* Dutch victory in Ghana, Malacca, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Indonesia * Portuguese victory in Brazil, Angola, East Africa and Macau * Both sides claim victory in India
^The earliest disparate groups of rebel forces against the Habsburg Netherlandish government were known as
Geuzen (dominated by
Calvinists and some
Huguenots, disgruntled lesser noblemen, and commerce-minded urban classes). The Geuzen were largely loyal to the former stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht
William of Orange, who brought in his own – mostly German – mercenaries in 1568 and 1572. The combination of Geuzen and Orangist troops received backing from the
States of Holland and West Friesland and
States of Zeeland (provincial governments) from July 1572 onwards, and formed a core of what would become the
Dutch States Army.[1]
^ This expedition was launched after the Algerians broke the peace treaty.
^Historians have different opinions on the outcome, for example historian
Jonathan Israel calls it a complete Dutch victory, but another historian like
Dagomar Degroot, mark it as stalemate, the historian
Edward Kritzler marks it as inconclusive, and
Nigel Cawthorne marks it as an English victory
Groenveld, Simon; Leeuwenberg, Huib (2020). De Tachtigjarige Oorlog. Opstand en consolidatie in de Nederlanden (ca. 1560–1650). Derde editie (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. p. 750.
ISBN9789462495661. (e-book; original publication 2008; in cooperation with M. Mout and W. Zappey)
* Dutch victory in Ghana, Malacca, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Indonesia * Portuguese victory in Brazil, Angola, East Africa and Macau * Both sides claim victory in India
^The earliest disparate groups of rebel forces against the Habsburg Netherlandish government were known as
Geuzen (dominated by
Calvinists and some
Huguenots, disgruntled lesser noblemen, and commerce-minded urban classes). The Geuzen were largely loyal to the former stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht
William of Orange, who brought in his own – mostly German – mercenaries in 1568 and 1572. The combination of Geuzen and Orangist troops received backing from the
States of Holland and West Friesland and
States of Zeeland (provincial governments) from July 1572 onwards, and formed a core of what would become the
Dutch States Army.[1]
^ This expedition was launched after the Algerians broke the peace treaty.
^Historians have different opinions on the outcome, for example historian
Jonathan Israel calls it a complete Dutch victory, but another historian like
Dagomar Degroot, mark it as stalemate, the historian
Edward Kritzler marks it as inconclusive, and
Nigel Cawthorne marks it as an English victory
Groenveld, Simon; Leeuwenberg, Huib (2020). De Tachtigjarige Oorlog. Opstand en consolidatie in de Nederlanden (ca. 1560–1650). Derde editie (in Dutch). Zutphen: Walburg Pers. p. 750.
ISBN9789462495661. (e-book; original publication 2008; in cooperation with M. Mout and W. Zappey)