This article contains lists of quasars. More than a million quasars have been observed, [1] so any list on Wikipedia is necessarily a selection of them.
Proper naming of quasars are by Catalogue Entry, Qxxxx±yy using B1950 coordinates, or QSO Jxxxx±yyyy using J2000 coordinates. They may also use the prefix QSR. There are currently no quasars that are visible to the naked eye.
This is a list of exceptional quasars for characteristics otherwise not separately listed
Quasar | Notes |
---|---|
Twin Quasar | Associated with a possible planet microlensing event in the gravitational lens galaxy that is doubling the Twin Quasar's image. |
QSR J1819+3845 | Proved interstellar scintillation due to the interstellar medium. |
CTA-102 | In 1965, Soviet astronomer Nikolai S. Kardashev declared that this quasar was sending coded messages from an alien civilization. [2] |
CID-42 | Its supermassive black hole is being ejected and will one day become a displaced quasar. |
TON 618 | TON 618 is a very distant and extremely luminous quasar—technically, a hyperluminous, broad-absorption line, radio-loud quasar—located near the North Galactic Pole in the constellation Canes Venatici. |
This is a list of quasars, with a common name, instead of a designation from a survey, catalogue or list.
Quasar | Origin of name | Notes |
---|---|---|
Twin Quasar | From the fact that two images of the same quasar are produced by gravitational lensing. | |
Einstein Cross | From the fact that gravitational lensing of the quasar forms a near perfect Einstein cross, a concept in gravitational lensing. | |
Triple Quasar | From the fact that there are three bright images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar. | There are actually four images; the fourth is faint. |
Cloverleaf | From its appearance having similarity to the leaf of a clover. It has been gravitationally lensed into four images, of roughly similar appearance. | |
Teacup Galaxy | The name comes from the shape of the extended emission, which is shaped like the handle of a teacup. The handle is a bubble shaped by quasar winds or small-scale radio jets. | Low redshift, highly obscured type 2 quasar. |
This is a list of quasars that as a result of gravitational lensing appear as multiple images on Earth.
Quasar | Images | Lens | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Twin Quasar | 2 | YGKOW G1 | First gravitationally lensed object discovered |
Triple Quasar ( PG 1115+080) | 4 | Originally discovered as 3 lensed images, the fourth image is faint. It was the second gravitationally lensed quasar discovered. | |
Einstein Cross | 4 | Huchra's Lens | First Einstein Cross discovered |
RX J1131-1231's quasar | 4 | RX J1131-1231's elliptical galaxy | RX J1131-1231 is the name of the complex, quasar, host galaxy and lensing galaxy, together. The quasar's host galaxy is also lensed into a Chwolson ring about the lensing galaxy. The four images of the quasar are embedded in the ring image. |
Cloverleaf | 4 [3] | Brightest known high-redshift source of CO emission [4] | |
QSO B1359+154 | 6 | CLASS B1359+154 and three more galaxies | First sextuply-imaged galaxy |
SDSS J1004+4112 | 5 | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.68 | First quasar discovered to be multiply image-lensed by a galaxy cluster and currently the third largest quasar lens with the separation between images of 15″ [5] [6] [7] |
SDSS J1029+2623 | 3 | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.6 | The current largest-separation quasar lens with 22.6″ separation between furthest images [8] [9] [10] |
SDSS J2222+2745 | 6 [11] | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.49 [12] | First sextuply-lensed galaxy [11] Third quasar discovered to be lensed by a galaxy cluster. [12] Quasar located at z = 2.82 [12] |
This is a list of double quasars, triple quasars, and the like, where quasars are close together in line-of-sight, but not physically related.
Quasars | Count | Notes |
---|---|---|
QSO 1548+115
|
2 | [13] [14] |
QSO 1146+111 | 8 | [15] |
z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion |
This is a list of binary quasars, trinary quasars, and the like, where quasars are physically close to each other.
