Central Plain political entities have paid tribute to a number of states and confederations throughout history.
China proper also had a strong Confucian tradition, which believed that showing virtue and giving gifts or tribute would civilize "
Barbarians". Many of them involved
silk and
tea, and during the
Ming dynasty, China's input of silver increased due to trade with
Spanish merchants in
Manila, so they could pay tribute with silver.
Xiongnu in 200 BCE-138 BCE: the Xiongnu repelled the invading army of the Western Han dynasty, advanced into the territory of China, and besieged its capital. The Chinese Emperor recognized the Great Wall as the border of the two states and was obliged to pay annual tribute (silk, liquor, rice) to the Xiongnu.[1][2]
First Turkic Khaganate: The
Qi and Zhou dynasties of North China surrendered to the Turks in 570 and began paying tribute.[3] Note that the Qi and Zhou dynasties were only small parts of
China proper which had fragmented into several states. The Qi and Zhou dynasties had a hybrid Sino-Turkic leadership.
Second Turkic Khaganate: Between 693 and 706,
Qapaghan Qaghan's army crossed the
Yellow River six times, which the Chinese forces could not offer any resistance. Empress
Wu Zetian paid vast indemnities and sent Qapaghan gifts, which were in fact disguised tributes.[4]
Uighur Kaganate: Successful campaigns of the Uighur Kaganate led to a peace with the Tang dynasty which paid tribute in silk and grain for 12 years from 766.[5]
Khitan: From 936, Shi Jingtang of
Later Jin described as a puppet of the emerging
Liao dynasty. After Khitan's victory over the
Song dynasty in 1005, they signed an invasion "Chanyuan Treaty"; requiring the Song to pay annual tribute to the Liao.[6][7]
Jurchen: In 1142, after a disastrous defeat, the Song dynasty agreed to be a vassal state of
Jin dynasty and pay annual tribute.[8]
^Dr., Prof. Ts. Gantulga, Dr. T. Jambaldorj, Dr., Prof. S. Tsolmon, Dr., Prof. J. Zaanhuu, T. Altanceceg, S. Sodnam (2005). History of Mongolia II. Ulaanbaatar.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link)
^D. Sinor; S. G. Klyashtorny (1996). "The Türk Empire". History of civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 3. UNESCO. p. 339.
Central Plain political entities have paid tribute to a number of states and confederations throughout history.
China proper also had a strong Confucian tradition, which believed that showing virtue and giving gifts or tribute would civilize "
Barbarians". Many of them involved
silk and
tea, and during the
Ming dynasty, China's input of silver increased due to trade with
Spanish merchants in
Manila, so they could pay tribute with silver.
Xiongnu in 200 BCE-138 BCE: the Xiongnu repelled the invading army of the Western Han dynasty, advanced into the territory of China, and besieged its capital. The Chinese Emperor recognized the Great Wall as the border of the two states and was obliged to pay annual tribute (silk, liquor, rice) to the Xiongnu.[1][2]
First Turkic Khaganate: The
Qi and Zhou dynasties of North China surrendered to the Turks in 570 and began paying tribute.[3] Note that the Qi and Zhou dynasties were only small parts of
China proper which had fragmented into several states. The Qi and Zhou dynasties had a hybrid Sino-Turkic leadership.
Second Turkic Khaganate: Between 693 and 706,
Qapaghan Qaghan's army crossed the
Yellow River six times, which the Chinese forces could not offer any resistance. Empress
Wu Zetian paid vast indemnities and sent Qapaghan gifts, which were in fact disguised tributes.[4]
Uighur Kaganate: Successful campaigns of the Uighur Kaganate led to a peace with the Tang dynasty which paid tribute in silk and grain for 12 years from 766.[5]
Khitan: From 936, Shi Jingtang of
Later Jin described as a puppet of the emerging
Liao dynasty. After Khitan's victory over the
Song dynasty in 1005, they signed an invasion "Chanyuan Treaty"; requiring the Song to pay annual tribute to the Liao.[6][7]
Jurchen: In 1142, after a disastrous defeat, the Song dynasty agreed to be a vassal state of
Jin dynasty and pay annual tribute.[8]
^Dr., Prof. Ts. Gantulga, Dr. T. Jambaldorj, Dr., Prof. S. Tsolmon, Dr., Prof. J. Zaanhuu, T. Altanceceg, S. Sodnam (2005). History of Mongolia II. Ulaanbaatar.{{
cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link)
^D. Sinor; S. G. Klyashtorny (1996). "The Türk Empire". History of civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 3. UNESCO. p. 339.