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Delhi Sultanate—Mewar conflicts | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kingdom of Mewar in 1525 [1] | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Kingdom of Mewar • Guhila dynasty (1206—1303) • Sisodia dynasty (1326—present) Supported by: Kingdom of Marwar Kingdom of Amber |
Delhi Sultanate • Mamluk dynasty (1206—1290) • Khalji dynasty (1290—1320) • Tughlaq dynasty (1320—1413) • Sayyid dynasty (1414—1451) • Lodi dynasty (1451—1526) Supported by: Gujarat Sultanate Malwa Sultanate Nagore Sultanate Khandesh Sultanate | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Jaitrasimha Viradhavala Tejasimha Sarangdeva Rawal Samarsimha Bhuvanasimha Ratnasimha Rana Lakhan † Ari Singh † Maharana Hammir Baruji Sauda Junsi Kachhwaha Kshetra Singh Lakha Singh Mokal Singh Rana Sanga ( WIA) Medini Rai |
Iltutmish Balban Ulugh Khan Alauddin Khalji Firuz Shah Tughluq Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty) Ibrahim Lodi |
After the defeat of Chauhan ruler Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 CE, the Delhi Sultanate, a successor to Ghurid dynasty, was established in the northern part of India. After conquering much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain the Sultans of Delhi now had turned their attention towards Rajputana. They subdued Jalore, Ajmer and Ranthambore and followed up by invading Mewar. [2] [3] This led to a series of wars between ruling dynasties of Kingdom of Mewar and the Delhi Sultanate from the 13th century to the early 16th century.
The Guhilas under Rawal Jaitrasimha, Tejsimha and Samarasimha were successful in repulsing the Sultanate's invasions. [4] However, Guhilas faced a major setback when their capital Chittorgarh was captured by Sultan Alauddin Khalji in 1303. [5]
Hammir Singh, who was one of the descendants of the junior branch of the Guhila dynasty, recovered whole of Mewar including Chittorgarh and further defeated the invading army of the Delhi Sulatante at Singoli. This victory made whole of Rajputana practically independent of the Sultanate's rule. [6] Maharana Hammir's successors Maharana Kshetra and Maharana Lakha were able to gain territories of Badnor and Bakrol from the Delhi Sultanate. [7] [8]
Mewar's golden age started under the reign of Maharana Kumbha and reached its zenith under Maharana Sanga. [9] Rana Sanga, with his superior tactics, repeatedly humbled Ibrahim Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, prevailing over him decisively at Khatoli, Dholpur and Ranthambhore. These victories not only secured Mewar’s triumph but also expanded its boundaries up to Bayana. [10] At the height of his power, Rana Sanga held control over extensive regions encompassing much of present day Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh with his capital at Chittor. [11]
These events not only made Mewar one of the greatest powers in Northern India in the early 16th century but also contributed to the downfall and weakening of the Delhi Sultanate. [12] The Sultanate ultimately collapsed after its last Sultan Ibrahim was defeated by Timurid ruler Babur with the possible help of Rana Sanga and other rebellious Afghani chiefs. [13]
The Guhila dynasty, a Rajput dynasty, governed the Mewar region of present-day Rajasthan, founded by Bappa Rawal in the 8th century. [14] However some historians discard Bappa Rawal as founder of the dynasty. [15] Bappa Rawal is famous for repelling the Arab invasion of India and this led to a belief of him being the founder of this dynasty. [16]
The Guhila kings then ruled as Imperial Pratihara's feudatories between end of 8th and 9th centuries and later were independent in period of the early 10th century and allied themselves with the Rashtrakutas. [17]
In the later half of 10th century, the Guhilas encountered numerous defeats from neighboring kingdoms like the Chahamanas of Shakambhari, the Chalukyas of Gujarat, and the Paramaras of Malwa. At one point, the Paramara king Munja II even occupied the Chittorgarh fort, but the Guhilots refused to surrender and instead gathered their strength gradually. [18]
Seizing the opportunity presented by the Ghurid invasions weakening the Chauhans, Chalukyas, and Paramaras in neighboring kingdoms, Jaitra Singh attempted to leverage this situation to consolidate Guhila power over the region. [18] It was during his reign, that the Delhi Sultan Iltutmish raided Mewar for the first time thus giving rise to a conflict that went over for three centuries.
