A mortar carrier, or self-propelled mortar, is a self-propelled artillery piece in which a mortar is the primary weapon.
Weapon name |
Caliber [mm] |
Country of origin | Source |
---|---|---|---|
2S41 Drok | 82 mm | Russia | |
ALKAR ( Aselsan) | 81 mm | Turkey | [1] |
Carrier Mortar Tracked (CMT) | 81 mm | India | [2] |
Cardom 81 | 81 mm | Israel | [3] |
Dual EIMOS | 81 mm | Spain | [4] |
ESLAIT A3MS | 81 mm | Austria / Israel | |
VingPos | 81 mm | Norway | [5] [6] |
K281 | 81 mm | South Korea |
Weapon name |
Caliber [mm] |
Country of origin | Source |
---|---|---|---|
2S4 Tyulpan | 240 mm | Soviet Union | |
2S9 Nona | 120 mm | Soviet Union | |
Vz.85 ShM-120 PRAM-S | 120 mm | Czechoslovakia | |
M106 mortar carrier | 107 mm | United States | [34] |
Type 60 107 mm self-propelled mortar | 107 mm | Japan | |
Type 60 81 mm self-propelled mortar | 81 mm | Japan |
Weapon name |
Caliber [mm] |
Country of origin | Source |
---|---|---|---|
M4 MMC – M2 half-track | 81 mm | United States | [35] [36] [37] |
M4A1 MMC M2 half-track | 81 mm | United States | [38] [39] [37] |
M21 MMC M3 half-track | 81 mm | United States | [37] |
Reihenwerfer - SOMUA MCG | 81 mm × 16 | France / Nazi Germany | . [40] [41] |
Karl-Gerät Neubau-fahrzeug | 540/600 mm | Nazi Germany | [42] |
This list includes mortar carrier systems that were developed after the Cold War.
Mortar system | Platform |
Calibre [mm] |
Origin mortar system | Image | Quantity | Service life | Users (deliveries by client) | Note | |
Order | Delivery | ||||||||
ALKAR | Defender | 81 mm | Turkey | ― | ― | ― | In development | Turkish Army | System made by Aselsan, planned to be ordered by the Turkish Army [43] |
Carrier Mortar Tracked (CMT) | BMP-2 | 81 mm | India | 220 | 220 | Since 2000 | Indian Army | System made by DRDO and OFMK, fitted with IOF81 Type 1F tube (Indian licensed version of Soltam B455) [2] | |
Cardom 81 – EIMOS | URO VAMTAC S3 BN-2 | 81 mm | Israel | 16 | 16 | Since 2012 |
Spanish Army (10)
Bahraini Army (6) |
System by
Soltam.
[44]
Being replaced by the URO VAMTAC - Dual EIMOS in the Spanish Army. [3] | |
Dual EIMOS | URO VAMTAC ST5 | 81 mm | Spain | ― | 80 | 2 | Since 2022 | Spanish Army | System by Expal [4] |
ESLAIT A3MS "SCORPION" | URO VAMTAC ST5 | 81 mm | Austria | ― | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Omani Sultan's Special Force | ESL Advanced Information Technology (ESLAIT), further evolution of the Cardom 10 [45] |
VingPos | CV90 Mk.I RWS Multi BK | 81 mm | Norway | ― | 24 | 16 | Since 2016 | Norwegian Army | System made by Rheinmetall Norway AS, fitted with L16A2 mortar tube [46] [47] [48] |
Mortar system | Platform |
Calibre [mm] |
Origin mortar system | Image | Quantity | Service life | Users (deliveries by client) | Note | |
Order | Delivery | ||||||||
120 Mobile mortar system | Didgori Meomari | 120 mm | Georgia | Unknown | Unknown | 2021 | Exported to unknown user in the Middle East [7] | Mortar made by Delta SEC [49] | |
2R2M mortar | Freccia VBM Porta Mortaio | 120 mm | France | 35 | 21 | 2015 | Italian Army | System made by Thales (formerly TDA) [8] | |
2R2M mortar "Griffon MEPAC" |
VBMR Griffon | 120 mm | France | 54 | 0 | From 2024 | French Army | System made by Thales (formerly TDA) [9] [50] | |
2R2M mortar | VAB Mk.3 (6x6) | 120 mm | France | ― | 6 | 6 | 2009 | Royal Army of Oman | System designed and made by Thales (formerly TDA) [51] [52] |
