| Chinese | 马钢宪法 [1] |
|---|---|
| Implied meaning | enterprise management system originating in the Soviet Union |
The Magang Constitution [2] ( simplified Chinese: 马钢宪法; traditional Chinese: 馬鋼憲法; pinyin: Mǎ gāng xiànfǎ), also known as the Ma'anshan Constitution or Ma-steel Constitution, [3] was a set of enterprise management system that was gradually formed in the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s after decades of socialist industrial construction and development [4] and adopted in China. Nowadays, it has been abandoned.
It is a complete set of rules and regulations for factory management, even rising to the height of the law. [5] Like the Angang Constitution developed in response to it in China, the Magang Constitution is not a constitution in the true sense of the term. [6]
The Magang Constitution was a complete set of factory management practices implemented by the socialist enterprises represented by Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, the largest steel complex in the Soviet Union. [7] It was based on "experts governing the factories", meaning the affirmation of experts and authority. [8] This set of corporate management system was born in the Stalin-era. [2] The name "Magang Constitution" comes not from the Soviets, but by the Chinese. [9] The Magang Constitution was implemented at various factories in China, including at the Anshan Iron and Steel Works. [10]
The Angang Constitution developed in opposition to its principles, and was promoted by Mao Zedong. [11] During the 1980s in China, the model of the Magang Constitution reappeared in the reform literature. [12]
Magang Constitution was actually developed from the Taylor System and the Ford System. [13] The main content of the Magang Constitution included the implementation of the "one director system" (一长制), [14] "material stimulation" (物质刺激), "experts governing the factories" (专家治厂), and "placing technology in command" (技术挂帅). [15] Under the model of the Magang Constitution, experts controlled production and the factory director exercised strict control. [16]
- ^ "March 22, 1960, "Angang Constitution"". State Council Information Office. 2011-03-22.
- ^ a b Qin Hui (9 Dec 2014). "Command vs. Planned Economy: "Dispensability" of the Economic Systems of Central and Eastern Europe and of Prereform China". The Chinese Economy. 38 (4): 23–60. doi: 10.1080/10971475.2005.11033528. S2CID 153378858.
- ^ "An Analysis of the Ma-steel Constitution". CNKI. 2015-05-02. Archived from the original on 2021-01-15.
- ^ Hao Guisheng (2020-03-09). ""Angang Constitution" and its historical and practical significance". Utopia.
- ^ Cai Xiang (2010). Revolution/Narrative: Chinese Socialist Literature - Cultural Imagination (1949-1966). Peking University Press. pp. 306–. ISBN 978-7-301-17586-6.
- ^ "Comrade Mao Zedong's strategic guidance for China's steel industry". People's Daily. 2012-06-08. Archived from the original on 2021-01-15.
- ^ Fan Jinggang (2020-03-20). "Talking about the experience of learning "Angang Constitution" in the context of anti-epidemic war". Utopia.
- ^ "The historical truth of "Angang Constitution"". Sina. 2005-07-22.
- ^ Fan Jinggang (2020-03-20). ""Angang Constitution" and its historical and practical significance". Utopia.
- ^ Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966). Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9. OCLC 932368688.
- ^ Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966). Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 341–343. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9. OCLC 932368688.
- ^ Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966). Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9. OCLC 932368688.
- ^ Liu Jianli (6 December 2017). Human-centered management in state-owned enterprises. Flying Times Press. pp. 187–.
- ^ Xiang Cai (4 February 2016). Revolution and Its Narratives: China's Socialist Literary and Cultural Imaginaries, 1949-1966. Duke University Press. pp. 312–. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9.
- ^ Wanchun Hu (1989). Thinking and Creating Function: Corporate Decision Making and Strategy. Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-7-5321-0422-2.