Name of Conflict (time) | Rawal of Mewar/Commander | Sultan of Delhi/Commander | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Battle of Bhutala
(1222-1229) |
Jaitrasimha
|
Iltutmish | Mewar Victory
[19]
|
Invasion of Mewar
(1253–54) |
Tejasimha |
Balban
(under Sultan Nasiruddin Shah) |
Mewar Victory
[20]
|
Second Invasion of Mewar (1255) | Tejasimha |
Balban
(under Sultan Nasiruddin Shah) |
Mewar Victory
[20]
|
Invasion of Gujarat (sometime before 1285) |
Samarasimha
|
Balban | Mewar Victory
[21]
[22]
[19]
|
Raid on Mewar (1299) |
Samarasimha
|
Ulugh Khan
(under Sultan Alauddin Khalji) |
Inconclusive
[24]
[23]
[19]
[25]
|
Siege of Chittorgarh (1303) | Ratnasimha | Alauddin Khalji | Khalji Victory
[19]
[28]
|
Name of Conflict (time) | Maharana of Mewar/Commander | Sultan of Delhi/Commander | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Recovery of Mewar (1321–36) | Maharana Hammir | Maladeva & Jaiza
(first under Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq and later Muhammad bin Tughluq) |
Mewar Victory
[31]
[32]
[30]
[33]
|
Battle of Singoli (1336) | Maharana Hammir | Muhammad bin Tughluq | Mewar Victory
[31]
|
Battle of Bakrol | Maharana Kshetra |
Dilawar Khan Gori
(under Firuz Shah Tughluq) |
Mewar Victory
[36]
|
Battle of Badnor | Maharana Lakha | Firuz Shah Tughlaq | Mewar Victory
[8]
|
Battle of Raipur | Maharana Mokal | Mubarak Shah | Mewar Victory
[37]
|
Battle of Khatoli (1517) |
Maharana Sanga
( WIA) |
Ibrahim Khan Lodi | Mewar Victory
[38]
[39]
|
Battle of Dholpur (1519) | Maharana Sanga | Ibrahim Khan Lodi | Mewar Victory [40] [41] [39] [42] |
Battle of Ranthambhore (1521) | Maharana Sanga | Ibrahim Khan Lodi | Mewar Victory
[43]
[44]
|
The conflict ultimately ended after the defeat and death of the Sultanate's last sultan Ibrahim. After this conflict, Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga had emerged as the most powerful native power in Northern India. [45] Sanga earlier thought that Babur wouldn't stay in Delhi for long but his assumption turned out to be wrong. This brought him in conflict with the Timurids. [46] Babur too realizing the potential threat started preparing for the war. Both powers then engaged in multiple battles which were fought at Bayana and Khanwa.
Lakshman Simha (Rana Lakha) is said to have defeated the Sultan of Delhi near Badnor and got exemption from the pilgrimage tax imposed on the Hindus for their visits to holy places like Kashi, Gaya and Paryag.
Kumbha's vigorous policy resulted in an unprecedented expansion of the boundaries of Mewar, besides the acquisition of immense wealth, including ransoms, indemnities and loot
The Charans who occupied significant positions in the courts of the rulers were known as Barhats. In Mewar, the descendants of Baru Charan, who came to be known as Sauda Barhats, acquired prominence on account of Baru's timely military assistance to Hammir in regaining his lost throne.