Quasars | Count | Notes |
---|---|---|
quasars of SDSS J0841+3921 protocluster | 4 | First quasar quartet discovered. [16] [17] |
LBQS 1429-008 (QQQ 1432-0106) | 3 | First quasar triplet discovered. It was first discovered as a binary quasar, before the third quasar was found. [18] |
QQ2345+007 (Q2345+007)
|
2 | Originally thought to be a doubly imaged quasar, but actually a quasar couplet. [19] |
QQQ J1519+0627 | 3 | [20] |
Large quasar groups (LQGs) are bound to a filament of mass, and not directly bound to each other.
LQG | Count | Notes |
---|---|---|
Webster LQG (LQG 1) |
5 | First LQG discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest structure known. [21] [22] |
Huge-LQG ( U1.27) |
73 | The largest structure known in the observable universe, as of 2013. [23] [24] |
This is a list of quasars with jets that appear to be superluminal due to relativistic effects and line-of-sight orientation. Such quasars are sometimes referred to as superluminal quasars.
Quasar | Superluminality | Notes |
---|---|---|
3C 279 | 4c | First quasar discovered with superluminal jets [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] |
3C 179 | 7.6c | Fifth discovered, first with double lobes [30] |
3C 273 | This is also the first quasar ever identified [31] | |
3C 216 | ||
3C 345 | [31] [32] | |
3C 380 | ||
4C 69.21 ( Q1642+690, QSO B1642+690) |
||
8C 1928+738 ( Q1928+738, QSO J1927+73, Quasar J192748.6+735802) |
||
PKS 0637-752 | ||
QSO B1642+690 |
Quasars that have a recessional velocity greater than the speed of light (c) are very common. Any quasar with z > 1 is receding faster than c, while z exactly equal to 1 indicates recession at the speed of light. [33] Early attempts to explain superluminal quasars resulted in convoluted explanations with a limit of z = 2.326, or in the extreme z < 2.4. [34] The majority of quasars lie between z = 2 and z = 5.
Title | Quasar | Year | Data | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
First quasar discovered | 3C 48 | 1960 | first radio source for which optical identification was found, that was a star-like looking object | |
First "star" discovered later found to be a quasar | ||||
First radio source discovered later found to be a quasar | ||||
First quasar identified | 3C 273 | 1962 | first radio-"star" found to be at a high redshift with a non-stellar spectrum. | |
First radio-quiet quasar | QSO B1246+377 ( BSO 1) | 1965 | The first radio-quiet quasi-stellar objects (QSO) were called Blue Stellar Objects or BSO, because they appeared like stars and were blue in color. They also had spectra and redshifts like radio-loud quasi-stellar radio-sources (QSR), so became quasars. [27] [35] [36] | |
First host galaxy of a quasar discovered | 3C 48 | 1982 | ||
First quasar found to seemingly not have a host galaxy | HE0450-2958 (Naked Quasar) | 2005 | Some disputed observations suggest a host galaxy, others do not. | |
First multi-core quasar | PG 1302-102 | 2014 | Binary supermassive black holes within the quasar | [37] [38] |
First quasar containing a recoiling supermassive black hole | SDSS J0927+2943 | 2008 | Two optical emission line systems separated by 2650 km/s | |
First gravitationally lensed quasar identified | Twin Quasar | 1979 | Lensed into 2 images | The lens is a galaxy known as YGKOW G1 |
First quasar found with a jet with apparent superluminal motion | 3C 279 | 1971 | [25] [26] [27] | |
First quasar found with the classic double radio-lobe structure | 3C 47 | 1964 | ||
First quasar found to be an X-ray source | 3C 273 | 1967 | [39] | |
First "dustless" quasar found | QSO J0303-0019 and QSO J0005-0006 | 2010 | [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] | |
First Large Quasar Group discovered |
Webster LQG ( LQG 1) |
1982 | [21] [22] |
Title | Quasar | Data | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Brightest | 3C 273 | Apparent magnitude of ~12.9 | Absolute magnitude: −26.7 |
Seemingly optically brightest | APM 08279+5255 | Seeming absolute magnitude of −32.2 | This quasar is gravitationally lensed; its actual absolute magnitude is estimated to be −30.5 |