2R2M mortar | ACV-300 | 120 mm | France | 8 | 8 | 2010 | Malaysian Army | System designed and made by Thales (formerly TDA) [51] [53] | |
2R2M mortar | DefTech AV8 | 120 mm | France | ― | 8 | 8 | 2019 | Malaysian Army | System designed and made by Thales (formerly TDA) [51] [53] |
2R2M mortar | M113 | 120 mm | France | ― | 25 | 25 | 2010 | Saudi Arabian National Guard | System designed and made by Thales (formerly TDA) [51] |
AHS-120 | BMC Vuran Ejder Yalçın | 120 mm | Turkey | > 26 | > 26 | Since 2021 |
Turkish Army (unknown)
Turkish Gendarmerie |
System made by Aselsan, initially named Alkar, renamed AHS-120. | |
Alakran mortar system / | Toyota Land Cruiser J79 | 120 mm | Spain | ― | 6 | 6 | Since 2023 | Ukrainian Army | Ordered in 2023 for the Ukrainian Army [54] |
Alakran mortar system / | URO VAMTAC S3 | 120 mm | Spain | ― | 1 | 1 | Only trial | Spanish Army | Tested by the Spanish Army in 2018 [55] |
Alakran mortar system /
A2M |
Sherpa Light | 120 mm |
Spain France |
― | ― | ― | In development | ― | Developed by Thales (mortar), Arquus (vehicle) and NTGS ( Alakran) [56] |
Alakran
MMK BARS-8 |
Bars-8
( Dodge RAM chassis) |
120 mm | Spain Ukraine | > 12 | > 12 | Since 2019 | Ukrainian Army | [57] [58] | |
AMOS (2 barrels) |
Patria AMV | 120 mm × 2 |
Finland/ | 18 | 18 | 2013 | Finnish Army | System designed and made by Patria and BAE Hägglunds [12] [59] | |
AMS II "Advanced Mobile Mortar" |
LAV III | 120 mm | United Kingdom United States | 73 | 73 | Since 2002 | Saudi Arabian National Guard | Weapon system developed by Delco Systems and Royal Ordonance [13] | |
Cobra – RUAG | Piranha IV | 120 mm | Switzerland | 48 | 0 | From 2024 | Swiss Army | "12 cm Mörser 16" [16] | |
Cobra – RUAG | PARS III 8x8 | 120 mm | Switzerland | 6 | 6 | Since 2019 | Royal Army of Oman | [60] | |
Crossbow 120 | Boxer | 120 mm | Israel | ― | ― | ― | In development | ― | Turret for a mortar carrier ready for trial as of 2023, designed by Elbit for Israeli Army, and export as well. Tested on Boxer. [17] |
EMOC | VAC ASCOD 2 | 120 mm (or 81 mm) | Spain | ― | ― | ― | Prototype | ― | Lightest 120 mm mortar carrier [61] |
ESLAIT A3MS | Piranha V | 120 mm | Austria Israel | 15 | 15 | Since 2019 | Danish Army | Piranha V AAAMS "Advanced Automated Autonomous Mortar System", further evolution of the Cardom 10 by Austrian company ESLAIT [62] | |
GMM-120 | Modified | 120 mm | Georgia | ― | ― | Prototype | ― | Made by STC Delta [21] | |
GMOS "Guardian MOrtar System" |
VAC ASCOD 2 | 120 mm | Spain | ― | ― | ― | Prototype | ― | Escribano developed a turret to answer the coming needs of the Spanish Army, expected to be used with the Piranha V and / or the VAC (ASCOD 2 based APC) [22] |
KSM120 Skyfall | K200A1 | 120 mm | South Korea | — | Unknown | Unknown | Since January 2022 | South Korean Army | Ordered in 2020 and then in 2022, intended to replace the 1840 KM30 in service (K-242A1 with 107 mm M30 mortar) [23] Announced to be in mass production. |
M1064 mortar carrier | M113 | 120 mm | Israel United States | 1124 | 1124 | Since 1990 |
US Army (1076)
Egyptian Army(36) Royal Thai Army (12) |
M113 equipped with M120 (Soltam K6) mortar [63] [64] [65] | |
M120G Rak | Borsuk | 120 mm | Poland | ― | ― | In development | ― | Replacement of the Soviet mortars by this new system, mortar carriers split among the tracked Borsuk and the wheeled KTO Rosomak. | |