Maldeva's greatest enemy was Hammir, Rānã of Sesoda, whose grandfather Lakshman Singh had died with his seven sons including Arsi Singh, father of Hamrair, fighting in the battle of Chittor. Hammīr who had survived the memorable battle, Hammir became the Rana of Sesoda estate and constantly waged war to obtain Chittor Maldeva tried to conciliate him. He married his daughter to Hammīr and ceded certain parts of Chittor to him, but the brave Ränā was determined to regain the whole of Chittor. At last his efforts were crowned with success and after the death of Maldeva in about 1321 A.D. Hammir became master of the whole of Mewar, and assumed the title of Mahãrānā. In an inscription of Mahārānā Kumbhā's time,dated 1438 A.D.;Hammīr is said to have killed a large number of Musalmans. Hammir's descendants have ruled Mewar to the present day
In regards of Allaudin invasion, We do not know the outcome of the campaign. However, even if Amber was conquered by Turkish domination, which seems likely, it is certain that they soon regained freedom by taking advantage of the growing weakness of the Sultanate after 1335 A.D by Raja Junsi (Jawan Singh) in joining Rana Hammir of Mewar against Delhi Sultanate forces.
In a battle in 1518 at Ghatoli, on the border of Harauti in southern Rajasthan, Ibrahim Lodi suffered a serious reverse, but Sanga was wounded and lamed for life.
It seems that there were a series of skirmishes between Lodis and Sanga whose influence gradually extended to Pilar Khan, a river near Fatehpur Sikri in the region of Agra.
Rana Sanga in the course of his wars with Delhi having given Sultan Ibrahim a great defeat at Dholpur, many of the neighboring Hindu chiefs, who till then had adhered to the King of Delhi, deserted him, Chanderi was one of the several important places that fell into the hands of the Rana, who bestowed it on the present occupant, Medini Rao.
Rana Sanga inflicted a defeat on Ibrahim Lodi when the latter attacked Ranthambore.
An editor has nominated this article for deletion. You are welcome to participate in the deletion discussion, which will decide whether or not to retain it. |
Delhi Sultanate—Mewar conflicts | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kingdom of Mewar in 1525 [1] | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
Kingdom of Mewar • Guhila dynasty (1206—1303) • Sisodia dynasty (1326—present) Supported by: Kingdom of Marwar Kingdom of Amber |
Delhi Sultanate • Mamluk dynasty (1206—1290) • Khalji dynasty (1290—1320) • Tughlaq dynasty (1320—1413) • Sayyid dynasty (1414—1451) • Lodi dynasty (1451—1526) Supported by: Gujarat Sultanate Malwa Sultanate Nagore Sultanate Khandesh Sultanate | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Jaitrasimha Viradhavala Tejasimha Sarangdeva Rawal Samarsimha Bhuvanasimha Ratnasimha Rana Lakhan † Ari Singh † Maharana Hammir Baruji Sauda Junsi Kachhwaha Kshetra Singh Lakha Singh Mokal Singh Rana Sanga ( WIA) Medini Rai |
Iltutmish Balban Ulugh Khan Alauddin Khalji Firuz Shah Tughluq Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty) Ibrahim Lodi |
After the defeat of Chauhan ruler Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 CE, the Delhi Sultanate, a successor to Ghurid dynasty, was established in the northern part of India. After conquering much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain the Sultans of Delhi now had turned their attention towards Rajputana. They subdued Jalore, Ajmer and Ranthambore and followed up by invading Mewar. [2] [3] This led to a series of wars between ruling dynasties of Kingdom of Mewar and the Delhi Sultanate from the 13th century to the early 16th century.