Most luminous | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 | Absolute magnitude of −32.36 | Highest absolute magnitude discovered thus far. |
Most powerful quasar radio source | 3C 273 | Also the most powerful radio source in the sky | |
Most powerful | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 | ||
Most variable quasar radio source | QSO J1819+3845 (Q1817+387) | Also the most variable extrasolar radio source | |
Least variable quasar radio source | |||
Most variable quasar optical source | |||
Least variable quasar optical source | |||
Most distant | UHZ1 | z = 10.1 | Most distant quasar known as of 2023 [47] |
Most distant radio-quiet quasar | |||
Most distant radio-loud quasar | QSO J1427+3312 | z = 6.12 | Found June 2008 [48] [49] |
Most distant blazar quasar | PSO J0309+27 | z > 6 | |
Least distant | Markarian 231 | 600 Mly | [50] inactive: IC 2497 |
Largest Large Quasar Group |
Huge-LQG ( U1.27) |
73 quasars | [23] [24] |
Fastest Growing Quasar | SMSS J052915.80–435152.0 (QSO J0529-4351) | ~ 413 solar masses per year (using standard radiative efficiency); ~ 370 solar masses per year (using best-fit slim disc model) | [51] [52] |
Rank | Quasar | Date of discovery | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3C 273 | 1963 | [53] |
2 | 3C 48 | 1963 | [53] |
3 | 3C 47 | 1964 | [53] |
3 | 3C 147 | 1964 | [53] |
5 | CTA 102 | 1965 | [54] |
5 | 3C 287 | 1965 | [54] |
5 | 3C 254 | 1965 | [54] |
5 | 3C 245 | 1965 | [54] |
5 | 3C 9 | 1965 | [54] |
These are the first quasars which were found and had their redshifts determined. |
In 1964 a quasar became the most distant object in the universe for the first time. Quasars would remain the most distant objects in the universe until 1997, when a pair of non-quasar galaxies would take the title (galaxies CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2 lensed by galaxy cluster CL 1358+62). [55]
In cosmic scales distance is usually indicated by redshift (denoted by z) which is a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion.
Type | Quasar | Date | Distance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Most distant | UHZ1 | 2023 | z = 10.2 | [75] |
Most distant radio loud quasar | QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 | 2008 | z = 6.12 | |
Most distant radio quiet quasar | ||||
Most distant OVV quasar |
Quasar | Date | Distance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
UHZ1 | 2023– | z = 10.2 | Current distance record holder [75] |
QSO J0313−1806 | 2021–2023 | z = 7.64 | [57] [75] |
ULAS J1342+0928 | 2017–2021 | z = 7.54 | [76] |
ULAS J1120+0641 | 2011–2017 | z = 7.085 | Not the most distant object when discovered. First quasar with z > 7. [58] |
CFHQS J2329-0301 ( CFHQS J232908-030158) |
2007–2011 | z = 6.43 | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed IOK-1 (z = 6.96), which was discovered in 2006. [59] [60] [61] [62] [77] [78] [79] |
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3 ( SDSS J1148+5251) |
2003–2007 | z = 6.419 | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed HCM 6A galaxy lensed by Abell 370 at z = 6.56, discovered in 2002. Also discovered around the time of discovery was a new most distant galaxy, SDF J132418.3+271455 at z = 6.58. [63] [64] [65] [62] [77] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] |
SDSS J1030+0524 ( SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0) |
2001–2003 | z = 6.28 | Most distant object when discovered. First object with z > 6. [68] [66] [69] [70] [72] [73] |
SDSS 1044-0125 ( SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2) |
2000–2001 | z = 5.82 | Most distant object when discovered. It exceeded galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999) as the most distant object. [85] [86] [72] [73] [77] [87] [88] |
RD300 ( RD J030117+002025) |
2000 | z = 5.50 | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999). [89] [90] [86] [91] [77] |
SDSSp J120441.73−002149.6 ( SDSS J1204-0021) |
2000 | z = 5.03 | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999). [91] [77] |
SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3 ( QSO J0338+0021) |
1998–2000 | z = 5.00 | First quasar discovered with z > 5. Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy BR1202-0725 LAE (z = 5.64; discovered earlier in 1998). [77] [85] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] |
