Stuttering (alalia syllabaris), also known as stammering (alalia literalis or anarthria literalis), is a
speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses or blocks during which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.[1] The exact
etiology of stuttering is unknown; both
genetics and
neurophysiology are thought to contribute.[2] There are many treatments and
speech-language pathology techniques available that may help increase
fluency in some people who stutter to the point where an untrained ear cannot perceive stuttering; however, there is essentially no cure for the disorder at present.[3][4]
People who stutter include British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill, orator
Demosthenes, King
George VI, actor
James Earl Jones, US President
Joe Biden, and country singer
Mel Tillis. Churchill, whose stutter was particularly apparent to 1920s writers,[5] was one of the 30% of people who stutter who have an associated speech disorder—a
lisp in his case—and led his nation through
World War II.[6][7] Demosthenes stammered and was inarticulate as a youth, and, through dedicated practice using methods such as placing pebbles in his mouth, became a great orator of Ancient Greece.[8] King George VI hired speech therapist
Lionel Logue to enable him to speak more easily to his Empire, and Logue effectively helped him accomplish this goal.[9] This training and its results are the focus of the 2010 film The King's Speech.[10] James Earl Jones has stated he was mute for many years of his youth, and he became an actor noted for the power of his voice.[11][12] Mel Tillis stutters when talking but not when singing.[13] Many people had their speech impairment only during childhood.[14]
^Prasse, Jane E.; Kikano, George E. (2008). "Stuttering: An Overview". American Family Physician. 77 (9): 1271–1276.
PMID18540491. Retrieved from Academic Research Library database, (Document ID: 1468009541).
^"Therapy Outcomes". Stuttering Foundation. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
^
abJames Earl Jones (29 June 1996).
"The Voice of Triumph" (Interview: Audio/Transcript). Interviewed by The American Academy of Achievement for the National Medal of Arts. Sun Valley, Idaho. Archived from
the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
^"Stuttering". National Institutes of Health – National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Archived from
the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
^Raphael, Amy (30 March 2003).
"Fears of a clown". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
^Howerd mentioned his youthful stutter in a revealing BBC broadcast of Desert Island Discs, Jan. 1982, rebroadcast in April 2012 in the three-hour Howerd's Ways: the Radio Times of Frankie Howerdhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01gvwzh
^Howerd, Frankie (1976) On the Way I Lost It, W.H. Allen,
ISBN0-491-01807-X
^
"Obituary: Dennison, William Donald". The Toronto Star. 4 May 1981. p. B11.
^Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
ISBN978-0-8047-3510-0.
^Lopes, Fernão (1895).
Chronica de El-Rei D. Pedro I [Chronicle of King Peter I] (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Typ. do «Commercio de Portugal». p.
14. Este rei Dom Pedro era muito gago […]
^Čepėnas, Pranas, ed. (1972). Lietuvos Universitetas 1579–1803–1922 (in Lithuanian). Chicago: The Association of Lithuanian-American Professors. pp. 150, 396, 427, 439.
OCLC2152067.
Stuttering (alalia syllabaris), also known as stammering (alalia literalis or anarthria literalis), is a
speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases, and involuntary silent pauses or blocks during which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.[1] The exact
etiology of stuttering is unknown; both
genetics and
neurophysiology are thought to contribute.[2] There are many treatments and
speech-language pathology techniques available that may help increase
fluency in some people who stutter to the point where an untrained ear cannot perceive stuttering; however, there is essentially no cure for the disorder at present.[3][4]
People who stutter include British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill, orator
Demosthenes, King
George VI, actor
James Earl Jones, US President
Joe Biden, and country singer
Mel Tillis. Churchill, whose stutter was particularly apparent to 1920s writers,[5] was one of the 30% of people who stutter who have an associated speech disorder—a
lisp in his case—and led his nation through
World War II.[6][7] Demosthenes stammered and was inarticulate as a youth, and, through dedicated practice using methods such as placing pebbles in his mouth, became a great orator of Ancient Greece.[8] King George VI hired speech therapist
Lionel Logue to enable him to speak more easily to his Empire, and Logue effectively helped him accomplish this goal.[9] This training and its results are the focus of the 2010 film The King's Speech.[10] James Earl Jones has stated he was mute for many years of his youth, and he became an actor noted for the power of his voice.[11][12] Mel Tillis stutters when talking but not when singing.[13] Many people had their speech impairment only during childhood.[14]
^Prasse, Jane E.; Kikano, George E. (2008). "Stuttering: An Overview". American Family Physician. 77 (9): 1271–1276.
PMID18540491. Retrieved from Academic Research Library database, (Document ID: 1468009541).
^"Therapy Outcomes". Stuttering Foundation. 6 May 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
^
abJames Earl Jones (29 June 1996).
"The Voice of Triumph" (Interview: Audio/Transcript). Interviewed by The American Academy of Achievement for the National Medal of Arts. Sun Valley, Idaho. Archived from
the original on 6 September 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
^"Stuttering". National Institutes of Health – National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. Archived from
the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
^Raphael, Amy (30 March 2003).
"Fears of a clown". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
^Howerd mentioned his youthful stutter in a revealing BBC broadcast of Desert Island Discs, Jan. 1982, rebroadcast in April 2012 in the three-hour Howerd's Ways: the Radio Times of Frankie Howerdhttps://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01gvwzh
^Howerd, Frankie (1976) On the Way I Lost It, W.H. Allen,
ISBN0-491-01807-X
^
"Obituary: Dennison, William Donald". The Toronto Star. 4 May 1981. p. B11.
^Barman, Roderick J. (1999). Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
ISBN978-0-8047-3510-0.
^Lopes, Fernão (1895).
Chronica de El-Rei D. Pedro I [Chronicle of King Peter I] (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Typ. do «Commercio de Portugal». p.
14. Este rei Dom Pedro era muito gago […]
^Čepėnas, Pranas, ed. (1972). Lietuvos Universitetas 1579–1803–1922 (in Lithuanian). Chicago: The Association of Lithuanian-American Professors. pp. 150, 396, 427, 439.
OCLC2152067.