Oman topographic mapOman -
Jebel Shams Grand CanyonView of
Jabal Harim from the Green ValleyJebel Qihwi. In the Ru'us al-Jabal Mountains, Musandam Peninsula, OmanView of the top of Jabal Bil Ays - Jebel Jais and its southern slopeView of
Jebel Hafeet
Although much of the country has a
desert or semi-desert and relatively flat territory,
Oman has mountains that include the
Hajar Mountains (Arabic: جبال الحجر), located in the northeast of Oman and the far northeast of the
United Arab Emirates. These mountains constitute the tallest
mountain range in the eastern part of the
Arabian Peninsula.
The highest peaks are found in the
Jebel Akhdar Mountains (in Arabic: الجبل الأخض), mountain massif approximately 80 km (50 mi) long and 32 km (20 mi) wide, belonging to the Hajar Mountains,[1] which covers an area of 1,135 km2 (438 sq mi) located above 1,500 m (4,900 ft), of which, 410 km2 (160 sq mi) are located above 2,000 m (6,600 ft), and 30 km2 (12 sq mi) are above 2,500 m (8,200 ft).[2]
On the other hand, some of the most relevant peaks, although of lower altitude, are located on the border between Oman and the United Arab Emirates, since in some cases, their position was taken as a reference for the defining the border between the two countries.[3]
However, although a boundary agreement was signed and ratified in 2003, covering the entire border between Oman and the United Arab Emirates, including Oman's enclaves on the
Musandam Peninsula and in
Mahdah, the contents of the agreement have not yet been published, nor detailed maps showing the alignment,[4] despite the fact that some border markers and fences have already been placed on the ground. The future publication of these agreements and maps could make it necessary to modify the content of this annex.
This list includes the name and location of the summits located entirely within the territory of Oman, or at least with its summit located on the border line, regardless of its height. The list is open to new additions referring to mountains that meet these conditions, with a known name and position, and whose reference data is supported by historical maps or other reliable documentary sources.
The list only includes the mountains that, by an objective classification, can be considered as independent and individual mountains, as opposed to subsidiary mountains of a larger one, sub-summits or simple high points.
Many of these mountains are known by different names, the result of local tradition and of the various transcriptions from Arabic to English, so that an individual reference note includes the alternative names with which the mountain has been identified at some point, accompanied by their respective documentary sources.
The region is represented in different
satellite images, mainly Google Earth, Google Satellite and Bing Satellite. The exact coordinates of each summit and its
altitude, with respect to the
sea level, have been established by comparing the OpenTopoMap and OpenMapTiles topographic maps with these images, treating each with the greatest objectivity and the same measurement criteria for all the summits. In some cases, direct recognition and location by GPS have also been used, or references have been checked against data provided by
hikers and
climbers in itineraries published online.
In this version of the article, the values of
prominence, nor
topographic isolation, were not taken into account to give priority to the task of identifying toponyms and locating the summits.