PC 1247+3406 | 1991–1998 | z = 4.897 | Most distant object when discovered. [85] [97] [98] [99] [100] |
PC 1158+4635 | 1989–1991 | z = 4.73 | Most distant object when discovered. [85] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] |
Q0051-279 | 1987–1989 | z = 4.43 | Most distant object when discovered. [105] [101] [104] [106] [107] [108] |
Q0000-26 ( QSO B0000-26) |
1987 | z = 4.11 | Most distant object when discovered. [105] [101] [109] |
PC 0910+5625 ( QSO B0910+5625) |
1987 | z = 4.04 | Most distant object when discovered; second quasar with z > 4. [85] [101] [110] [111] |
Q0046–293 ( QSO J0048-2903) |
1987 | z = 4.01 | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 4. [105] [101] [110] [112] [113] |
Q1208+1011 ( QSO B1208+1011) |
1986–1987 | z = 3.80 | Most distant object when discovered and a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar. From the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45″. [110] [114] [115] |
PKS 2000-330 ( QSO J2003-3251, Q2000-330) |
1982–1986 | z = 3.78 | Most distant object when discovered. [33] [110] [116] [117] |
OQ172 ( QSO B1442+101) |
1974–1982 | z = 3.53 | Most distant object when discovered. [118] [119] [120] |
OH471 ( QSO B0642+449) |
1973–1974 | z = 3.408 | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 3. Nicknamed "the blaze marking the edge of the universe". [118] [120] [121] [122] [123] |
4C 05.34 | 1970–1973 | z = 2.877 | Most distant object when discovered. The redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious. [33] [34] [120] [124] [125] |
5C 02.56 ( 7C 105517.75+495540.95) |
1968–1970 | z = 2.399 | Most distant object when discovered. [125] [126] [55] |
4C 25.05 ( 4C 25.5) |
1968 | z = 2.358 | Most distant object when discovered. [125] [55] [127] |
PKS 0237-23 ( QSO B0237-2321) |
1967–1968 | z = 2.225 | Most distant object when discovered. [33] [127] [128] [129] [130] |
4C 12.39 ( Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12) |
1966–1967 | z = 2.1291 | Most distant object when discovered. [55] [130] [131] [132] |
4C 01.02 ( Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1) |
1965–1966 | z = 2.0990 | Most distant object when discovered. [55] [130] [131] [133] |
3C 9 | 1965 | z = 2.018 | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 2. [2] [35] [130] [134] [135] [136] |
3C 147 | 1964–1965 | z = 0.545 | First quasar to become the most distant object in the universe, beating radio galaxy 3C 295. [137] [138] [139] [140] |
3C 48 | 1963–1964 | z = 0.367 | Second quasar redshift measured. Redshift was discovered after publication of 3C273's results prompted researchers to re-examine spectroscopic data. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461. [27] [33] [141] [142] [143] [53] [137] |
3C 273 | 1963 | z = 0.158 | First quasar redshift measured. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461. [27] [53] [142] [143] [144] |
Rank | Quasar | Data | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 | It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity of ~ 6.9 × 1014 Suns or ~ 2.6 × 1041 watts | [145] |
2 | HS 1946+7658 | It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity in excess of 1014 Suns or 1041 watts | [146] [147] |
3 | SDSS J155152.46+191104.0 | Has over 1041 watts luminosity | [148] [149] |
4 | HS 1700+6416 | Has a luminosity of over 1041 watts | [150] |
5 | SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 | Has a luminosity of around 1.62 × 1041 watts | [151] |
6 | SBS 1425+606 | Has a luminosity of over 1041 watts – optically brightest for z>3 | [152] |
J1144-4308 | Has a luminosity of 4.7 x 1040 watts or M_i(z=2) = -29.74 mag, optically brightest in last 9 Gyr | [153] | |
SDSS J074521.78+473436.2 | [154] [155] | ||
S5 0014+813 | [150] [156] | ||
SDSS J160455.39+381201.6 | z = 2.51, M(i) = 15.84 | ||
SDSS J085543.40-001517.7 | [157] |
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This article contains lists of quasars. More than a million quasars have been observed, [1] so any list on Wikipedia is necessarily a selection of them.