M120K Rak | KTO Rosomak | 120 mm | Poland | 146 | 93 | 2017 |
Polish Land Forces
(93 / 122) (0 / 24) [66] |
Developed by Poland for its army, and purchased later on among a large KTO Rosomak for Ukraine [67] | |
M1287 | AMPV | 120 mm | USA | 386
(planned) |
― | In trials | Hungarian Army | Among the 2,907 vehicles in 5 variants, the US Army expects 386 mortar carriers for quick-reaction fire support [68] [69] | |
Mjölner
(2 barrels) |
CV90 Grkpbv 90 | 120 mm × 2 |
Sweden | 80 | 40 | 2019 | Swedish Army | System designed and made by
BAE Hägglunds
[70]
Barrels produced by Slovakian company KONSTRUKTA-Defence [71] | |
PLL-05 | ZSL92 | 120 mm | China | > 500 | 500 [72] | 2008 | Chinese Army | [29] | |
Ragnarok MWS120 | Prototypes: | 120 mm | Norway | ― | ― | In trial phase | ― |
Rheinmetall Norway AS developed this system.
[73]
The Gidran was offered to Hungary, lost the competition, and a Boxer module is offered to the UK. | |
SLING | Land Rover Defender;
Humvee |
120 mm | Israel | ― | ― | Prototype / Testing phase | ― | Tested by Green berets, based on M120A1 tube and base plate. [74] | |
Smereka | Varta | 120 mm | Ukraine | ― | ― | Prototype | ― | Moroccan Army potentially interested [32] | |
SPEAR | JLTV, | 120 mm | Israel | ― | > 28 | > 28 | 2015 |
Azerbaijani Army (–)
Zambian Army (6) Royal Thai Army (34) |
Thai ATMM and Zambian Spear Mk.2 on Tata LPTA 713 TC 4×4 trucks [75] [76] |
SRAMS "Super Rapid Advanced Mortar System" |
RG-31 Mk.5 | 120 mm | Singapore | ― | 48 | 48 | ― | United Arab Emirates Army | System designed and made by
ST Engineering.
(known as Agrab 120 in UAE Army) [77] |
SRAMS Mk.II "Super Rapid Advanced Mortar System" |
Belrex PCSV | 120 mm | Singapore | ― | ― | ― | 2021 | Singapore Army | System designed and made by ST Engineering. [33] [78] |
SRAMS Mk.II "Super Rapid Advanced Mortar System" |
Prototypes | 120 mm | Singapore | ― | ― | ― | Prototype | Singapore Army | System designed and made by ST Engineering prototype [79] |
Vehicle | Mortar system |
Caliber [mm] |
Origin | Image | Service life | Quantity | Users | Note | |
Start | End | ||||||||
M4 MMC "M4 mortar motor carriage" |
M2 half-track | 81 mm | United States | 1941 | 1945 | 572 | US Army | System developed by the Ordnance Department, made by White Motor Companyfitted with the M1 Mortar [37] [80] [81] | |
M4A1 MMC "M4A1 mortar motor carriage" |
M2 half-track | 81 mm | United States | 1943 | 1945 | 600 | US Army | System developed by the Ordnance Department, made by White Motor Companyfitted with the M1 Mortar. | |
M21 MMC "M21 mortar motor carriage" |
M3 half-track | 81 mm | United States | 1944 | 1968 | 110 |
US Army (1944-1945, 110 made and used) Free French forces (1945, 57 leased) Austrian Army (1955-1968, 23 leased) |
System developed by the Ordnance Department, made by White Motor Companyfitted with the M1 Mortar [37] [84] | |
Reihenwerfer | SOMUA MCG | 81 mm
× 16 |
France Nazi Germany | 1944 | 1945 | Unknown | Wehrmacht | System developed and made by Alfred Becker, fitted with 16 mortars Brandt Mle 27/31. [40] [41] | |
Karl-Gerät | Neubau-fahrzeug | 540 mm
or 600 mm |
Nazi Germany | 1943 | 1945 | 7 | Wehrmacht | System developed and made by Rheinmetall-Borsig AG. [42] |
A mortar carrier, or self-propelled mortar, is a self-propelled artillery piece in which a mortar is the primary weapon.
