Work produced some time in the past of which no surviving copies are known to exist
This article is about lost documents. For other types of lost works, see
Lost artworks and
Lost media.
A lost literary work (referred throughout this article just as a lost work) is a document,
literary work, or piece of multimedia produced some time in the past, of which no surviving copies are known to exist. It can be known only through reference. This term most commonly applies to works from the
classical world, although it is increasingly used in relation to modern works. A work may be lost to history through the destruction of an original manuscript and all later copies.
Works—or, commonly, small fragments of works—have survived by being found by
archaeologists during investigations, or accidentally by anybody, such as, for example, the
Nag Hammadi library scrolls. Works also survived when they were reused as
bookbinding materials, quoted or included in other works, or as
palimpsests, where an original document is imperfectly erased so the substrate on which it was written can be reused. The discovery, in 1822, of
Cicero's De re publica was one of the first major recoveries of a lost ancient text from a palimpsest. Another famous example is the discovery of the
Archimedes Palimpsest, which was used to make a prayer book almost 300 years after the original work was written. A work may be recovered in a library, as a lost or mislabeled
codex, or as a part of another book or codex.
Well known but not recovered works are described by
compilations that did survive, such as the Naturalis Historia of
Pliny the Elder or the De architectura of
Vitruvius. Sometimes authors will destroy their own works. On other occasions, authors instruct others to destroy their work after their deaths. This should have happened with several pieces, but did not, such as
Virgil's Aeneid, which was saved by
Augustus, and
Kafka's novels, which were saved by
Max Brod. Handwritten copies of
manuscripts existed in limited numbers before the era of printing. The destruction of
ancient libraries, whether by intent, chance or neglect, resulted in the loss of numerous works. Works to which no subsequent reference is preserved remain unknown.
Deliberate destruction of works may be termed literary crime or literary vandalism (see
book burning).
The Odyssey mentions the blind singer
Demodocus performing a poem recounting the otherwise unknown "Quarrel of
Odysseus and
Achilles", which might have been an actual work that did not survive.[5]
Phoenician History, a Greek translation of the original
Phoenician book attributed to
Sanchuniathon. Considerable fragments have been preserved, chiefly by Eusebius in the Praeparatio evangelica (i.9; iv.16).
De Viris Illustribus (On Famous Men — in the field of literature), to which belongs: De Illustribus Grammaticis (Lives Of The Grammarians), De Claris Rhetoribus (Lives Of The Rhetoricians), and Lives Of The Poets. Some fragments exist.
Lives of Famous Whores
Royal Biographies
Roma (On Rome), in four parts: Roman Manners & Customs, The Roman Year, The Roman Festivals, and Roman Dress.
Lost plays of
Aeschylus. He is believed to have written some 90 plays, of which six survive. A seventh play is attributed to him. Fragments of his play Achilleis were said to have been discovered in the wrappings of a
mummy in the 1990s.[20]
Lost poems of
Alcaeus of Mytilene. Of a reported ten scrolls, there exist only quotes and numerous fragments.
Lost choral poems of
Alcman. Of six books of choral lyrics that were known (ca. 50–60 hymns), only fragmentary quotations in other Greek authors were known until the discovery of a fragment in 1855, containing approximately 100 verses. In the 1960s, many more fragments were discovered and published from a dig at
Oxyrhynchus.
Lost poems of
Anacreon. Of the five books of lyrical pieces mentioned in the Suda and by
Athenaeus, only mere fragments collected from the citations of later writers now exist.
Lost works of
Anaximander. There are a few extant fragments of his works.
Lost works of
Apuleius in many genres, including a novel, Hermagoras, as well as poetry, dialogues, hymns, and technical treatises on politics, dendrology, agriculture, medicine, natural history, astronomy, music, and arithmetic.
Lost plays of
Aristarchus of Tegea. Of 70 pieces, only the titles of three of his plays, with a single line of the text, have survived.
Lost plays of
Aristophanes. He wrote 40 plays, 11 of which survive.
Lost works of
Aristotle. It is believed that we have about one third of his original works.[22]
Lost work of
Aristoxenus. He is said to have written 453 works, dealing with philosophy, ethics and music. His only extant work is Elements of Harmony.
Lost works of
Callimachus. Of about 800 works, in verse and prose; only six hymns, 64 epigrams and some fragments survive; a considerable fragment of the epic Hecale, was discovered in the Rainer papyri.
Lost works of
Chrysippus. Of over 700 written works, none survive, except a few fragments embedded in the works of later authors.
Lost works of
Cicero. Of his books, six on rhetoric have survived, and parts of seven on philosophy. Books 1–3 of his work De re publica have survived mostly intact, as well as a substantial part of book 6. A dialogue on philosophy called Hortensius, which was highly influential on
Augustine of Hippo, is lost. Part of De Natura Deorum is lost.
Lost works of
Cleopatra including books on medicine, charms, and cosmetics (according to the historian
Al-Masudi).
Lost works of
Clitomachus. According to
Diogenes Laërtius, he wrote some 400 books, of which none are extant today, although a few titles are known.
Lost plays of
Cratinus. Only fragments of his works have been preserved.
Lost works of
Democritus. He wrote extensively on natural philosophy and ethics, of which little remains.
Lost works of
Diogenes of Sinope He is reported to have written several books, none of which has survived to the present date. Whether or not these books were actually his writings or attributions are in dispute.
Lost works of
Diphilus. He is said to have written 100 comedies, the titles of 50 of which are preserved.
Lost works of
Ennius. Only fragments of his works survive.
Lost works of
Empedocles. Little of what he wrote survives today.
Lost plays of
Epicharmus of Kos. He wrote between 35 and 52 comedies, many of which have been lost or exist only in fragments.
Lost plays of
Euripides. He is believed to have written over 90 plays, 18 of which have survived. Fragments, some substantial, of most other plays also survive.
Lost plays of
Eupolis. Of the 17 plays attributed to him, only fragments remain.
Lost works of
Heraclitus. His writings only survive in fragments quoted by other authors.
Lost works of
Hippasus. Few of his original works now survive.
Lost works of
Hippias. He is credited with an excellent work on Homer, collections of Greek and foreign literature, and archaeological treatises, but nothing remains except the barest notes.
Lost orations of
Hyperides. Some 79 speeches were transmitted in his name in antiquity. A codex of his speeches was seen at Buda in 1525 in the library of King
Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, but was destroyed by the Turks in 1526. In 2002, Natalie Tchernetska of
Trinity College, Cambridge discovered and identified fragments of two speeches of Hyperides that have been considered lost, Against Timandros and Against Diondas. Six other orations survive in whole or part.
Lost poems of
Ibycus. According to the Suda, he wrote seven books of lyrics.
Lost works of
Juba II. He wrote a number of books in Greek and Latin on history, natural history, geography, grammar, painting and theatre. Only fragments of his work survive.
Lost works of
Leucippus. No writings exist which we can attribute to him.
Lost works of
Lucius Varius Rufus. The author of the poem De morte and the tragedy Thyestes praised by his contemporaries as being on a par with the best Greek poets. Only fragments survive.
Lost works of
Melissus of Samos. Only fragments preserved in other writers' works exist.
Lost plays of
Menander. He wrote over a hundred comedies of which one survives. Fragments of a number of his plays survive.
Lost poems of
Phanocles. He wrote some poems about homosexual relationships among heroes of the mythical tradition of which only one survives, along with a few short fragments.
Lost works of
Philemon. Of his 97 works, 57 are known to us only as titles and fragments.
Lost poetry of
Pindar. Of his varied books of poetry, only his victory odes survive in complete form. The rest are known only by quotations in other works or papyrus scraps unearthed in Egypt.
Lost plays of
Plautus. He wrote approximately 130 plays, of which 21 survive.
There exists
a list of more than 60 lost works in many genres by the philosopher
Porphyry, including Against the Christians (of which only fragments survive).
Lost works of
Posidonius. All of his works are now lost. Some fragments exist, as well as titles and subjects of many of his books.
[1]
Lost works of
Proclus. A number of his commentaries on
Plato are lost.
Lost works of
Pyrrhus. He wrote Memoirs and several books on the art of war, all now lost. According to Plutarch, Hannibal was influenced by them and they received praise from Cicero.