Proper naming of quasars are by Catalogue Entry, Qxxxx±yy using B1950 coordinates, or QSO Jxxxx±yyyy using J2000 coordinates. They may also use the prefix QSR. There are currently no quasars that are visible to the naked eye.
This is a list of exceptional quasars for characteristics otherwise not separately listed
Quasar | Notes |
---|---|
Twin Quasar | Associated with a possible planet microlensing event in the gravitational lens galaxy that is doubling the Twin Quasar's image. |
QSR J1819+3845 | Proved interstellar scintillation due to the interstellar medium. |
CTA-102 | In 1965, Soviet astronomer Nikolai S. Kardashev declared that this quasar was sending coded messages from an alien civilization. [2] |
CID-42 | Its supermassive black hole is being ejected and will one day become a displaced quasar. |
TON 618 | TON 618 is a very distant and extremely luminous quasar—technically, a hyperluminous, broad-absorption line, radio-loud quasar—located near the North Galactic Pole in the constellation Canes Venatici. |
This is a list of quasars, with a common name, instead of a designation from a survey, catalogue or list.
Quasar | Origin of name | Notes |
---|---|---|
Twin Quasar | From the fact that two images of the same quasar are produced by gravitational lensing. | |
Einstein Cross | From the fact that gravitational lensing of the quasar forms a near perfect Einstein cross, a concept in gravitational lensing. | |
Triple Quasar | From the fact that there are three bright images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar. | There are actually four images; the fourth is faint. |
Cloverleaf | From its appearance having similarity to the leaf of a clover. It has been gravitationally lensed into four images, of roughly similar appearance. | |
Teacup Galaxy | The name comes from the shape of the extended emission, which is shaped like the handle of a teacup. The handle is a bubble shaped by quasar winds or small-scale radio jets. | Low redshift, highly obscured type 2 quasar. |
This is a list of quasars that as a result of gravitational lensing appear as multiple images on Earth.
Quasar | Images | Lens | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Twin Quasar | 2 | YGKOW G1 | First gravitationally lensed object discovered |
Triple Quasar ( PG 1115+080) | 4 | Originally discovered as 3 lensed images, the fourth image is faint. It was the second gravitationally lensed quasar discovered. | |
Einstein Cross | 4 | Huchra's Lens | First Einstein Cross discovered |
RX J1131-1231's quasar | 4 | RX J1131-1231's elliptical galaxy | RX J1131-1231 is the name of the complex, quasar, host galaxy and lensing galaxy, together. The quasar's host galaxy is also lensed into a Chwolson ring about the lensing galaxy. The four images of the quasar are embedded in the ring image. |
Cloverleaf | 4 [3] | Brightest known high-redshift source of CO emission [4] | |
QSO B1359+154 | 6 | CLASS B1359+154 and three more galaxies | First sextuply-imaged galaxy |
SDSS J1004+4112 | 5 | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.68 | First quasar discovered to be multiply image-lensed by a galaxy cluster and currently the third largest quasar lens with the separation between images of 15″ [5] [6] [7] |
SDSS J1029+2623 | 3 | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.6 | The current largest-separation quasar lens with 22.6″ separation between furthest images [8] [9] [10] |
SDSS J2222+2745 | 6 [11] | Galaxy cluster at z = 0.49 [12] | First sextuply-lensed galaxy [11] Third quasar discovered to be lensed by a galaxy cluster. [12] Quasar located at z = 2.82 [12] |
This is a list of double quasars, triple quasars, and the like, where quasars are close together in line-of-sight, but not physically related.
Quasars | Count | Notes |
---|---|---|
QSO 1548+115
|
2 | [13] [14] |
QSO 1146+111 | 8 | [15] |
z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion |
This is a list of binary quasars, trinary quasars, and the like, where quasars are physically close to each other.
Quasars | Count | Notes |
---|---|---|
quasars of SDSS J0841+3921 protocluster | 4 | First quasar quartet discovered. [16] [17] |
LBQS 1429-008 (QQQ 1432-0106) | 3 | First quasar triplet discovered. It was first discovered as a binary quasar, before the third quasar was found. [18] |
QQ2345+007 (Q2345+007)
|
2 | Originally thought to be a doubly imaged quasar, but actually a quasar couplet. [19] |
QQQ J1519+0627 | 3 | [20] |
Large quasar groups (LQGs) are bound to a filament of mass, and not directly bound to each other.