Weapon name |
Caliber [mm] |
Country of origin | Source |
---|---|---|---|
2S41 Drok | 82 mm | Russia | |
ALKAR ( Aselsan) | 81 mm | Turkey | [1] |
Carrier Mortar Tracked (CMT) | 81 mm | India | [2] |
Cardom 81 | 81 mm | Israel | [3] |
Dual EIMOS | 81 mm | Spain | [4] |
ESLAIT A3MS | 81 mm | Austria / Israel | |
VingPos | 81 mm | Norway | [5] [6] |
K281 | 81 mm | South Korea |
Weapon name |
Caliber [mm] |
Country of origin | Source |
---|---|---|---|
2S4 Tyulpan | 240 mm | Soviet Union | |
2S9 Nona | 120 mm | Soviet Union | |
Vz.85 ShM-120 PRAM-S | 120 mm | Czechoslovakia | |
M106 mortar carrier | 107 mm | United States | [34] |
Type 60 107 mm self-propelled mortar | 107 mm | Japan | |
Type 60 81 mm self-propelled mortar | 81 mm | Japan |
Weapon name |
Caliber [mm] |
Country of origin | Source |
---|---|---|---|
M4 MMC – M2 half-track | 81 mm | United States | [35] [36] [37] |
M4A1 MMC M2 half-track | 81 mm | United States | [38] [39] [37] |
M21 MMC M3 half-track | 81 mm | United States | [37] |
Reihenwerfer - SOMUA MCG | 81 mm × 16 | France / Nazi Germany | . [40] [41] |
Karl-Gerät Neubau-fahrzeug | 540/600 mm | Nazi Germany | [42] |
This list includes mortar carrier systems that were developed after the Cold War.
Mortar system | Platform |
Calibre [mm] |
Origin mortar system | Image | Quantity | Service life | Users (deliveries by client) | Note | |
Order | Delivery | ||||||||
ALKAR | Defender | 81 mm | Turkey | ― | ― | ― | In development | Turkish Army | System made by Aselsan, planned to be ordered by the Turkish Army [43] |
Carrier Mortar Tracked (CMT) | BMP-2 | 81 mm | India | 220 | 220 | Since 2000 | Indian Army | System made by DRDO and OFMK, fitted with IOF81 Type 1F tube (Indian licensed version of Soltam B455) [2] | |
Cardom 81 – EIMOS | URO VAMTAC S3 BN-2 | 81 mm | Israel | 16 | 16 | Since 2012 |
Spanish Army (10)
Bahraini Army (6) |
System by
Soltam.
[44]
Being replaced by the URO VAMTAC - Dual EIMOS in the Spanish Army. [3] | |
Dual EIMOS | URO VAMTAC ST5 | 81 mm | Spain | ― | 80 | 2 | Since 2022 | Spanish Army | System by Expal [4] |
ESLAIT A3MS "SCORPION" | URO VAMTAC ST5 | 81 mm | Austria | ― | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Omani Sultan's Special Force | ESL Advanced Information Technology (ESLAIT), further evolution of the Cardom 10 [45] |
VingPos | CV90 Mk.I RWS Multi BK | 81 mm | Norway | ― | 24 | 16 | Since 2016 | Norwegian Army | System made by Rheinmetall Norway AS, fitted with L16A2 mortar tube [46] [47] [48] |
Mortar system | Platform |
Calibre [mm] |
Origin mortar system | Image | Quantity | Service life | Users (deliveries by client) | Note | |
Order | Delivery | ||||||||
120 Mobile mortar system | Didgori Meomari | 120 mm | Georgia | Unknown | Unknown | 2021 | Exported to unknown user in the Middle East [7] | Mortar made by Delta SEC [49] | |
2R2M mortar | Freccia VBM Porta Mortaio | 120 mm | France | 35 | 21 | 2015 | Italian Army | System made by Thales (formerly TDA) [8] | |
2R2M mortar "Griffon MEPAC" |
VBMR Griffon | 120 mm | France | 54 | 0 | From 2024 | French Army | System made by Thales (formerly TDA) [9] [50] | |
2R2M mortar | VAB Mk.3 (6x6) | 120 mm | France | ― | 6 | 6 | 2009 | Royal Army of Oman | System designed and made by Thales (formerly TDA) [51] [52] |