Lost works of
Pythagoras. No texts by him survived.
Lost works of Pythangelus. Cited as a tragic poet in Aristophanes play
The Frogs though little is known about his existence and none of his work survives.[24]
Lost plays of
Rhinthon. Of 38 plays, only a few titles and lines have been preserved.
Lost poems of
Sappho. Only a few full poems and fragments of others survive. It has been hypothesized that poems
61 and
62 of
Catullus were inspired by lost works of Sappho.
Lost poems of
Simonides of Ceos. Of his poetry we possess two or three short elegies, several epigrams and about 90 fragments of lyric poetry.
Lost plays of
Sophocles. Of 123 plays, seven survive, with fragments of others.
Lost poems of
Sulpicia, who wrote erotic poems of conjugal bliss and was herself the subject of two poems by
Martial, who wrote (10.35) that "All girls who desire to please one man should read Sulpicia. All husbands who desire to please one wife should read Sulpicia."
Lost poems of
Stesichorus. Of several long works, significant fragments survive.
Lost works of
Theodectes. Of his 50 tragedies, we have the names of about 13 and a few unimportant fragments. His treatise on the art of rhetoric and his speeches are lost.
Lost works of
Theophrastus. Of his 227 books, only a handful survive, including On Plants and On Stones, but On Mining is lost. Fragments of others survive.
Lost works of
Timon. None of his works survive except where he is quoted by others, mainly
Sextus Empiricus.
Lost works of
Tiro. A biography of
Cicero in at least four books is referenced by
Asconius Pedianus in his commentaries on Cicero's speeches.[25]
Lost plays of
Xenocles. Referenced various times in the works of
Aristophanes as an inferior poet and had won first place in the Dionysia in 415 BC though none of his works survive.[26]
Lost works of
Xenophanes. Fragments of his poetry survive only as quotations by later Greek writers.
Lost works of
Zeno of Elea. None of his works survive intact.
Lost works of
Zeno of Citium. None of his writings have survived except as fragmentary quotations preserved by later writers.
Many
IncaQuipus (an ancient device used for record keeping and communication[27]) were burned by Spanish priests in 1583 on the orders of the
Third Council of Lima.[28] Only 751 quipus are known to have survived to the present.
Book of Bai Ze (
simplified Chinese 白泽图;
pinyin: Bái Zé Tú). A guide to the forms and habits of all 11,520 types of supernatural creatures in the world, and how to overcome their hauntings and attacks, as dictated by the mythical creature,
Bai Ze to the
Yellow Emperor in the 26th century BCE.
Works of the 5th century BCE philosopher
Yang Zhu burnt on the orders of the emperor
Shi Huangdi, the founder of the
Qin dynasty.
Jaya and Bharata, early versions of the Hindu epic Mahabharata
Bārhaspatya-sūtras, the foundational text of the
Cārvāka school of philosophy. The text probably dates from the final centuries BC, with only fragmentary quotations of it surviving.
Valayapathi, Tamil epic poem, only fragments survive.
Kundalakesi, Tamil epic poem, only fragments survive.
Ancient Egyptian texts
The
Book of Thoth, a legendary manuscript alluded to in Egyptian literature believed to contain the secrets to comprehend the power of the gods and speech of animals.[29]
Additionally, thousands of other pieces are attributed to the deity
Thoth.
Seleuces noted that the number of his writings was 20,000 while
Manetho held it was 36,525.[30]
Avestan texts
Avesta, the holy book of
Zoroaster. After Alexander's conquest, avesta was fragmented and it has been said only third of it survived orally.
Avesta recollected in 21 volumes, in
Sasanian era, only a quarter of which survive.
Khwātay-Nāmag (Book of Lords) : A chronological history of Iranian kings from the mythical era to the end of Sasanian period. This book was an important reference for post-Sasanian and Islamic historians such as
Ibn al-Muqaffa' as well as
Ferdowsi in his epic work Shahnameh.
Ewen-Nāmag: Multi-volume book on Iranian ceremonies, entertainment, warfare, politics, precepts, principles and examples in the Sasanian era.
Zij-i Shahryār: An important work of astronomy.
Karirak ud Damanak: A version translated into Pahlavi of the Indian work of fiction Pancatantra.
Hazār Afsān or Thousand Tales: A Pahlavi compilation of Iranian and Indian tales. This work was translated to Arabic in the Islamic era and became known as One Thousand and One Nights.
Mazdak-Nāmag: Biography of Mazdak, the Zoroastrian reformer and the primate of
Mazdakism movement.
Kārvand: A book of rhetoric.
Jāvidan Khrad (Immortal wisdom): Quotations of the mythical Iranian king and sage
Hushang.
The Middle-Persian literature had a remarkable diversity based on historical accounts. Only a poor part of mostly religious texts survived by Zoroastrian minorities in Persia and India.
Hegesippus' Hypomnemata (Memoirs) in five books, and a history of the Christian church.
The Gospel of the Lord compiled by
Marcion of Sinope to support his interpretation of Christianity. Marcion's writings were suppressed but a portion of them have been recreated from the works that were used to denounce them.
Various works of
Tertullian. Some fifteen works in Latin or Greek are lost, some as recently as the 9th century (De Paradiso, De superstitione saeculi, De carne et anima were all extant in the now damaged
Codex Agobardinus in 814 AD).
Sozomen's history of the Christian church, from the Ascension of Jesus to the defeat of Licinius in 323, in twelve books.
Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus, a historical work of twelve volumes of which only brief fragments survive, a few passages being quoted in chapters eight and nine of the second book of
Gregory of Tours' Decem libri historiarum (Ten Books of Histories)
Beowulf, after a fire in 1731 parts of the manuscript have been lost most notably being a large section of the fight between Beowulf and the dragon towards the end of the poem. (c. 1000)[39]
Sargudhasht-i Bābā Sayyidinā (
Persian: سرگذشت بابا سیدنا), Hasan Sabbah's biography. Juvayni "saved" it before burning the library, and used it as a source in his Tarikh-i Jahangushay, but he claimed that he burned it after reading it.[42]
Carostavnik or Rodoslov. Old Serbian biography enters a new—historiographic or even chronographic—phase with the appearance of the so-called Vita, better yet "Lives of Serbian Kings and Archbishops" by
Danilo II, Serbian Archbishop formerly Abbot of the
Hilandar Monastery and his successors, most of whom remained anonymous.
Vrhobreznica Chronicle originates in 1371 but the work is not transcribed until two and half centuries later by a writer named Gavrilo, a hermit, who collected earlier annals in his redaction composed in 1650 at the Vrhobreznica monastery. Part of a manuscript archived as Prague Museum #29 (together with Vrhobreznica Genealogy).
Koporin Chronicle – a 1371 chronicle transcribed in 1453 by Damjan, a deacon, who also wrote the annals on the order of Archbishop of Zeta, Josif, at the Koporin monastery.
Studenica Chronicle – a 14th century chronicle from 1350–1400. Oldest survived copy in a 16th-century manuscript, together with a younger annals.
Cetinje Chronicle covers events from 14th century until the end of 16th century, though the manuscript collection is from the end of the 16th century.
15th century
Yongle Encyclopedia (永乐大典; 永樂大典; Yǒnglè Dàdiǎn; 'The Great Canon [or Vast Documents] of the Yongle Era'). It was one of the world's earliest, and the then-largest, encyclopaedia commissioned by the
Yongle Emperor of China's
Ming dynasty in 1403, completed about 1408. About 400 volumes (less than 4%) of a 16th-century manuscript set survive today.[44]
Claudio Monteverdi composed at least eighteen operas, but only three (L'Orfeo, L'incoronazione di Poppea, and Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria) and the famous aria, Lamento, from his second opera L'Arianna have survived.
Works by
Buhurizade Mustafa Itri, a major Ottoman musician, composer, singer and poet, who is known to have composed more than a thousand works, only forty of which survive to the present.
Olympica,
René Descartes' youthful account of dreams and their interpretations was last excerpted by Leibnitz in 1675.[57]
18th century
All poems and literary works by
Carlo Gimach, except for the cantata Applauso Genetliaco, are believed to be lost.[58]
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's journal was burnt by her daughter on the grounds that it contained much scandal and satire.