LQG | Count | Notes |
---|---|---|
Webster LQG (LQG 1) |
5 | First LQG discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest structure known. [21] [22] |
Huge-LQG ( U1.27) |
73 | The largest structure known in the observable universe, as of 2013. [23] [24] |
This is a list of quasars with jets that appear to be superluminal due to relativistic effects and line-of-sight orientation. Such quasars are sometimes referred to as superluminal quasars.
Quasar | Superluminality | Notes |
---|---|---|
3C 279 | 4c | First quasar discovered with superluminal jets [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] |
3C 179 | 7.6c | Fifth discovered, first with double lobes [30] |
3C 273 | This is also the first quasar ever identified [31] | |
3C 216 | ||
3C 345 | [31] [32] | |
3C 380 | ||
4C 69.21 ( Q1642+690, QSO B1642+690) |
||
8C 1928+738 ( Q1928+738, QSO J1927+73, Quasar J192748.6+735802) |
||
PKS 0637-752 | ||
QSO B1642+690 |
Quasars that have a recessional velocity greater than the speed of light (c) are very common. Any quasar with z > 1 is receding faster than c, while z exactly equal to 1 indicates recession at the speed of light. [33] Early attempts to explain superluminal quasars resulted in convoluted explanations with a limit of z = 2.326, or in the extreme z < 2.4. [34] The majority of quasars lie between z = 2 and z = 5.
Title | Quasar | Year | Data | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
First quasar discovered | 3C 48 | 1960 | first radio source for which optical identification was found, that was a star-like looking object | |
First "star" discovered later found to be a quasar | ||||
First radio source discovered later found to be a quasar | ||||
First quasar identified | 3C 273 | 1962 | first radio-"star" found to be at a high redshift with a non-stellar spectrum. | |
First radio-quiet quasar | QSO B1246+377 ( BSO 1) | 1965 | The first radio-quiet quasi-stellar objects (QSO) were called Blue Stellar Objects or BSO, because they appeared like stars and were blue in color. They also had spectra and redshifts like radio-loud quasi-stellar radio-sources (QSR), so became quasars. [27] [35] [36] | |
First host galaxy of a quasar discovered | 3C 48 | 1982 | ||
First quasar found to seemingly not have a host galaxy | HE0450-2958 (Naked Quasar) | 2005 | Some disputed observations suggest a host galaxy, others do not. | |
First multi-core quasar | PG 1302-102 | 2014 | Binary supermassive black holes within the quasar | [37] [38] |
First quasar containing a recoiling supermassive black hole | SDSS J0927+2943 | 2008 | Two optical emission line systems separated by 2650 km/s | |
First gravitationally lensed quasar identified | Twin Quasar | 1979 | Lensed into 2 images | The lens is a galaxy known as YGKOW G1 |
First quasar found with a jet with apparent superluminal motion | 3C 279 | 1971 | [25] [26] [27] | |
First quasar found with the classic double radio-lobe structure | 3C 47 | 1964 | ||
First quasar found to be an X-ray source | 3C 273 | 1967 | [39] | |
First "dustless" quasar found | QSO J0303-0019 and QSO J0005-0006 | 2010 | [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] [45] [46] | |
First Large Quasar Group discovered |
Webster LQG ( LQG 1) |
1982 | [21] [22] |
Title | Quasar | Data | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Brightest | 3C 273 | Apparent magnitude of ~12.9 | Absolute magnitude: −26.7 |
Seemingly optically brightest | APM 08279+5255 | Seeming absolute magnitude of −32.2 | This quasar is gravitationally lensed; its actual absolute magnitude is estimated to be −30.5 |
Most luminous | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 | Absolute magnitude of −32.36 | Highest absolute magnitude discovered thus far. |
Most powerful quasar radio source | 3C 273 | Also the most powerful radio source in the sky | |
Most powerful | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 | ||