The Guhilas under Rawal Jaitrasimha, Tejsimha and Samarasimha were successful in repulsing the Sultanate's invasions. [4] However, Guhilas faced a major setback when their capital Chittorgarh was captured by Sultan Alauddin Khalji in 1303. [5]
Hammir Singh, who was one of the descendants of the junior branch of the Guhila dynasty, recovered whole of Mewar including Chittorgarh and further defeated the invading army of the Delhi Sulatante at Singoli. This victory made whole of Rajputana practically independent of the Sultanate's rule. [6] Maharana Hammir's successors Maharana Kshetra and Maharana Lakha were able to gain territories of Badnor and Bakrol from the Delhi Sultanate. [7] [8]
Mewar's golden age started under the reign of Maharana Kumbha and reached its zenith under Maharana Sanga. [9] Rana Sanga, with his superior tactics, repeatedly humbled Ibrahim Lodi, the Sultan of Delhi, prevailing over him decisively at Khatoli, Dholpur and Ranthambhore. These victories not only secured Mewar’s triumph but also expanded its boundaries up to Bayana. [10] At the height of his power, Rana Sanga held control over extensive regions encompassing much of present day Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh with his capital at Chittor. [11]
These events not only made Mewar one of the greatest powers in Northern India in the early 16th century but also contributed to the downfall and weakening of the Delhi Sultanate. [12] The Sultanate ultimately collapsed after its last Sultan Ibrahim was defeated by Timurid ruler Babur with the possible help of Rana Sanga and other rebellious Afghani chiefs. [13]
The Guhila dynasty, a Rajput dynasty, governed the Mewar region of present-day Rajasthan, founded by Bappa Rawal in the 8th century. [14] However some historians discard Bappa Rawal as founder of the dynasty. [15] Bappa Rawal is famous for repelling the Arab invasion of India and this led to a belief of him being the founder of this dynasty. [16]
The Guhila kings then ruled as Imperial Pratihara's feudatories between end of 8th and 9th centuries and later were independent in period of the early 10th century and allied themselves with the Rashtrakutas. [17]
In the later half of 10th century, the Guhilas encountered numerous defeats from neighboring kingdoms like the Chahamanas of Shakambhari, the Chalukyas of Gujarat, and the Paramaras of Malwa. At one point, the Paramara king Munja II even occupied the Chittorgarh fort, but the Guhilots refused to surrender and instead gathered their strength gradually. [18]
Seizing the opportunity presented by the Ghurid invasions weakening the Chauhans, Chalukyas, and Paramaras in neighboring kingdoms, Jaitra Singh attempted to leverage this situation to consolidate Guhila power over the region. [18] It was during his reign, that the Delhi Sultan Iltutmish raided Mewar for the first time thus giving rise to a conflict that went over for three centuries.
Name of Conflict (time) | Rawal of Mewar/Commander | Sultan of Delhi/Commander | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Battle of Bhutala
(1222-1229) |
Jaitrasimha
|
Iltutmish | Mewar Victory
[19]
|
Invasion of Mewar
(1253–54) |
Tejasimha |
Balban
(under Sultan Nasiruddin Shah) |
Mewar Victory
[20]
|
Second Invasion of Mewar (1255) | Tejasimha |
Balban
(under Sultan Nasiruddin Shah) |
Mewar Victory
[20]
|
Invasion of Gujarat (sometime before 1285) |
Samarasimha
|
Balban | Mewar Victory
[21]
[22]
[19]
|
Raid on Mewar (1299) |
Samarasimha
|
Ulugh Khan
(under Sultan Alauddin Khalji) |
Inconclusive
[24]
[23]
[19]
[25]
|
Siege of Chittorgarh (1303) | Ratnasimha | Alauddin Khalji | Khalji Victory
[19]
[28]
|
Name of Conflict (time) | Maharana of Mewar/Commander | Sultan of Delhi/Commander | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Recovery of Mewar (1321–36) | Maharana Hammir | Maladeva & Jaiza