Edward Gibbon burned the manuscript of his History of the Liberty of the Swiss.
Adam Smith had most of his manuscripts destroyed shortly before his death. In his last years he had been working on two major treatises, one on the theory and history of law and one on the sciences and arts. The posthumously published Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795) probably contain parts of what would have been the latter treatise.[59]
The Green-Room Squabble or a Battle Royal between the Queen of Babylon and the Daughter of Darius, a 1756 play by
Samuel Foote, is lost.
Haydn's "Double Bass Concerto", of which only the first two measures survive; the rest were burned and destroyed. Supposedly a copy of it may exist somewhere, according to many different speculations.
Aaron Burr's farewell address to the senate in 1805 has been lost, though the general outlines are known through contemporaneous comments.[62]
Memoirs of
Lord Byron, destroyed by his literary executors led by
John Murray on 17 May 1824. The decision to destroy Byron's manuscript journals, which was opposed only by
Thomas Moore, was made in order to protect his reputation. The two volumes of memoirs were dismembered and burnt in the fireplace at Murray's office.[63]
The Scented Garden by Sir
Richard Francis Burton, a manuscript of a new translation from Arabic of The Perfumed Garden, was burned by his widow, Lady Isabel Burton née Arundel, along with other papers.
A large number of manuscripts and longer poems by
William Blake were burnt soon after his death by Mr. Frederick Tatham.
Parts two and three of Dead Souls by
Nikolai Gogol, burned by Gogol at the instigation of the priest Father Matthew Konstantinovskii.[64]
At least four complete volumes and around seven pages of text are missing from
Lewis Carroll's thirteen diaries, destroyed by his family for reasons frequently debated.
The son of the
Marquis de Sade had all of de Sade's unpublished manuscripts burned after de Sade's death in 1814; this included the immense multi-volume work Les Journées de Florbelle.[65]
A large section of the manuscript for
Mary Shelley's Lodore was lost in the mail to the publisher, and Shelley was forced to rewrite it.
Alexander Ivanovich Galich's completed manuscripts Universal Rights and Philosophy of Human History were destroyed in a fire, an event the grieved Galich did not long survive.
Margaret Fuller's manuscript on the history of the
1849 Roman Republic was lost in the 1850 shipwreck in which Fuller herself, her husband and her child perished. In Fuller's own estimation, as well as of others who saw it, this work, based on her first-hand experience in Rome, might have been her most important work.
A schoolmate of
Arthur Rimbaud claimed that he lost a notebook of poems by the famous poet, the "Cahier Labarrière", which reportedly contained about 60 poems (if true, and if all were distinct from his known verse poems, this would represent about as much in volume).[66] Paul Verlaine also mentioned a text called "La Chasse spirituelle", claiming it to be Rimbaud's masterpiece, which was never found (although a
fake was published in 1949).
Joseph Smith's translation of the
Book of Lehi from the
MormonGolden Plates was either hidden, destroyed, or modified by Lucy Harris, the wife of transcriber
Martin Harris. Whatever their fate, the pages were not returned to Joseph Smith and declared "lost." Smith did not recreate the translation.[67]
Abraham Lincoln's
Lost Speech, given on May 29, 1856, in
Bloomington, Illinois. Traditionally regarded as lost because it was so engaging that reporters neglected to take notes, the speech is believed to have been an impassioned condemnation of
slavery.[71]
L. Frank Baum's theatre in
Richburg, New York burned to the ground. Among the manuscripts of Baum's original plays known to have been lost are The Mackrummins, Matches (which was being performed the night of the fire), The Queen of Killarney, Kilmourne, or O'Connor's Dream, and the complete musical score for The Maid of Arran, which survives only in commercial song sheets, which include six of the eight songs and no instrumental music.
Leon Trotsky describes the loss of an unfinished play manuscript (a collaboration with Sokolovsky) in his My Life, end of chapter 6 (sometime between 1896 and 1898).[72]
George Gissing abandoned many novels and destroyed the incomplete manuscripts. He also completed at least three novels which went unpublished and have been lost.[74]
John P. Marquand wrote an early novel called Yellow Ivory in collaboration with his friend W.A. Macdonald.[75]
During the many years of his career,
Mark Twain produced a vast number of pieces, of which a considerable part, especially in his earlier years, was published in obscure newspapers under a great variety of pen names, or not published at all. Joe Goodman, who had been Twain's editor when he worked at the
Virginia City, Nevada, "Territorial Enterprise", declared in 1900 that Twain wrote some of the best material of his life during his "Western years" in the late 1860s, but most of it was lost.[76] In addition, many of Twain's speeches and lectures have been lost or were never written down. Researchers continue to seek this material, some of which was rediscovered as recently as 1995.[citation needed]
Although frequently referenced in the
Oxford English Dictionary and traceable in several catalogues of libraries and booksellers, no copy of the 1852 book Meanderings of Memory by Nightlark could be tracked down.[77]
The Reverend
Francis Kilvert's diaries were edited and censored, possibly by his widow, after his death in 1879. In the 1930s, the surviving diaries were passed on to
William Plomer, who transcribed them, before returning the originals to Kilvert's closest living relative, a niece, who destroyed most of the manuscripts. Plomer's own transcription was destroyed in the
Blitz. He only learned of the originals' destruction when he planned to publish a complete edition in the 1950s.
Jean Sibelius's Karelia Music was destroyed after its premiere in 1893. What survives today fully are the Karelia Ouverture and the
Karelia Suite. Most of the music was reconstructed in 1965 by Kalevi Kuosa, from the original parts that had survived. The parts that hadn't survived were those of the violas, cellos, and double basses. Based on Kuosa's transcription, the Finnish composers Kalevi Aho and Jouni Kaipainen have individually reconstructed the complete music to Karelia Music.
The musical score to
Gilbert and Sullivan’s 1871 opera
Thespis has been mostly lost with only 3 musical passages being known to survive.[78]
Nathaniel Hawthorne's Seven Tales of my Native Land was personally destroyed after being rejected by publishers.[79]
20th century
James Joyce's play A Brilliant Career (which he burned) and the first half of his novel Stephen Hero. His grandson Stephen later burned Nora Joyce's letters to James as well.
J. Meade Falkner left an almost complete fourth and last novel on a train and felt he was too old to start again.
Various parts of
Daniel Paul Schreber's "Memoirs of My Nervous Illness" (original German title "Denkwürdigkeiten eines Nervenkranken") (1903) were destroyed by his wife and doctor Flesching for protecting his reputation, which was mentioned by
Sigmund Freud as highly important in his essay "The Schreber Case" (1911).
L. Frank Baum wrote four novels for adults that were never published and disappeared: Our Married Life and Johnson (1912), The Mystery of Bonita (1914), and Molly Oodle (1915). Baum's son claimed that Baum's wife burned these, but this was after being cut out of her will. Evidence that Baum's publisher received these manuscripts survives. Also lost are Baum's 1904 short stories "Mr. Rumple's Chill" and "Bess of the Movies", as well as his early plays Kilmourne, or O'Connor's Dream (opened April 4, 1883) and The Queen of
Killarney (1883).
In 1907,
August Strindberg destroyed a play, The Bleeding Hand, immediately after writing it. He was in a bad mood at the time and commented in a letter that the piece was unusually harsh, even for him.
In 1922, a suitcase with almost all of
Ernest Hemingway's work to date was stolen from a train compartment at the
Gare de Lyon in Paris, from his wife. It included a partial
World War I novel.[81]
The novels Tobold and Theodor by
Robert Walser are lost, possibly destroyed by the author, as is a third, unnamed novel. (1910–1921)
The original version of Ultramarine by
Malcolm Lowry was stolen from his publisher's car in 1932, and the author had to reconstruct it.
Jean Sibelius burned his unfinished 8th Symphony and several of his unfinished works in the 1920s.
Yogananda's Autobiography of a Yogi quotes extensively from Richard Wright's travel diaries in 1935/6. Following Wright's death they have become 'lost'.