Most variable quasar radio source | QSO J1819+3845 (Q1817+387) | Also the most variable extrasolar radio source | |
Least variable quasar radio source | |||
Most variable quasar optical source | |||
Least variable quasar optical source | |||
Most distant | UHZ1 | z = 10.1 | Most distant quasar known as of 2023 [47] |
Most distant radio-quiet quasar | |||
Most distant radio-loud quasar | QSO J1427+3312 | z = 6.12 | Found June 2008 [48] [49] |
Most distant blazar quasar | PSO J0309+27 | z > 6 | |
Least distant | Markarian 231 | 600 Mly | [50] inactive: IC 2497 |
Largest Large Quasar Group |
Huge-LQG ( U1.27) |
73 quasars | [23] [24] |
Fastest Growing Quasar | SMSS J052915.80–435152.0 (QSO J0529-4351) | ~ 413 solar masses per year (using standard radiative efficiency); ~ 370 solar masses per year (using best-fit slim disc model) | [51] [52] |
Rank | Quasar | Date of discovery | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 3C 273 | 1963 | [53] |
2 | 3C 48 | 1963 | [53] |
3 | 3C 47 | 1964 | [53] |
3 | 3C 147 | 1964 | [53] |
5 | CTA 102 | 1965 | [54] |
5 | 3C 287 | 1965 | [54] |
5 | 3C 254 | 1965 | [54] |
5 | 3C 245 | 1965 | [54] |
5 | 3C 9 | 1965 | [54] |
These are the first quasars which were found and had their redshifts determined. |
In 1964 a quasar became the most distant object in the universe for the first time. Quasars would remain the most distant objects in the universe until 1997, when a pair of non-quasar galaxies would take the title (galaxies CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2 lensed by galaxy cluster CL 1358+62). [55]
In cosmic scales distance is usually indicated by redshift (denoted by z) which is a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion.
Type | Quasar | Date | Distance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Most distant | UHZ1 | 2023 | z = 10.2 | [75] |
Most distant radio loud quasar | QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 | 2008 | z = 6.12 | |
Most distant radio quiet quasar | ||||
Most distant OVV quasar |
Quasar | Date | Distance | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
UHZ1 | 2023– | z = 10.2 | Current distance record holder [75] |
QSO J0313−1806 | 2021–2023 | z = 7.64 | [57] [75] |
ULAS J1342+0928 | 2017–2021 | z = 7.54 | [76] |
ULAS J1120+0641 | 2011–2017 | z = 7.085 | Not the most distant object when discovered. First quasar with z > 7. [58] |
CFHQS J2329-0301 ( CFHQS J232908-030158) |
2007–2011 | z = 6.43 | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed IOK-1 (z = 6.96), which was discovered in 2006. [59] [60] [61] [62] [77] [78] [79] |
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3 ( SDSS J1148+5251) |
2003–2007 | z = 6.419 | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed HCM 6A galaxy lensed by Abell 370 at z = 6.56, discovered in 2002. Also discovered around the time of discovery was a new most distant galaxy, SDF J132418.3+271455 at z = 6.58. [63] [64] [65] [62] [77] [80] [81] [82] [83] [84] |
SDSS J1030+0524 ( SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0) |
2001–2003 | z = 6.28 | Most distant object when discovered. First object with z > 6. [68] [66] [69] [70] [72] [73] |
SDSS 1044-0125 ( SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2) |
2000–2001 | z = 5.82 | Most distant object when discovered. It exceeded galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999) as the most distant object. [85] [86] [72] [73] [77] [87] [88] |
RD300 ( RD J030117+002025) |
2000 | z = 5.50 | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999). [89] [90] [86] [91] [77] |
SDSSp J120441.73−002149.6 ( SDSS J1204-0021) |
2000 | z = 5.03 | Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z = 5.74; discovered in 1999). [91] [77] |
SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3 ( QSO J0338+0021) |
1998–2000 | z = 5.00 | First quasar discovered with z > 5. Not the most distant object when discovered. It did not surpass galaxy BR1202-0725 LAE (z = 5.64; discovered earlier in 1998). [77] [85] [92] [93] [94] [95] [96] |
