments (of
Sir Thomas Glemham, Sir
John Belasyse and Sir Henry Slingsby), totalling 1000 men, were left to hold York.
^Letters in brackets denote the key from the Lumsden Order of Battle. See Young, Marston Moor, plate 21 reproducing the Lumsden's Order of Battle housed in York Minster Archives, MS Add 258. The Order of Battle itself is a contemporary copy. Discrepancies in the interpretation of the Order of Battle are comprehensively covered in Steve Murdoch and Alexia Grosjean, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish Generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 (London, 2014), pp.128-134
^Sometimes the regiment [cc] on Lumsden's Key is attributed to Fairfax but this is omitted from contemporary eye-witness accounts. See Murdoch & Grosjean (2014), pp.128-133
^Gordon's Regiment does not appear on the Lumsden Key. Nevertheless, it is the regiment Lumsden commanded after The Glasgow and Tweedale broke and ran. Murdoch & Grosjean (2014), p.132
^Conjecture places two bodies of the Earl of Manchester's army here [kk], but this is illegible on the Lumsden Key. Murdoch & Grosjean (2014), p.132
^These regiments broke and ran and were probably on the far right of the third line behind Fairfax's right wing. The Lumsden Key has these as Fairfax, most eyewitness accounts place these regiments here. The Lumsden Key also has these brigaded with [nn] below. Murdoch & Grosjean (2014), pp.128-133
^The Key does not, but most eyewitness accounts that mention them brigade these two regiments together. Both broke and ran
^By Young's interpretation of Lumsden's Key, this double-strength regiment was formed into two bodies listed as [kk], in the third line of the allied centre
^Crawford's, Hobart's, Russell's, Montagu's and Pickering's regiments probably formed two brigades listed as [dd] and [ee] on Lumsden's key
Murdoch, Steve; Grosjean, Alexia (2014). Alexander Leslie and the Scottish Generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648. Pickering and Chatto.
ISBN978-1-84893-467-2.
Tincey, John (2003). Marston Moor 1644: The Beginning of the End. campaign. Vol. 119. Osprey Publishing.
ISBN978-1-84176-334-7.
The
East Lothian Regiment (Sir Patrick Hepburn of Waughton) [oo].[8]
General of the OrdnanceSir Alexander Hamilton
(Not all the guns listed below would have been present at the battle)
8 brass demi-cannons
1 brass culverin
3 brass quarter-cannons
9 iron demi-culverins
48 brass demi-culverins
Almost all the senior officers of the Covenanter army had experience in the
Thirty Years' War. Many of the regiments had served during the
Bishops' Wars in Scotland (1639-1641) and the
Irish Rebellion of 1641. The infantry was thus a mix of experience, with new and old regiments both containing officers and men with continental experience. Those with siege experience had been left investing Newcastle under a veteran of Dutch service, Lieutenant General the
Earl of Callandar.[9] The cavalry used smaller and lighter mounts than English units.[10] Those on the left wing were placed in the rear of Cromwell's horse; on the right, Eglinton's horse were alongside Fairfax's regiment in the front rank and Leven's and Dalhousie's regiments in the rear.[11]
Earl of Manchester's Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel Clifton: 18 companies)[13]
Major General Crawford's Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel William Hamilton: 8 companies)
Sir Miles Hobart's Regiment (9 companies)
Francis Russell's Regiment (10 companies)
Edward Montagu's Regiment (10 companies)
John Pickering's Regiment (10 companies)
(Russell's, Montagu's and Pickering's regiments were brigaded together. Some of these would have taken heavy casualties at a failed
storming of York on 16 June)[14]
This army was raised in the Eastern Counties of England (
Norfolk,
Suffolk,
Essex,
Cambridgeshire and
Huntingdonshire). Although there were religious tensions within the army between the
Independents, championed by Cromwell, and the
Presbyterians who were backed by Manchester and Crawford, there was no argument on the day of battle.
The list of Colonels and regiments is probably incomplete. It is evident that most regiments were very weak. The troops present at Marston Moor had a high proportion of recent recruits.
Royalists
A plan of the Royalist dispositions at Marston Moor, drawn up by Sir Bernard de Gomme (who was the equivalent of Prince Rupert's chief of staff during the battle).