In 1938
George Orwell wrote Socialism and War, an "anti-war pamphlet" for which he could not find a publisher. Although many previously unknown letters and other documents relating to Orwell have been discovered in recent years, no trace of this pamphlet has yet come to light. With the beginning of
World War II Orwell's views on
pacifism were to change radically, so he may well have destroyed the manuscript.
Lost papers and a possible unfinished novel by
Isaac Babel, confiscated by the NKVD, May 1939.[82]
Five volumes of poetry and a drama, all in manuscript, by
Saint-John Perse were destroyed at his house outside Paris soon after he had gone into exile in the summer of 1940. The diplomat Alexis Léger (Perse's real name) was a well-known and uncompromising anti-Nazi and his house was raided by German troops. The works had been written during his diplomat years, but Perse had decided not to publish any new writing until he had retired from diplomacy.
Walter Benjamin had a completed manuscript in his suitcase when he fled France and arrest by the Nazis in the summer of 1940. He committed suicide in
Portbou, Spain on September 26, 1940, and the suitcase and its contents disappeared.
There are reports that
Bruno Schulz worked on a novel called The Messiah, but no trace of this manuscript survived his death (1942).
Margot Frank's diary was never found (1944). Of
The Diary of Anne Frank, the original volume or volumes covering the period between December 1942 and December 1943 was never found, and assumed to have been taken by the Nazis who raided the hiding place. This period is only known from the version Anne rewrote for preservation - which is known to have been in many ways different from her original.[83]
In 1958, while working on the last chapter,
William H. Gass' novel Omensetter's Luck was stolen off of his desk, forcing him to begin from scratch.
The manuscript for
Sylvia Plath's unfinished second novel, provisionally titled Double Exposure, or Double Take, written 1962–63, disappeared some time before 1970.[85]
Several pages of the original screenplay for
Werner Herzog's Aguirre, der Zorn Gottes were reportedly thrown out of the window of a bus after one of his football teammates threw up on them.
The screenplay for the proposed
Dean Stockwell-Herb Berman film After the Gold Rush is reportedly lost.
Diaries of
Philip Larkin – burnt at his request after his death on 2 December 1985. Other private papers were kept, contrary to his instructions.
The fourth novel of
Sasha Sokolov have been lost when the Greek house where it was written burnt down in the second half the 1980s.
Jacob M. Appel's first novel manuscript, Paste and Cover, was in the trunk of an automobile that was stolen in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1998. The vehicle was recovered, but the manuscript was not.[86]
21st century
Terry Pratchett's unfinished works were destroyed in 2017 after his death, fulfilling his last will; his computer
hard drive containing his unfinished works was deliberately squished by a
steamroller.[87][88][89]
The
Library of Alexandria, the largest library in existence during antiquity, was destroyed at some point in time between the Roman and Muslim conquests of Alexandria.
Aztec emperor
Itzcoatl (ruled 1427/8-1440) ordered the burning of all historical
Aztec codices in an effort to develop a state-sanctioned Aztec history and mythology.
During the
Dissolution of the Monasteries, many monastic libraries were destroyed. Worcester Abbey had 600 books at the time of the dissolution. Only six of them have survived intact to the present day. At the abbey of the Augustinian Friars at York, a library of 646 volumes was destroyed, leaving only three surviving books. Some books were destroyed for their precious bindings, others were sold off by the cartload, including irreplaceable early English works. It is believed that many of the earliest
Anglo-Saxon manuscripts were lost at this time.
"A great nombre of them whych purchased those supertycyous mansyons, resrved of those lybrarye bokes, some to serve theyr jakes [i.e., as
toilet paper], some to scoure candelstyckes, and some to rubbe their bootes. Some they solde to the grossers and soapsellers..." —
John Bale, 1549
Many works of
Anglo-Saxon literature, mostly unique and unpublished, were burned when a fire broke out in the
Cotton library at
Ashburnham House on 23 October 1731. Luckily, the only surviving manuscript of Beowulf survived the fire and was printed for the first time in 1815.
In 1193, the
Nalanda University was sacked by[90]Bakhtiyar Khilji.[91] The burning of the library continued for several months and "smoke from the burning manuscripts hung for days like a dark pall over the low hills."[92]
The library of the
Hanlin Academy, containing irreplaceable ancient Chinese manuscripts, was mostly destroyed in 1900 during the
Boxer Rebellion.[93]
The
Sikh Reference Library in Amritsar, a collection of rare books, newspapers, manuscripts, and other literary works related to Sikhism and India, was looted and incinerated by Indian troops during the 1984
Operation Blue Star. The missing literature has not been recovered to this day and are presumbed to be lost.[94][95][96][97][98][99] The library hosted a vast collection of an estimated 20,000 literary works just before the destruction, including 11,107 books, 2,500 manuscripts, newspaper archives, historical letters, documents/files, and others.[100]
W. A. Mozart and
Antonio Salieri are known to have composed together a cantata for voice and piano called Per la ricuperata salute di Ofelia which was celebrating the return to stage of the singer
Nancy Storace, and which has been lost, although it had been printed by
Artaria in 1785.[103] The music had been considered lost until November 2015, when German musicologist and composer
Timo Jouko Herrmann identified the score while searching for music by one of Salieri's ostensible pupils,
Antonio Casimir Cartellieri, in the archives of the Czech Museum of Music in
Prague.[104]
Antonín Dvořák composed his
Symphony No. 1 in 1865. It was subsequently lost, which the composer believed to be final and irreversible. It was only found again in 1923, twenty years after Dvořák's death, and performed for the first time in 1936.[106]
A Tale of Kitty in Boots by
Beatrix Potter, the handwritten manuscripts for this story were found in school notebooks, including a few illustrations. She intended to finish the book, but was interrupted by wars and marriage and farming. It was found nearly 100 years later and published for the first time in September 2016.[107]
Lesbian Love, by
Eva Kotchever, had only 150 copies published "for private circulation only" in 1925. Historian
Jonathan Ned Katz searched and found the only known copy, owned by Nina Alvarez, who had found the book in the lobby of her apartment building in 1998 in Albany, New York. Records show that another copy was held in the Sterling Library at Yale University, but it has not been located.[108]
Henri Poincaré's prize-winning submission for the 1889 celestial mechanics contest of king
Oscar II was thought to be lost. While this version was being printed, Poincaré himself discovered a serious error. The existing version was recalled and then replaced by a heavily modified and corrected version, now regarded as the seminal description of
chaos theory. The original erroneous submission was thought to be lost, but it was found in 2011.[109]
The Mysteries of Harris Burdick is presented as a series of images ostensibly created by one Harris Burdick, who had intended to use them for his children's books before he mysteriously disappeared. Each image is accompanied by a title and a single line of text, which encourage readers to create their own stories.
H. P. Lovecraft wrote that all the original Arabic copies of The Necronomicon (Al Azif) have been destroyed, as well as the Arabic to Greek translations. Only five Greek to Latin translations are held by libraries, though copies may exist in private collections.[110]
^Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (1989). "Enḫeduanna, En-Priestess, Hen of Nanna, Spouse of Nanna". In Behrens, Hermann; Loding, Darlene; Roth, Martha T. (eds.). DUMU-E-DUB-BA-A : Studies in Honor of Åke W. Sjöberg. Philadelphia, PA: The University Museum. pp. 539–556.
ISBN0-934718-98-9.
^Jacoby, Felix (1926). Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Teil 2, Zeitgeschichte. – B. Spezialgeschichten, Autobiographien und Memoiren, Zeittafeln [Nr. 106-261]. Berlin: Weidmann. pp. 752–769, no. 138, "Ptolemaios Lagu".
OCLC769308142.
^Gordon L. Thomas (1953). "Aaron burr's farewell address". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 39 (3): 273–282.
doi:
10.1080/00335635309381878. "Except for some of his court-room speeches [...] no verbatim reports of his speeches are extant."
^Allen, Charles (2002). The Buddha and the Sahibs. London: John Murray.
^Scott, David (May 1995). "Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons". Numen. 42 (2): 141–155.
doi:
10.1163/1568527952598657.
JSTOR3270172.
^Gertrude Emerson Sen (1964). The Story of Early Indian Civilization. Orient Longmans.