PC 1247+3406 | 1991–1998 | z = 4.897 | Most distant object when discovered. [85] [97] [98] [99] [100] |
PC 1158+4635 | 1989–1991 | z = 4.73 | Most distant object when discovered. [85] [100] [101] [102] [103] [104] |
Q0051-279 | 1987–1989 | z = 4.43 | Most distant object when discovered. [105] [101] [104] [106] [107] [108] |
Q0000-26 ( QSO B0000-26) |
1987 | z = 4.11 | Most distant object when discovered. [105] [101] [109] |
PC 0910+5625 ( QSO B0910+5625) |
1987 | z = 4.04 | Most distant object when discovered; second quasar with z > 4. [85] [101] [110] [111] |
Q0046–293 ( QSO J0048-2903) |
1987 | z = 4.01 | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 4. [105] [101] [110] [112] [113] |
Q1208+1011 ( QSO B1208+1011) |
1986–1987 | z = 3.80 | Most distant object when discovered and a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar. From the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45″. [110] [114] [115] |
PKS 2000-330 ( QSO J2003-3251, Q2000-330) |
1982–1986 | z = 3.78 | Most distant object when discovered. [33] [110] [116] [117] |
OQ172 ( QSO B1442+101) |
1974–1982 | z = 3.53 | Most distant object when discovered. [118] [119] [120] |
OH471 ( QSO B0642+449) |
1973–1974 | z = 3.408 | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 3. Nicknamed "the blaze marking the edge of the universe". [118] [120] [121] [122] [123] |
4C 05.34 | 1970–1973 | z = 2.877 | Most distant object when discovered. The redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious. [33] [34] [120] [124] [125] |
5C 02.56 ( 7C 105517.75+495540.95) |
1968–1970 | z = 2.399 | Most distant object when discovered. [125] [126] [55] |
4C 25.05 ( 4C 25.5) |
1968 | z = 2.358 | Most distant object when discovered. [125] [55] [127] |
PKS 0237-23 ( QSO B0237-2321) |
1967–1968 | z = 2.225 | Most distant object when discovered. [33] [127] [128] [129] [130] |
4C 12.39 ( Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12) |
1966–1967 | z = 2.1291 | Most distant object when discovered. [55] [130] [131] [132] |
4C 01.02 ( Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1) |
1965–1966 | z = 2.0990 | Most distant object when discovered. [55] [130] [131] [133] |
3C 9 | 1965 | z = 2.018 | Most distant object when discovered; first quasar with z > 2. [2] [35] [130] [134] [135] [136] |
3C 147 | 1964–1965 | z = 0.545 | First quasar to become the most distant object in the universe, beating radio galaxy 3C 295. [137] [138] [139] [140] |
3C 48 | 1963–1964 | z = 0.367 | Second quasar redshift measured. Redshift was discovered after publication of 3C273's results prompted researchers to re-examine spectroscopic data. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461. [27] [33] [141] [142] [143] [53] [137] |
3C 273 | 1963 | z = 0.158 | First quasar redshift measured. Not the most distant object when discovered. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 with z = 0.461. [27] [53] [142] [143] [144] |
Rank | Quasar | Data | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1 | SMSS J215728.21-360215.1 | It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity of ~ 6.9 × 1014 Suns or ~ 2.6 × 1041 watts | [145] |
2 | HS 1946+7658 | It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity in excess of 1014 Suns or 1041 watts | [146] [147] |
3 | SDSS J155152.46+191104.0 | Has over 1041 watts luminosity | [148] [149] |
4 | HS 1700+6416 | Has a luminosity of over 1041 watts | [150] |
5 | SDSS J010013.02+280225.8 | Has a luminosity of around 1.62 × 1041 watts | [151] |
6 | SBS 1425+606 | Has a luminosity of over 1041 watts – optically brightest for z>3 | [152] |
J1144-4308 | Has a luminosity of 4.7 x 1040 watts or M_i(z=2) = -29.74 mag, optically brightest in last 9 Gyr | [153] | |
SDSS J074521.78+473436.2 | [154] [155] | ||
S5 0014+813 | [150] [156] | ||
SDSS J160455.39+381201.6 | z = 2.51, M(i) = 15.84 | ||
SDSS J085543.40-001517.7 | [157] |
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