2R2M mortar | ACV-300 | 120 mm | France | 8 | 8 | 2010 | Malaysian Army | System designed and made by Thales (formerly TDA) [51] [53] | |
2R2M mortar | DefTech AV8 | 120 mm | France | ― | 8 | 8 | 2019 | Malaysian Army | System designed and made by Thales (formerly TDA) [51] [53] |
2R2M mortar | M113 | 120 mm | France | ― | 25 | 25 | 2010 | Saudi Arabian National Guard | System designed and made by Thales (formerly TDA) [51] |
AHS-120 | BMC Vuran Ejder Yalçın | 120 mm | Turkey | > 26 | > 26 | Since 2021 |
Turkish Army (unknown)
Turkish Gendarmerie |
System made by Aselsan, initially named Alkar, renamed AHS-120. | |
Alakran mortar system / | Toyota Land Cruiser J79 | 120 mm | Spain | ― | 6 | 6 | Since 2023 | Ukrainian Army | Ordered in 2023 for the Ukrainian Army [54] |
Alakran mortar system / | URO VAMTAC S3 | 120 mm | Spain | ― | 1 | 1 | Only trial | Spanish Army | Tested by the Spanish Army in 2018 [55] |
Alakran mortar system /
A2M |
Sherpa Light | 120 mm |
Spain France |
― | ― | ― | In development | ― | Developed by Thales (mortar), Arquus (vehicle) and NTGS ( Alakran) [56] |
Alakran
MMK BARS-8 |
Bars-8
( Dodge RAM chassis) |
120 mm | Spain Ukraine | > 12 | > 12 | Since 2019 | Ukrainian Army | [57] [58] | |
AMOS (2 barrels) |
Patria AMV | 120 mm × 2 |
Finland/ | 18 | 18 | 2013 | Finnish Army | System designed and made by Patria and BAE Hägglunds [12] [59] | |
AMS II "Advanced Mobile Mortar" |
LAV III | 120 mm | United Kingdom United States | 73 | 73 | Since 2002 | Saudi Arabian National Guard | Weapon system developed by Delco Systems and Royal Ordonance [13] | |
Cobra – RUAG | Piranha IV | 120 mm | Switzerland | 48 | 0 | From 2024 | Swiss Army | "12 cm Mörser 16" [16] | |
Cobra – RUAG | PARS III 8x8 | 120 mm | Switzerland | 6 | 6 | Since 2019 | Royal Army of Oman | [60] | |
Crossbow 120 | Boxer | 120 mm | Israel | ― | ― | ― | In development | ― | Turret for a mortar carrier ready for trial as of 2023, designed by Elbit for Israeli Army, and export as well. Tested on Boxer. [17] |
EMOC | VAC ASCOD 2 | 120 mm (or 81 mm) | Spain | ― | ― | ― | Prototype | ― | Lightest 120 mm mortar carrier [61] |
ESLAIT A3MS | Piranha V | 120 mm | Austria Israel | 15 | 15 | Since 2019 | Danish Army | Piranha V AAAMS "Advanced Automated Autonomous Mortar System", further evolution of the Cardom 10 by Austrian company ESLAIT [62] | |
GMM-120 | Modified | 120 mm | Georgia | ― | ― | Prototype | ― | Made by STC Delta [21] | |
GMOS "Guardian MOrtar System" |
VAC ASCOD 2 | 120 mm | Spain | ― | ― | ― | Prototype | ― | Escribano developed a turret to answer the coming needs of the Spanish Army, expected to be used with the Piranha V and / or the VAC (ASCOD 2 based APC) [22] |
KSM120 Skyfall | K200A1 | 120 mm | South Korea | — | Unknown | Unknown | Since January 2022 | South Korean Army | Ordered in 2020 and then in 2022, intended to replace the 1840 KM30 in service (K-242A1 with 107 mm M30 mortar) [23] Announced to be in mass production. |
M1064 mortar carrier | M113 | 120 mm | Israel United States | 1124 | 1124 | Since 1990 |
US Army (1076)
Egyptian Army(36) Royal Thai Army (12) |
M113 equipped with M120 (Soltam K6) mortar [63] [64] [65] | |
M120G Rak | Borsuk | 120 mm | Poland | ― | ― | In development | ― | Replacement of the Soviet mortars by this new system, mortar carriers split among the tracked Borsuk and the wheeled KTO Rosomak. | |