- ^ Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966). Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9. OCLC 932368688.
| Chinese | 马钢宪法 [1] |
|---|---|
| Implied meaning | enterprise management system originating in the Soviet Union |
The Magang Constitution [2] ( simplified Chinese: 马钢宪法; traditional Chinese: 馬鋼憲法; pinyin: Mǎ gāng xiànfǎ), also known as the Ma'anshan Constitution or Ma-steel Constitution, [3] was a set of enterprise management system that was gradually formed in the Soviet Union in the 1950s and 1960s after decades of socialist industrial construction and development [4] and adopted in China. Nowadays, it has been abandoned.
It is a complete set of rules and regulations for factory management, even rising to the height of the law. [5] Like the Angang Constitution developed in response to it in China, the Magang Constitution is not a constitution in the true sense of the term. [6]
The Magang Constitution was a complete set of factory management practices implemented by the socialist enterprises represented by Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, the largest steel complex in the Soviet Union. [7] It was based on "experts governing the factories", meaning the affirmation of experts and authority. [8] This set of corporate management system was born in the Stalin-era. [2] The name "Magang Constitution" comes not from the Soviets, but by the Chinese. [9] The Magang Constitution was implemented at various factories in China, including at the Anshan Iron and Steel Works. [10]
The Angang Constitution developed in opposition to its principles, and was promoted by Mao Zedong. [11] During the 1980s in China, the model of the Magang Constitution reappeared in the reform literature. [12]
Magang Constitution was actually developed from the Taylor System and the Ford System. [13] The main content of the Magang Constitution included the implementation of the "one director system" (一长制), [14] "material stimulation" (物质刺激), "experts governing the factories" (专家治厂), and "placing technology in command" (技术挂帅). [15] Under the model of the Magang Constitution, experts controlled production and the factory director exercised strict control. [16]
- ^ "March 22, 1960, "Angang Constitution"". State Council Information Office. 2011-03-22.
- ^ a b Qin Hui (9 Dec 2014). "Command vs. Planned Economy: "Dispensability" of the Economic Systems of Central and Eastern Europe and of Prereform China". The Chinese Economy. 38 (4): 23–60. doi: 10.1080/10971475.2005.11033528. S2CID 153378858.
- ^ "An Analysis of the Ma-steel Constitution". CNKI. 2015-05-02. Archived from the original on 2021-01-15.
- ^ Hao Guisheng (2020-03-09). ""Angang Constitution" and its historical and practical significance". Utopia.
- ^ Cai Xiang (2010). Revolution/Narrative: Chinese Socialist Literature - Cultural Imagination (1949-1966). Peking University Press. pp. 306–. ISBN 978-7-301-17586-6.
- ^ "Comrade Mao Zedong's strategic guidance for China's steel industry". People's Daily. 2012-06-08. Archived from the original on 2021-01-15.
- ^ Fan Jinggang (2020-03-20). "Talking about the experience of learning "Angang Constitution" in the context of anti-epidemic war". Utopia.
- ^ "The historical truth of "Angang Constitution"". Sina. 2005-07-22.
- ^ Fan Jinggang (2020-03-20). ""Angang Constitution" and its historical and practical significance". Utopia.
- ^ Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966). Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 340. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9. OCLC 932368688.
- ^ Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966). Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: Duke University Press. pp. 341–343. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9. OCLC 932368688.
- ^ Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966). Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9. OCLC 932368688.
- ^ Liu Jianli (6 December 2017). Human-centered management in state-owned enterprises. Flying Times Press. pp. 187–.
- ^ Xiang Cai (4 February 2016). Revolution and Its Narratives: China's Socialist Literary and Cultural Imaginaries, 1949-1966. Duke University Press. pp. 312–. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9.
- ^ Wanchun Hu (1989). Thinking and Creating Function: Corporate Decision Making and Strategy. Shanghai Literature and Art Publishing House. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-7-5321-0422-2.
- ^ Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Revolution and its narratives : China's socialist literary and cultural imaginaries (1949-1966). Rebecca E. Karl, Xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9. OCLC 932368688.