Work produced some time in the past of which no surviving copies are known to exist
This article is about lost documents. For other types of lost works, see
Lost artworks and
Lost media.
A lost literary work (referred throughout this article just as a lost work) is a document,
literary work, or piece of multimedia produced some time in the past, of which no surviving copies are known to exist. It can be known only through reference. This term most commonly applies to works from the
classical world, although it is increasingly used in relation to modern works. A work may be lost to history through the destruction of an original manuscript and all later copies.
Works—or, commonly, small fragments of works—have survived by being found by
archaeologists during investigations, or accidentally by anybody, such as, for example, the
Nag Hammadi library scrolls. Works also survived when they were reused as
bookbinding materials, quoted or included in other works, or as
palimpsests, where an original document is imperfectly erased so the substrate on which it was written can be reused. The discovery, in 1822, of
Cicero's De re publica was one of the first major recoveries of a lost ancient text from a palimpsest. Another famous example is the discovery of the
Archimedes Palimpsest, which was used to make a prayer book almost 300 years after the original work was written. A work may be recovered in a library, as a lost or mislabeled
codex, or as a part of another book or codex.
Well known but not recovered works are described by
compilations that did survive, such as the Naturalis Historia of
Pliny the Elder or the De architectura of
Vitruvius. Sometimes authors will destroy their own works. On other occasions, authors instruct others to destroy their work after their deaths. This should have happened with several pieces, but did not, such as
Virgil's Aeneid, which was saved by
Augustus, and
Kafka's novels, which were saved by
Max Brod. Handwritten copies of
manuscripts existed in limited numbers before the era of printing. The destruction of
ancient libraries, whether by intent, chance or neglect, resulted in the loss of numerous works. Works to which no subsequent reference is preserved remain unknown.
Deliberate destruction of works may be termed literary crime or literary vandalism (see
book burning).
The Odyssey mentions the blind singer
Demodocus performing a poem recounting the otherwise unknown "Quarrel of
Odysseus and
Achilles", which might have been an actual work that did not survive.[5]
Phoenician History, a Greek translation of the original
Phoenician book attributed to
Sanchuniathon. Considerable fragments have been preserved, chiefly by Eusebius in the Praeparatio evangelica (i.9; iv.16).
De Viris Illustribus (On Famous Men — in the field of literature), to which belongs: De Illustribus Grammaticis (Lives Of The Grammarians), De Claris Rhetoribus (Lives Of The Rhetoricians), and Lives Of The Poets. Some fragments exist.
Lives of Famous Whores
Royal Biographies
Roma (On Rome), in four parts: Roman Manners & Customs, The Roman Year, The Roman Festivals, and Roman Dress.
Lost plays of
Aeschylus. He is believed to have written some 90 plays, of which six survive. A seventh play is attributed to him. Fragments of his play Achilleis were said to have been discovered in the wrappings of a
mummy in the 1990s.[20]
Lost poems of
Alcaeus of Mytilene. Of a reported ten scrolls, there exist only quotes and numerous fragments.
Lost choral poems of
Alcman. Of six books of choral lyrics that were known (ca. 50–60 hymns), only fragmentary quotations in other Greek authors were known until the discovery of a fragment in 1855, containing approximately 100 verses. In the 1960s, many more fragments were discovered and published from a dig at
Oxyrhynchus.
Lost poems of
Anacreon. Of the five books of lyrical pieces mentioned in the Suda and by
Athenaeus, only mere fragments collected from the citations of later writers now exist.
Lost works of
Anaximander. There are a few extant fragments of his works.
Lost works of
Apuleius in many genres, including a novel, Hermagoras, as well as poetry, dialogues, hymns, and technical treatises on politics, dendrology, agriculture, medicine, natural history, astronomy, music, and arithmetic.
Lost plays of
Aristarchus of Tegea. Of 70 pieces, only the titles of three of his plays, with a single line of the text, have survived.
Lost plays of
Aristophanes. He wrote 40 plays, 11 of which survive.
Lost works of
Aristotle. It is believed that we have about one third of his original works.[22]
Lost work of
Aristoxenus. He is said to have written 453 works, dealing with philosophy, ethics and music. His only extant work is Elements of Harmony.
Lost works of
Callimachus. Of about 800 works, in verse and prose; only six hymns, 64 epigrams and some fragments survive; a considerable fragment of the epic Hecale, was discovered in the Rainer papyri.
Lost works of
Chrysippus. Of over 700 written works, none survive, except a few fragments embedded in the works of later authors.
Lost works of
Cicero. Of his books, six on rhetoric have survived, and parts of seven on philosophy. Books 1–3 of his work De re publica have survived mostly intact, as well as a substantial part of book 6. A dialogue on philosophy called Hortensius, which was highly influential on
Augustine of Hippo, is lost. Part of De Natura Deorum is lost.
Lost works of
Cleopatra including books on medicine, charms, and cosmetics (according to the historian
Al-Masudi).
Lost works of
Clitomachus. According to
Diogenes Laërtius, he wrote some 400 books, of which none are extant today, although a few titles are known.
Lost plays of
Cratinus. Only fragments of his works have been preserved.
Lost works of
Democritus. He wrote extensively on natural philosophy and ethics, of which little remains.
Lost works of
Diogenes of Sinope He is reported to have written several books, none of which has survived to the present date. Whether or not these books were actually his writings or attributions are in dispute.
Lost works of
Diphilus. He is said to have written 100 comedies, the titles of 50 of which are preserved.
Lost works of
Ennius. Only fragments of his works survive.
Lost works of
Empedocles. Little of what he wrote survives today.
Lost plays of
Epicharmus of Kos. He wrote between 35 and 52 comedies, many of which have been lost or exist only in fragments.
Lost plays of
Euripides. He is believed to have written over 90 plays, 18 of which have survived. Fragments, some substantial, of most other plays also survive.
Lost plays of
Eupolis. Of the 17 plays attributed to him, only fragments remain.
Lost works of
Heraclitus. His writings only survive in fragments quoted by other authors.
Lost works of
Hippasus. Few of his original works now survive.
Lost works of
Hippias. He is credited with an excellent work on Homer, collections of Greek and foreign literature, and archaeological treatises, but nothing remains except the barest notes.
Lost orations of
Hyperides. Some 79 speeches were transmitted in his name in antiquity. A codex of his speeches was seen at Buda in 1525 in the library of King
Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, but was destroyed by the Turks in 1526. In 2002, Natalie Tchernetska of
Trinity College, Cambridge discovered and identified fragments of two speeches of Hyperides that have been considered lost, Against Timandros and Against Diondas. Six other orations survive in whole or part.
Lost poems of
Ibycus. According to the Suda, he wrote seven books of lyrics.
Lost works of
Juba II. He wrote a number of books in Greek and Latin on history, natural history, geography, grammar, painting and theatre. Only fragments of his work survive.
Lost works of
Leucippus. No writings exist which we can attribute to him.
Lost works of
Lucius Varius Rufus. The author of the poem De morte and the tragedy Thyestes praised by his contemporaries as being on a par with the best Greek poets. Only fragments survive.
Lost works of
Melissus of Samos. Only fragments preserved in other writers' works exist.
Lost plays of
Menander. He wrote over a hundred comedies of which one survives. Fragments of a number of his plays survive.
Lost poems of
Phanocles. He wrote some poems about homosexual relationships among heroes of the mythical tradition of which only one survives, along with a few short fragments.
Lost works of
Philemon. Of his 97 works, 57 are known to us only as titles and fragments.
Lost poetry of
Pindar. Of his varied books of poetry, only his victory odes survive in complete form. The rest are known only by quotations in other works or papyrus scraps unearthed in Egypt.
Lost plays of
Plautus. He wrote approximately 130 plays, of which 21 survive.
There exists
a list of more than 60 lost works in many genres by the philosopher
Porphyry, including Against the Christians (of which only fragments survive).
Lost works of
Posidonius. All of his works are now lost. Some fragments exist, as well as titles and subjects of many of his books.
[1]
Lost works of
Proclus. A number of his commentaries on
Plato are lost.
Lost works of
Pyrrhus. He wrote Memoirs and several books on the art of war, all now lost. According to Plutarch, Hannibal was influenced by them and they received praise from Cicero.