^Alternative Names: Ras al Kabūl, Ras al Kabul, Ras Kabul, Ra’s al Jabūl
^Alternative Names: Jabal al Jaru`, Jabal al Jarū‘, جبل الجروع
^Alternative Names: Jabal Bal `Isa, Jabal Bal ‘Īsá, Jabal Bil `Ays, Jabal Bil `Isa, Jabal Bil ‘Ays, Jabal Bil ‘Īsá, Jabal Bu al `Ays, Jabal Bū al ‘Ays, Jabal Rawala, Jabal Rawla, Jabal Rawlah, جبل بل عيسى
^Alternative Names: Jebel Bahar, Jabal Baḩr, Jabal Al Bahar
^Alternative Names: Al Jabal al Abyad, Al Jabal al Abyaḍ, Al Jabal al Abyaḑ, Jabal Abyad, Jabal Abyaḑ, Jabal al Abyad, Jabal al Abyaḍ, Jabal al Abyaḑ, aljbl alabyd, jbl alabyd, الجبل الأبيض, جبل الأبيض
^
abcdefgh Tribulus - Volume 19 - 2011 - Journal of the Emirates Natural History Group - The Flora of the Ru'us al-Jibal -the Mountains of the Musandam Peninsula: An Annotated Checklist and Selected Observations - Gary R. Feulner - Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2011<
https://enhg.org/Portals/1/trib/V19/TribulusV19.pdf>
^https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/464/33/n/115 Arabia: arbitration concerning Buraimi and the common frontier between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia; memorial submitted by the UK Government, volume 2, annexes - Ref. FO 464/33 - 1955 - The National Archives, London, England
^ Journal of Arid Environments - ELSEVIER - Vegetation patterns and diversity along an altitudinal and a grazing gradient in
the Jabal al Akhdar mountain range of northern Oman - Katja Brinkmann, Annette Patzelt, Uta Dickhoefer, Eva Schlecht, Andreas Buerkert - 2008<
http://w.sulama.de/documents/publications/Brinkmann_2009.pdf>
^FCO 18/1920 - 1962 - Boundaries of the Northern Trucial States: prepared and drawn from sketch maps and information supplied by Julian Walker; preliminary edition<
https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fco/18/1920>
^
abc Jāmiʻat al-Imārāt al-ʻArabīyah al-Muttaḥidah. Geoprojects (U.K.) Ltd., The National atlas of the United Arab Emirates, Al Ain : United Arab Emirates University - 1993
Note: Mountains are sorted in alphabetical order, unless where it concerns ranges. The highest confirmed mountains in each country are indicated with 'HP', and those with the highest peak are indicated with 'HP', bearing in mind that in the UAE, the highest mountain and the mountain with the highest peak are different.
Outcrops are indicated with 'OC', and
outliers with 'OL', and
anticlines with 'AC'.
Volcanoes are indicated with 'V',
volcanic craters with 'VC',
lava fields with 'LF', and
volcanic fields with 'VF'.
Oman topographic mapOman -
Jebel Shams Grand CanyonView of
Jabal Harim from the Green ValleyJebel Qihwi. In the Ru'us al-Jabal Mountains, Musandam Peninsula, OmanView of the top of Jabal Bil Ays - Jebel Jais and its southern slopeView of
Jebel Hafeet
Although much of the country has a
desert or semi-desert and relatively flat territory,
Oman has mountains that include the
Hajar Mountains (Arabic: جبال الحجر), located in the northeast of Oman and the far northeast of the
United Arab Emirates. These mountains constitute the tallest
mountain range in the eastern part of the
Arabian Peninsula.
The highest peaks are found in the
Jebel Akhdar Mountains (in Arabic: الجبل الأخض), mountain massif approximately 80 km (50 mi) long and 32 km (20 mi) wide, belonging to the Hajar Mountains,[1] which covers an area of 1,135 km2 (438 sq mi) located above 1,500 m (4,900 ft), of which, 410 km2 (160 sq mi) are located above 2,000 m (6,600 ft), and 30 km2 (12 sq mi) are above 2,500 m (8,200 ft).[2]
On the other hand, some of the most relevant peaks, although of lower altitude, are located on the border between Oman and the United Arab Emirates, since in some cases, their position was taken as a reference for the defining the border between the two countries.[3]
However, although a boundary agreement was signed and ratified in 2003, covering the entire border between Oman and the United Arab Emirates, including Oman's enclaves on the
Musandam Peninsula and in
Mahdah, the contents of the agreement have not yet been published, nor detailed maps showing the alignment,[4] despite the fact that some border markers and fences have already been placed on the ground. The future publication of these agreements and maps could make it necessary to modify the content of this annex.
This list includes the name and location of the summits located entirely within the territory of Oman, or at least with its summit located on the border line, regardless of its height. The list is open to new additions referring to mountains that meet these conditions, with a known name and position, and whose reference data is supported by historical maps or other reliable documentary sources.