(first under Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq and later Muhammad bin Tughluq) |
Mewar Victory
[31]
[32]
[30]
[33]
|
Battle of Singoli (1336) | Maharana Hammir | Muhammad bin Tughluq | Mewar Victory
[31]
|
Battle of Bakrol | Maharana Kshetra |
Dilawar Khan Gori
(under Firuz Shah Tughluq) |
Mewar Victory
[36]
|
Battle of Badnor | Maharana Lakha | Firuz Shah Tughlaq | Mewar Victory
[8]
|
Battle of Raipur | Maharana Mokal | Mubarak Shah | Mewar Victory
[37]
|
Battle of Khatoli (1517) |
Maharana Sanga
( WIA) |
Ibrahim Khan Lodi | Mewar Victory
[38]
[39]
|
Battle of Dholpur (1519) | Maharana Sanga | Ibrahim Khan Lodi | Mewar Victory [40] [41] [39] [42] |
Battle of Ranthambhore (1521) | Maharana Sanga | Ibrahim Khan Lodi | Mewar Victory
[43]
[44]
|
The conflict ultimately ended after the defeat and death of the Sultanate's last sultan Ibrahim. After this conflict, Kingdom of Mewar under Rana Sanga had emerged as the most powerful native power in Northern India. [45] Sanga earlier thought that Babur wouldn't stay in Delhi for long but his assumption turned out to be wrong. This brought him in conflict with the Timurids. [46] Babur too realizing the potential threat started preparing for the war. Both powers then engaged in multiple battles which were fought at Bayana and Khanwa.
Lakshman Simha (Rana Lakha) is said to have defeated the Sultan of Delhi near Badnor and got exemption from the pilgrimage tax imposed on the Hindus for their visits to holy places like Kashi, Gaya and Paryag.
Kumbha's vigorous policy resulted in an unprecedented expansion of the boundaries of Mewar, besides the acquisition of immense wealth, including ransoms, indemnities and loot
The Charans who occupied significant positions in the courts of the rulers were known as Barhats. In Mewar, the descendants of Baru Charan, who came to be known as Sauda Barhats, acquired prominence on account of Baru's timely military assistance to Hammir in regaining his lost throne.
Maldeva's greatest enemy was Hammir, Rānã of Sesoda, whose grandfather Lakshman Singh had died with his seven sons including Arsi Singh, father of Hamrair, fighting in the battle of Chittor. Hammīr who had survived the memorable battle, Hammir became the Rana of Sesoda estate and constantly waged war to obtain Chittor Maldeva tried to conciliate him. He married his daughter to Hammīr and ceded certain parts of Chittor to him, but the brave Ränā was determined to regain the whole of Chittor. At last his efforts were crowned with success and after the death of Maldeva in about 1321 A.D. Hammir became master of the whole of Mewar, and assumed the title of Mahãrānā. In an inscription of Mahārānā Kumbhā's time,dated 1438 A.D.;Hammīr is said to have killed a large number of Musalmans. Hammir's descendants have ruled Mewar to the present day
In regards of Allaudin invasion, We do not know the outcome of the campaign. However, even if Amber was conquered by Turkish domination, which seems likely, it is certain that they soon regained freedom by taking advantage of the growing weakness of the Sultanate after 1335 A.D by Raja Junsi (Jawan Singh) in joining Rana Hammir of Mewar against Delhi Sultanate forces.
In a battle in 1518 at Ghatoli, on the border of Harauti in southern Rajasthan, Ibrahim Lodi suffered a serious reverse, but Sanga was wounded and lamed for life.
It seems that there were a series of skirmishes between Lodis and Sanga whose influence gradually extended to Pilar Khan, a river near Fatehpur Sikri in the region of Agra.
Rana Sanga in the course of his wars with Delhi having given Sultan Ibrahim a great defeat at Dholpur, many of the neighboring Hindu chiefs, who till then had adhered to the King of Delhi, deserted him, Chanderi was one of the several important places that fell into the hands of the Rana, who bestowed it on the present occupant, Medini Rao.
Rana Sanga inflicted a defeat on Ibrahim Lodi when the latter attacked Ranthambore.