(Prince Rupert's and Byron's regiments formed a separate brigade, numbering 1,500, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Robert Napier of Byron's regiment)
Henry Warren's Regiment
Sir Michael Erneley's Regiment
Richard Gibson's Regiment
(Warren's, Erneley's and Gibson's regiments had returned from Ireland in late 1643 or early 1644, and had suffered heavy losses at the
Battle of Nantwich. Erneley's and Gibson's regiments were brigaded together)
(Tillier's and Broughton's regiments had returned from Ireland in early 1644; Robert Ellice's regiment consisted of men from North Wales but had joined these two regiments on their march through Lancashire[citation needed]).
Sir Thomas Tyldesley's Regiment
Edward Chisenall's Regiment
(Tyldesley's and Chisenall's regiments were recently raised in
Lancashire).
Henry Cheator's Regiment (raised in
Cumberland, joined Rupert's army at
Skipton at the end of June)
14 assorted field guns
The hard core of this army was Rupert's own regiments of horse and foot, and a small army under Lord Byron from
Cheshire and North
Wales. To this had been added
English regiments recently returned from Ireland, which were said to be full of Puritan sympathisers, and newly raised units from
Lancashire, with other small contingents.
Newcastle's cavalry escaped from York shortly after the start of the siege and moved through Derbyshire to link up with Rupert near
Bury in
Lancashire. The "Northern Horse" already had a reputation for hard fighting but poor discipline. There were too many weak regiments of horse and commanders to list separately; also, it is not certain whether any given regiment was present at Marston Moor, or was elsewhere (with a force under Colonel Clavering, or in various garrisons). At Marston Moor, Newcastle's cavalry were organised as:
Sir Charles Lucas's Brigade (700)
Sir Richard Dacre's Brigade (800) (Dacre was mortally wounded during the battle)
Sir William Blakiston's Brigade (600)
Sir Edward Widdrington's Brigade (400)
Colonel
Samuel Tuke's Regiment (200) (formerly the Duke of York's regiment)[19]
Colonel Francis Carnaby's Regiment (200)
Commissary-General George Porter's Troop (50)
Derbyshire contingent
When Goring marched to join Rupert in Lancashire, he picked up a contingent from
Derbyshire en route.
As with Goring's horse, Newcastle's infantry were from too many weak regiments to list separately. On the battlefield they were formed into seven "divisions".
Newcastle's army was mostly raised in
Northumberland and
Durham and had already endured a siege of ten weeks, with some hard fighting. Three other regiments (of
Sir Thomas Glemham, Sir
John Belasyse and Sir Henry Slingsby), totalling 1000 men, were left to hold York.
^Letters in brackets denote the key from the Lumsden Order of Battle. See Young, Marston Moor, plate 21 reproducing the Lumsden's Order of Battle housed in York Minster Archives, MS Add 258. The Order of Battle itself is a contemporary copy. Discrepancies in the interpretation of the Order of Battle are comprehensively covered in Steve Murdoch and Alexia Grosjean, Alexander Leslie and the Scottish Generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 (London, 2014), pp.128-134
^Sometimes the regiment [cc] on Lumsden's Key is attributed to Fairfax but this is omitted from contemporary eye-witness accounts. See Murdoch & Grosjean (2014), pp.128-133
^Gordon's Regiment does not appear on the Lumsden Key. Nevertheless, it is the regiment Lumsden commanded after The Glasgow and Tweedale broke and ran. Murdoch & Grosjean (2014), p.132
^Conjecture places two bodies of the Earl of Manchester's army here [kk], but this is illegible on the Lumsden Key. Murdoch & Grosjean (2014), p.132
^These regiments broke and ran and were probably on the far right of the third line behind Fairfax's right wing. The Lumsden Key has these as Fairfax, most eyewitness accounts place these regiments here. The Lumsden Key also has these brigaded with [nn] below. Murdoch & Grosjean (2014), pp.128-133
^The Key does not, but most eyewitness accounts that mention them brigade these two regiments together. Both broke and ran
^By Young's interpretation of Lumsden's Key, this double-strength regiment was formed into two bodies listed as [kk], in the third line of the allied centre
^Crawford's, Hobart's, Russell's, Montagu's and Pickering's regiments probably formed two brigades listed as [dd] and [ee] on Lumsden's key
Murdoch, Steve; Grosjean, Alexia (2014). Alexander Leslie and the Scottish Generals of the Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648. Pickering and Chatto.
ISBN978-1-84893-467-2.
Tincey, John (2003). Marston Moor 1644: The Beginning of the End. campaign. Vol. 119. Osprey Publishing.
ISBN978-1-84176-334-7.