The list only includes the mountains that, by an objective classification, can be considered as independent and individual mountains, as opposed to subsidiary mountains of a larger one, sub-summits or simple high points.
Many of these mountains are known by different names, the result of local tradition and of the various transcriptions from Arabic to English, so that an individual reference note includes the alternative names with which the mountain has been identified at some point, accompanied by their respective documentary sources.
The region is represented in different
satellite images, mainly Google Earth, Google Satellite and Bing Satellite. The exact coordinates of each summit and its
altitude, with respect to the
sea level, have been established by comparing the OpenTopoMap and OpenMapTiles topographic maps with these images, treating each with the greatest objectivity and the same measurement criteria for all the summits. In some cases, direct recognition and location by GPS have also been used, or references have been checked against data provided by
hikers and
climbers in itineraries published online.
In this version of the article, the values of
prominence, nor
topographic isolation, were not taken into account to give priority to the task of identifying toponyms and locating the summits.
^Alternative Names: Ras al Kabūl, Ras al Kabul, Ras Kabul, Ra’s al Jabūl
^Alternative Names: Jabal al Jaru`, Jabal al Jarū‘, جبل الجروع
^Alternative Names: Jabal Bal `Isa, Jabal Bal ‘Īsá, Jabal Bil `Ays, Jabal Bil `Isa, Jabal Bil ‘Ays, Jabal Bil ‘Īsá, Jabal Bu al `Ays, Jabal Bū al ‘Ays, Jabal Rawala, Jabal Rawla, Jabal Rawlah, جبل بل عيسى
^Alternative Names: Jebel Bahar, Jabal Baḩr, Jabal Al Bahar
^Alternative Names: Al Jabal al Abyad, Al Jabal al Abyaḍ, Al Jabal al Abyaḑ, Jabal Abyad, Jabal Abyaḑ, Jabal al Abyad, Jabal al Abyaḍ, Jabal al Abyaḑ, aljbl alabyd, jbl alabyd, الجبل الأبيض, جبل الأبيض
^
abcdefgh Tribulus - Volume 19 - 2011 - Journal of the Emirates Natural History Group - The Flora of the Ru'us al-Jibal -the Mountains of the Musandam Peninsula: An Annotated Checklist and Selected Observations - Gary R. Feulner - Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 2011<
https://enhg.org/Portals/1/trib/V19/TribulusV19.pdf>
^https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fo/464/33/n/115 Arabia: arbitration concerning Buraimi and the common frontier between Abu Dhabi and Saudi Arabia; memorial submitted by the UK Government, volume 2, annexes - Ref. FO 464/33 - 1955 - The National Archives, London, England
^ Journal of Arid Environments - ELSEVIER - Vegetation patterns and diversity along an altitudinal and a grazing gradient in
the Jabal al Akhdar mountain range of northern Oman - Katja Brinkmann, Annette Patzelt, Uta Dickhoefer, Eva Schlecht, Andreas Buerkert - 2008<
http://w.sulama.de/documents/publications/Brinkmann_2009.pdf>
^FCO 18/1920 - 1962 - Boundaries of the Northern Trucial States: prepared and drawn from sketch maps and information supplied by Julian Walker; preliminary edition<
https://www.agda.ae/en/catalogue/tna/fco/18/1920>
^
abc Jāmiʻat al-Imārāt al-ʻArabīyah al-Muttaḥidah. Geoprojects (U.K.) Ltd., The National atlas of the United Arab Emirates, Al Ain : United Arab Emirates University - 1993
Note: Mountains are sorted in alphabetical order, unless where it concerns ranges. The highest confirmed mountains in each country are indicated with 'HP', and those with the highest peak are indicated with 'HP', bearing in mind that in the UAE, the highest mountain and the mountain with the highest peak are different.
Outcrops are indicated with 'OC', and
outliers with 'OL', and
anticlines with 'AC'.
Volcanoes are indicated with 'V',
volcanic craters with 'VC',
lava fields with 'LF', and
volcanic fields with 'VF'.