Lost works of
Pythagoras. No texts by him survived.
Lost works of Pythangelus. Cited as a tragic poet in Aristophanes play
The Frogs though little is known about his existence and none of his work survives.[24]
Lost plays of
Rhinthon. Of 38 plays, only a few titles and lines have been preserved.
Lost poems of
Sappho. Only a few full poems and fragments of others survive. It has been hypothesized that poems
61 and
62 of
Catullus were inspired by lost works of Sappho.
Lost poems of
Simonides of Ceos. Of his poetry we possess two or three short elegies, several epigrams and about 90 fragments of lyric poetry.
Lost plays of
Sophocles. Of 123 plays, seven survive, with fragments of others.
Lost poems of
Sulpicia, who wrote erotic poems of conjugal bliss and was herself the subject of two poems by
Martial, who wrote (10.35) that "All girls who desire to please one man should read Sulpicia. All husbands who desire to please one wife should read Sulpicia."
Lost poems of
Stesichorus. Of several long works, significant fragments survive.
Lost works of
Theodectes. Of his 50 tragedies, we have the names of about 13 and a few unimportant fragments. His treatise on the art of rhetoric and his speeches are lost.
Lost works of
Theophrastus. Of his 227 books, only a handful survive, including On Plants and On Stones, but On Mining is lost. Fragments of others survive.
Lost works of
Timon. None of his works survive except where he is quoted by others, mainly
Sextus Empiricus.
Lost works of
Tiro. A biography of
Cicero in at least four books is referenced by
Asconius Pedianus in his commentaries on Cicero's speeches.[25]
Lost plays of
Xenocles. Referenced various times in the works of
Aristophanes as an inferior poet and had won first place in the Dionysia in 415 BC though none of his works survive.[26]
Lost works of
Xenophanes. Fragments of his poetry survive only as quotations by later Greek writers.
Lost works of
Zeno of Elea. None of his works survive intact.
Lost works of
Zeno of Citium. None of his writings have survived except as fragmentary quotations preserved by later writers.
Many
IncaQuipus (an ancient device used for record keeping and communication[27]) were burned by Spanish priests in 1583 on the orders of the
Third Council of Lima.[28] Only 751 quipus are known to have survived to the present.
Book of Bai Ze (
simplified Chinese 白泽图;
pinyin: Bái Zé Tú). A guide to the forms and habits of all 11,520 types of supernatural creatures in the world, and how to overcome their hauntings and attacks, as dictated by the mythical creature,
Bai Ze to the
Yellow Emperor in the 26th century BCE.
Works of the 5th century BCE philosopher
Yang Zhu burnt on the orders of the emperor
Shi Huangdi, the founder of the
Qin dynasty.
Jaya and Bharata, early versions of the Hindu epic Mahabharata
Bārhaspatya-sūtras, the foundational text of the
Cārvāka school of philosophy. The text probably dates from the final centuries BC, with only fragmentary quotations of it surviving.
Valayapathi, Tamil epic poem, only fragments survive.
Kundalakesi, Tamil epic poem, only fragments survive.
Ancient Egyptian texts
The
Book of Thoth, a legendary manuscript alluded to in Egyptian literature believed to contain the secrets to comprehend the power of the gods and speech of animals.[29]
Additionally, thousands of other pieces are attributed to the deity
Thoth.
Seleuces noted that the number of his writings was 20,000 while
Manetho held it was 36,525.[30]
Avestan texts
Avesta, the holy book of
Zoroaster. After Alexander's conquest, avesta was fragmented and it has been said only third of it survived orally.
Avesta recollected in 21 volumes, in
Sasanian era, only a quarter of which survive.
Khwātay-Nāmag (Book of Lords) : A chronological history of Iranian kings from the mythical era to the end of Sasanian period. This book was an important reference for post-Sasanian and Islamic historians such as
Ibn al-Muqaffa' as well as
Ferdowsi in his epic work Shahnameh.
Ewen-Nāmag: Multi-volume book on Iranian ceremonies, entertainment, warfare, politics, precepts, principles and examples in the Sasanian era.
Zij-i Shahryār: An important work of astronomy.
Karirak ud Damanak: A version translated into Pahlavi of the Indian work of fiction Pancatantra.
Hazār Afsān or Thousand Tales: A Pahlavi compilation of Iranian and Indian tales. This work was translated to Arabic in the Islamic era and became known as One Thousand and One Nights.
Mazdak-Nāmag: Biography of Mazdak, the Zoroastrian reformer and the primate of
Mazdakism movement.
Kārvand: A book of rhetoric.
Jāvidan Khrad (Immortal wisdom): Quotations of the mythical Iranian king and sage
Hushang.
The Middle-Persian literature had a remarkable diversity based on historical accounts. Only a poor part of mostly religious texts survived by Zoroastrian minorities in Persia and India.
Hegesippus' Hypomnemata (Memoirs) in five books, and a history of the Christian church.
The Gospel of the Lord compiled by
Marcion of Sinope to support his interpretation of Christianity. Marcion's writings were suppressed but a portion of them have been recreated from the works that were used to denounce them.
Various works of
Tertullian. Some fifteen works in Latin or Greek are lost, some as recently as the 9th century (De Paradiso, De superstitione saeculi, De carne et anima were all extant in the now damaged
Codex Agobardinus in 814 AD).
Sozomen's history of the Christian church, from the Ascension of Jesus to the defeat of Licinius in 323, in twelve books.
Renatus Profuturus Frigeridus, a historical work of twelve volumes of which only brief fragments survive, a few passages being quoted in chapters eight and nine of the second book of
Gregory of Tours' Decem libri historiarum (Ten Books of Histories)
Beowulf, after a fire in 1731 parts of the manuscript have been lost most notably being a large section of the fight between Beowulf and the dragon towards the end of the poem. (c. 1000)[39]
Sargudhasht-i Bābā Sayyidinā (
Persian: سرگذشت بابا سیدنا), Hasan Sabbah's biography. Juvayni "saved" it before burning the library, and used it as a source in his Tarikh-i Jahangushay, but he claimed that he burned it after reading it.[42]
Carostavnik or Rodoslov. Old Serbian biography enters a new—historiographic or even chronographic—phase with the appearance of the so-called Vita, better yet "Lives of Serbian Kings and Archbishops" by
Danilo II, Serbian Archbishop formerly Abbot of the
Hilandar Monastery and his successors, most of whom remained anonymous.
Vrhobreznica Chronicle originates in 1371 but the work is not transcribed until two and half centuries later by a writer named Gavrilo, a hermit, who collected earlier annals in his redaction composed in 1650 at the Vrhobreznica monastery. Part of a manuscript archived as Prague Museum #29 (together with Vrhobreznica Genealogy).
Koporin Chronicle – a 1371 chronicle transcribed in 1453 by Damjan, a deacon, who also wrote the annals on the order of Archbishop of Zeta, Josif, at the Koporin monastery.
Studenica Chronicle – a 14th century chronicle from 1350–1400. Oldest survived copy in a 16th-century manuscript, together with a younger annals.
Cetinje Chronicle covers events from 14th century until the end of 16th century, though the manuscript collection is from the end of the 16th century.
15th century
Yongle Encyclopedia (永乐大典; 永樂大典; Yǒnglè Dàdiǎn; 'The Great Canon [or Vast Documents] of the Yongle Era'). It was one of the world's earliest, and the then-largest, encyclopaedia commissioned by the
Yongle Emperor of China's
Ming dynasty in 1403, completed about 1408. About 400 volumes (less than 4%) of a 16th-century manuscript set survive today.[44]
Claudio Monteverdi composed at least eighteen operas, but only three (L'Orfeo, L'incoronazione di Poppea, and Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria) and the famous aria, Lamento, from his second opera L'Arianna have survived.
Works by
Buhurizade Mustafa Itri, a major Ottoman musician, composer, singer and poet, who is known to have composed more than a thousand works, only forty of which survive to the present.
Olympica,
René Descartes' youthful account of dreams and their interpretations was last excerpted by Leibnitz in 1675.[57]
18th century
All poems and literary works by
Carlo Gimach, except for the cantata Applauso Genetliaco, are believed to be lost.[58]
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's journal was burnt by her daughter on the grounds that it contained much scandal and satire.