M120K Rak | KTO Rosomak | 120 mm | Poland | 146 | 93 | 2017 |
Polish Land Forces
(93 / 122) (0 / 24) [66] |
Developed by Poland for its army, and purchased later on among a large KTO Rosomak for Ukraine [67] | |
M1287 | AMPV | 120 mm | USA | 386
(planned) |
― | In trials | Hungarian Army | Among the 2,907 vehicles in 5 variants, the US Army expects 386 mortar carriers for quick-reaction fire support [68] [69] | |
Mjölner
(2 barrels) |
CV90 Grkpbv 90 | 120 mm × 2 |
Sweden | 80 | 40 | 2019 | Swedish Army | System designed and made by
BAE Hägglunds
[70]
Barrels produced by Slovakian company KONSTRUKTA-Defence [71] | |
PLL-05 | ZSL92 | 120 mm | China | > 500 | 500 [72] | 2008 | Chinese Army | [29] | |
Ragnarok MWS120 | Prototypes: | 120 mm | Norway | ― | ― | In trial phase | ― |
Rheinmetall Norway AS developed this system.
[73]
The Gidran was offered to Hungary, lost the competition, and a Boxer module is offered to the UK. | |
SLING | Land Rover Defender;
Humvee |
120 mm | Israel | ― | ― | Prototype / Testing phase | ― | Tested by Green berets, based on M120A1 tube and base plate. [74] | |
Smereka | Varta | 120 mm | Ukraine | ― | ― | Prototype | ― | Moroccan Army potentially interested [32] | |
SPEAR | JLTV, | 120 mm | Israel | ― | > 28 | > 28 | 2015 |
Azerbaijani Army (–)
Zambian Army (6) Royal Thai Army (34) |
Thai ATMM and Zambian Spear Mk.2 on Tata LPTA 713 TC 4×4 trucks [75] [76] |
SRAMS "Super Rapid Advanced Mortar System" |
RG-31 Mk.5 | 120 mm | Singapore | ― | 48 | 48 | ― | United Arab Emirates Army | System designed and made by
ST Engineering.
(known as Agrab 120 in UAE Army) [77] |
SRAMS Mk.II "Super Rapid Advanced Mortar System" |
Belrex PCSV | 120 mm | Singapore | ― | ― | ― | 2021 | Singapore Army | System designed and made by ST Engineering. [33] [78] |
SRAMS Mk.II "Super Rapid Advanced Mortar System" |
Prototypes | 120 mm | Singapore | ― | ― | ― | Prototype | Singapore Army | System designed and made by ST Engineering prototype [79] |
Vehicle | Mortar system |
Caliber [mm] |
Origin | Image | Service life | Quantity | Users | Note | |
Start | End | ||||||||
M4 MMC "M4 mortar motor carriage" |
M2 half-track | 81 mm | United States | 1941 | 1945 | 572 | US Army | System developed by the Ordnance Department, made by White Motor Companyfitted with the M1 Mortar [37] [80] [81] | |
M4A1 MMC "M4A1 mortar motor carriage" |
M2 half-track | 81 mm | United States | 1943 | 1945 | 600 | US Army | System developed by the Ordnance Department, made by White Motor Companyfitted with the M1 Mortar. | |
M21 MMC "M21 mortar motor carriage" |
M3 half-track | 81 mm | United States | 1944 | 1968 | 110 |
US Army (1944-1945, 110 made and used) Free French forces (1945, 57 leased) Austrian Army (1955-1968, 23 leased) |
System developed by the Ordnance Department, made by White Motor Companyfitted with the M1 Mortar [37] [84] | |
Reihenwerfer | SOMUA MCG | 81 mm
× 16 |
France Nazi Germany | 1944 | 1945 | Unknown | Wehrmacht | System developed and made by Alfred Becker, fitted with 16 mortars Brandt Mle 27/31. [40] [41] | |
Karl-Gerät | Neubau-fahrzeug | 540 mm
or 600 mm |
Nazi Germany | 1943 | 1945 | 7 | Wehrmacht | System developed and made by Rheinmetall-Borsig AG. [42] |