Edward Gibbon burned the manuscript of his History of the Liberty of the Swiss.
Adam Smith had most of his manuscripts destroyed shortly before his death. In his last years he had been working on two major treatises, one on the theory and history of law and one on the sciences and arts. The posthumously published Essays on Philosophical Subjects (1795) probably contain parts of what would have been the latter treatise.[59]
The Green-Room Squabble or a Battle Royal between the Queen of Babylon and the Daughter of Darius, a 1756 play by
Samuel Foote, is lost.
Haydn's "Double Bass Concerto", of which only the first two measures survive; the rest were burned and destroyed. Supposedly a copy of it may exist somewhere, according to many different speculations.
Aaron Burr's farewell address to the senate in 1805 has been lost, though the general outlines are known through contemporaneous comments.[62]
Memoirs of
Lord Byron, destroyed by his literary executors led by
John Murray on 17 May 1824. The decision to destroy Byron's manuscript journals, which was opposed only by
Thomas Moore, was made in order to protect his reputation. The two volumes of memoirs were dismembered and burnt in the fireplace at Murray's office.[63]
The Scented Garden by Sir
Richard Francis Burton, a manuscript of a new translation from Arabic of The Perfumed Garden, was burned by his widow, Lady Isabel Burton née Arundel, along with other papers.
A large number of manuscripts and longer poems by
William Blake were burnt soon after his death by Mr. Frederick Tatham.
Parts two and three of Dead Souls by
Nikolai Gogol, burned by Gogol at the instigation of the priest Father Matthew Konstantinovskii.[64]
At least four complete volumes and around seven pages of text are missing from
Lewis Carroll's thirteen diaries, destroyed by his family for reasons frequently debated.
The son of the
Marquis de Sade had all of de Sade's unpublished manuscripts burned after de Sade's death in 1814; this included the immense multi-volume work Les Journées de Florbelle.[65]
A large section of the manuscript for
Mary Shelley's Lodore was lost in the mail to the publisher, and Shelley was forced to rewrite it.
Alexander Ivanovich Galich's completed manuscripts Universal Rights and Philosophy of Human History were destroyed in a fire, an event the grieved Galich did not long survive.
Margaret Fuller's manuscript on the history of the
1849 Roman Republic was lost in the 1850 shipwreck in which Fuller herself, her husband and her child perished. In Fuller's own estimation, as well as of others who saw it, this work, based on her first-hand experience in Rome, might have been her most important work.
A schoolmate of
Arthur Rimbaud claimed that he lost a notebook of poems by the famous poet, the "Cahier Labarrière", which reportedly contained about 60 poems (if true, and if all were distinct from his known verse poems, this would represent about as much in volume).[66] Paul Verlaine also mentioned a text called "La Chasse spirituelle", claiming it to be Rimbaud's masterpiece, which was never found (although a
fake was published in 1949).
Joseph Smith's translation of the
Book of Lehi from the
MormonGolden Plates was either hidden, destroyed, or modified by Lucy Harris, the wife of transcriber
Martin Harris. Whatever their fate, the pages were not returned to Joseph Smith and declared "lost." Smith did not recreate the translation.[67]
Abraham Lincoln's
Lost Speech, given on May 29, 1856, in
Bloomington, Illinois. Traditionally regarded as lost because it was so engaging that reporters neglected to take notes, the speech is believed to have been an impassioned condemnation of
slavery.[71]
L. Frank Baum's theatre in
Richburg, New York burned to the ground. Among the manuscripts of Baum's original plays known to have been lost are The Mackrummins, Matches (which was being performed the night of the fire), The Queen of Killarney, Kilmourne, or O'Connor's Dream, and the complete musical score for The Maid of Arran, which survives only in commercial song sheets, which include six of the eight songs and no instrumental music.
Leon Trotsky describes the loss of an unfinished play manuscript (a collaboration with Sokolovsky) in his My Life, end of chapter 6 (sometime between 1896 and 1898).[72]
George Gissing abandoned many novels and destroyed the incomplete manuscripts. He also completed at least three novels which went unpublished and have been lost.[74]
John P. Marquand wrote an early novel called Yellow Ivory in collaboration with his friend W.A. Macdonald.[75]
During the many years of his career,
Mark Twain produced a vast number of pieces, of which a considerable part, especially in his earlier years, was published in obscure newspapers under a great variety of pen names, or not published at all. Joe Goodman, who had been Twain's editor when he worked at the
Virginia City, Nevada, "Territorial Enterprise", declared in 1900 that Twain wrote some of the best material of his life during his "Western years" in the late 1860s, but most of it was lost.[76] In addition, many of Twain's speeches and lectures have been lost or were never written down. Researchers continue to seek this material, some of which was rediscovered as recently as 1995.[citation needed]
Although frequently referenced in the
Oxford English Dictionary and traceable in several catalogues of libraries and booksellers, no copy of the 1852 book Meanderings of Memory by Nightlark could be tracked down.[77]
The Reverend
Francis Kilvert's diaries were edited and censored, possibly by his widow, after his death in 1879. In the 1930s, the surviving diaries were passed on to
William Plomer, who transcribed them, before returning the originals to Kilvert's closest living relative, a niece, who destroyed most of the manuscripts. Plomer's own transcription was destroyed in the
Blitz. He only learned of the originals' destruction when he planned to publish a complete edition in the 1950s.
Jean Sibelius's Karelia Music was destroyed after its premiere in 1893. What survives today fully are the Karelia Ouverture and the
Karelia Suite. Most of the music was reconstructed in 1965 by Kalevi Kuosa, from the original parts that had survived. The parts that hadn't survived were those of the violas, cellos, and double basses. Based on Kuosa's transcription, the Finnish composers Kalevi Aho and Jouni Kaipainen have individually reconstructed the complete music to Karelia Music.
The musical score to
Gilbert and Sullivan’s 1871 opera
Thespis has been mostly lost with only 3 musical passages being known to survive.[78]
Nathaniel Hawthorne's Seven Tales of my Native Land was personally destroyed after being rejected by publishers.[79]
20th century
James Joyce's play A Brilliant Career (which he burned) and the first half of his novel Stephen Hero. His grandson Stephen later burned Nora Joyce's letters to James as well.
J. Meade Falkner left an almost complete fourth and last novel on a train and felt he was too old to start again.
Various parts of
Daniel Paul Schreber's "Memoirs of My Nervous Illness" (original German title "Denkwürdigkeiten eines Nervenkranken") (1903) were destroyed by his wife and doctor Flesching for protecting his reputation, which was mentioned by
Sigmund Freud as highly important in his essay "The Schreber Case" (1911).
L. Frank Baum wrote four novels for adults that were never published and disappeared: Our Married Life and Johnson (1912), The Mystery of Bonita (1914), and Molly Oodle (1915). Baum's son claimed that Baum's wife burned these, but this was after being cut out of her will. Evidence that Baum's publisher received these manuscripts survives. Also lost are Baum's 1904 short stories "Mr. Rumple's Chill" and "Bess of the Movies", as well as his early plays Kilmourne, or O'Connor's Dream (opened April 4, 1883) and The Queen of
Killarney (1883).
In 1907,
August Strindberg destroyed a play, The Bleeding Hand, immediately after writing it. He was in a bad mood at the time and commented in a letter that the piece was unusually harsh, even for him.
In 1922, a suitcase with almost all of
Ernest Hemingway's work to date was stolen from a train compartment at the
Gare de Lyon in Paris, from his wife. It included a partial
World War I novel.[81]
The novels Tobold and Theodor by
Robert Walser are lost, possibly destroyed by the author, as is a third, unnamed novel. (1910–1921)
The original version of Ultramarine by
Malcolm Lowry was stolen from his publisher's car in 1932, and the author had to reconstruct it.
Jean Sibelius burned his unfinished 8th Symphony and several of his unfinished works in the 1920s.
Yogananda's Autobiography of a Yogi quotes extensively from Richard Wright's travel diaries in 1935/6. Following Wright's death they have become 'lost'.
In 1938
George Orwell wrote Socialism and War, an "anti-war pamphlet" for which he could not find a publisher. Although many previously unknown letters and other documents relating to Orwell have been discovered in recent years, no trace of this pamphlet has yet come to light. With the beginning of
World War II Orwell's views on
pacifism were to change radically, so he may well have destroyed the manuscript.
Lost papers and a possible unfinished novel by
Isaac Babel, confiscated by the NKVD, May 1939.[82]
Five volumes of poetry and a drama, all in manuscript, by
Saint-John Perse were destroyed at his house outside Paris soon after he had gone into exile in the summer of 1940. The diplomat Alexis Léger (Perse's real name) was a well-known and uncompromising anti-Nazi and his house was raided by German troops. The works had been written during his diplomat years, but Perse had decided not to publish any new writing until he had retired from diplomacy.
Walter Benjamin had a completed manuscript in his suitcase when he fled France and arrest by the Nazis in the summer of 1940. He committed suicide in
Portbou, Spain on September 26, 1940, and the suitcase and its contents disappeared.
There are reports that
Bruno Schulz worked on a novel called The Messiah, but no trace of this manuscript survived his death (1942).
Margot Frank's diary was never found (1944). Of
The Diary of Anne Frank, the original volume or volumes covering the period between December 1942 and December 1943 was never found, and assumed to have been taken by the Nazis who raided the hiding place. This period is only known from the version Anne rewrote for preservation - which is known to have been in many ways different from her original.[83]
In 1958, while working on the last chapter,
William H. Gass' novel Omensetter's Luck was stolen off of his desk, forcing him to begin from scratch.
The manuscript for
Sylvia Plath's unfinished second novel, provisionally titled Double Exposure, or Double Take, written 1962–63, disappeared some time before 1970.[85]
Several pages of the original screenplay for
Werner Herzog's Aguirre, der Zorn Gottes were reportedly thrown out of the window of a bus after one of his football teammates threw up on them.
The screenplay for the proposed
Dean Stockwell-Herb Berman film After the Gold Rush is reportedly lost.
Diaries of
Philip Larkin – burnt at his request after his death on 2 December 1985. Other private papers were kept, contrary to his instructions.
The fourth novel of
Sasha Sokolov have been lost when the Greek house where it was written burnt down in the second half the 1980s.
Jacob M. Appel's first novel manuscript, Paste and Cover, was in the trunk of an automobile that was stolen in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1998. The vehicle was recovered, but the manuscript was not.[86]
21st century
Terry Pratchett's unfinished works were destroyed in 2017 after his death, fulfilling his last will; his computer
hard drive containing his unfinished works was deliberately squished by a
steamroller.[87][88][89]
The
Library of Alexandria, the largest library in existence during antiquity, was destroyed at some point in time between the Roman and Muslim conquests of Alexandria.
Aztec emperor
Itzcoatl (ruled 1427/8-1440) ordered the burning of all historical
Aztec codices in an effort to develop a state-sanctioned Aztec history and mythology.
During the
Dissolution of the Monasteries, many monastic libraries were destroyed. Worcester Abbey had 600 books at the time of the dissolution. Only six of them have survived intact to the present day. At the abbey of the Augustinian Friars at York, a library of 646 volumes was destroyed, leaving only three surviving books. Some books were destroyed for their precious bindings, others were sold off by the cartload, including irreplaceable early English works. It is believed that many of the earliest
Anglo-Saxon manuscripts were lost at this time.
"A great nombre of them whych purchased those supertycyous mansyons, resrved of those lybrarye bokes, some to serve theyr jakes [i.e., as
toilet paper], some to scoure candelstyckes, and some to rubbe their bootes. Some they solde to the grossers and soapsellers..." —
John Bale, 1549
Many works of
Anglo-Saxon literature, mostly unique and unpublished, were burned when a fire broke out in the
Cotton library at
Ashburnham House on 23 October 1731. Luckily, the only surviving manuscript of Beowulf survived the fire and was printed for the first time in 1815.
In 1193, the
Nalanda University was sacked by[90]Bakhtiyar Khilji.[91] The burning of the library continued for several months and "smoke from the burning manuscripts hung for days like a dark pall over the low hills."[92]
The library of the
Hanlin Academy, containing irreplaceable ancient Chinese manuscripts, was mostly destroyed in 1900 during the
Boxer Rebellion.[93]
The
Sikh Reference Library in Amritsar, a collection of rare books, newspapers, manuscripts, and other literary works related to Sikhism and India, was looted and incinerated by Indian troops during the 1984
Operation Blue Star. The missing literature has not been recovered to this day and are presumbed to be lost.[94][95][96][97][98][99] The library hosted a vast collection of an estimated 20,000 literary works just before the destruction, including 11,107 books, 2,500 manuscripts, newspaper archives, historical letters, documents/files, and others.[100]
W. A. Mozart and
Antonio Salieri are known to have composed together a cantata for voice and piano called Per la ricuperata salute di Ofelia which was celebrating the return to stage of the singer
Nancy Storace, and which has been lost, although it had been printed by
Artaria in 1785.[103] The music had been considered lost until November 2015, when German musicologist and composer
Timo Jouko Herrmann identified the score while searching for music by one of Salieri's ostensible pupils,
Antonio Casimir Cartellieri, in the archives of the Czech Museum of Music in
Prague.[104]
Antonín Dvořák composed his
Symphony No. 1 in 1865. It was subsequently lost, which the composer believed to be final and irreversible. It was only found again in 1923, twenty years after Dvořák's death, and performed for the first time in 1936.[106]
A Tale of Kitty in Boots by
Beatrix Potter, the handwritten manuscripts for this story were found in school notebooks, including a few illustrations. She intended to finish the book, but was interrupted by wars and marriage and farming. It was found nearly 100 years later and published for the first time in September 2016.[107]
Lesbian Love, by
Eva Kotchever, had only 150 copies published "for private circulation only" in 1925. Historian
Jonathan Ned Katz searched and found the only known copy, owned by Nina Alvarez, who had found the book in the lobby of her apartment building in 1998 in Albany, New York. Records show that another copy was held in the Sterling Library at Yale University, but it has not been located.[108]
Henri Poincaré's prize-winning submission for the 1889 celestial mechanics contest of king
Oscar II was thought to be lost. While this version was being printed, Poincaré himself discovered a serious error. The existing version was recalled and then replaced by a heavily modified and corrected version, now regarded as the seminal description of
chaos theory. The original erroneous submission was thought to be lost, but it was found in 2011.[109]
The Mysteries of Harris Burdick is presented as a series of images ostensibly created by one Harris Burdick, who had intended to use them for his children's books before he mysteriously disappeared. Each image is accompanied by a title and a single line of text, which encourage readers to create their own stories.
H. P. Lovecraft wrote that all the original Arabic copies of The Necronomicon (Al Azif) have been destroyed, as well as the Arabic to Greek translations. Only five Greek to Latin translations are held by libraries, though copies may exist in private collections.[110]
^Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (1989). "Enḫeduanna, En-Priestess, Hen of Nanna, Spouse of Nanna". In Behrens, Hermann; Loding, Darlene; Roth, Martha T. (eds.). DUMU-E-DUB-BA-A : Studies in Honor of Åke W. Sjöberg. Philadelphia, PA: The University Museum. pp. 539–556.
ISBN0-934718-98-9.
^Jacoby, Felix (1926). Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, Teil 2, Zeitgeschichte. – B. Spezialgeschichten, Autobiographien und Memoiren, Zeittafeln [Nr. 106-261]. Berlin: Weidmann. pp. 752–769, no. 138, "Ptolemaios Lagu".
OCLC769308142.
^Gordon L. Thomas (1953). "Aaron burr's farewell address". Quarterly Journal of Speech. 39 (3): 273–282.
doi:
10.1080/00335635309381878. "Except for some of his court-room speeches [...] no verbatim reports of his speeches are extant."
^Allen, Charles (2002). The Buddha and the Sahibs. London: John Murray.
^Scott, David (May 1995). "Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons". Numen. 42 (2): 141–155.
doi:
10.1163/1568527952598657.
JSTOR3270172.
^Gertrude Emerson Sen (1964). The Story of Early Indian Civilization. Orient Longmans.