The list of late medieval works on the Crusades provides those contemporaneous written accounts and other artifacts of the Crusades covering Crusades against Christians, the Baltic Crusades, which lasted until 1560, and the later Crusades in the Levant from the fall of Acre in 1291 through the Crusade of King Sebastian in 1578. The scope of these expeditions is provided in List of Crusades. These sources include chronicles, criticisms, personal accounts and official documents. Some of these works cover timeframes that overlap the other articles in the series Historians and histories of the Crusades. As such, these lists support the medieval historiography of the Crusades.
A number of 17th through 19th century historians published numerous collections of original sources of the Crusades. These include Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC), Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH), Revue de l'Orient Latin/Archives de l’Orient Latin (ROL/AOL) and the Rolls Series. Other collections are of interest to the Crusader period include Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France (RHF), Rerum Italicarum scriptores (RISc), Patrologia Latina (MPL), Patrologia Graeco-Latina (MPG), Patrologia Orientalis (PO), Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (CSCO) and Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS).
Modern reference material to these sources include Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, [1] Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Dictionary of National Biography, Neue Deutsche Biographie, Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages, [2] Catholic Encyclopedia, [3] Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle, Encyclopædia Iranica, [4] Encyclopædia Islamica and Encyclopaedia of Islam. [5] Contemporary histories include the three-volume A History of the Crusades (1951–1954) by Steven Runciman; the Wisconsin collaborative study A History of the Crusades (1969–1989) edited by Kenneth M. Setton, particularly the Select Bibliography [6] by Hans E. Mayer; Fordham University's Internet Medieval Sourcebook; [7] and The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray. [8]
The first of the Crusades against Christians was the Albigensian Crusade of 1209–1229, begun under Philip II of France and continued with Louis IX of France. After the fall of Acre in 1291, there was a significant push for a new Crusade to retake the Holy Land. Histories written after that time have typically combined a chronology with proposals for additional Crusades. This period also saw the rise of knighthood and the notion of chivalry.
William of Tudela. William of Tudela (fl. 1199 – 1214), also known as Guillaume de Tudèle, a poet who wrote in Old Occitan of the Albigensian Crusade. [9]
Carmen de expugnatione Salaciae. The Carmen de expugnatione Salaciae (Song of the Conquest of Alcácer do Sal) is a Latin epic poem in 115 elegiac couplets describing the siege of Alcácer do Sal in 1217. It was written by Goswin of Bossut (died 1238) for Soeiro Viegas, bishop of Lisbon. [11]
Primat of Saint-Denis. Primat of Saint-Denis (died between 1277 and 1285), a Benedictine monk and historian. [12]
David of Ashby. David of Ashby ( fl. 1260 – 1275), an English-born Dominican friar who was sent from Acre to the Mongol ruler Hulagu in 1260, [14]
La Devise des Chemins de Babiloine. An anonymous account detailing the strengths of Mamluk armies in Egypt and Syria and gave mileages of the various routes between Cairo and the Delta ports. Prepared as an intelligence report in preparation for a future Crusade to be launched against Mamluk Cairo. [15]
Livonian Rhymed Chronicle. The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle is a chronicle written in Middle High German by an anonymous author. It covers the period 1180–1290 and contains a wealth of detail about Livonia. [18]
Fidentius of Padua. Fidentius of Padua (before 1226 – after 1291), a Franciscan friar and historian. [19]
William of Tripoli. William of Tripoli ( fl. 1254–1273), a Dominican friar active as a missionary and papal nuncio in the Holy Land. He wrote two works about Islam, towards which he displayed an unusually irenic attitude for his time. [21]
Thaddeus of Naples. Thaddeus of Naples (fl. 1291), an Italian magister. [22] [23]
Jacques Bretel. Jacques Bretel (fl. 1285), a French-language trouvère. [25] [26]
Humbert of Romans. Humbert of Romans ( c. 1190 – 1277) served as the fifth Master General of the Order of Preachers from 1254 to 1263. [29]
Galvano of Levanti. Galvano of Levanti (fl. late 13th century), a physician in the papal court of Boniface VIII (1294–1303) and a propagandist.
Guibert of Tournai. Guibert of Tournai (c. 1200 – 1284), a French Franciscan friar, known for his sermons and other writings. [31]
Ramon Lull. Ramon Lull (1232/1236–1315), also known as Raymond Lully or Ramon Llull, a Spanish missionary to the Arab world. Lull was stoned to death in Tunisia in 1315. [32] [33] [34]
Bruno von Schauenburg. Bruno von Schauenburg (1205–1281), a nobleman and bishop of Olomouc in from 1245 to 1281. [39] He wrote a report to Gregory X that spoke of scandals in the Church and called for a strong emperor, namely his benefactor, Ottokar II of Bohemia. He argued that Crusades to the East were now pointless and should instead be directed against the heathens on the eastern frontiers of the Empire.
Guillaume de Nangis. Guillaume de Nangis (died 1300), a French chronicler and biographer, particularly of Louis IX of France and Philip III of France. [40] [41] [42]
Pierre Dubois. Pierre Dubois (1255–1321), a French publicist and propagandist. [46] [47]
Hayton of Corycus. Hayton of Corycus (1240–1310/1320), also known as Hethum of Gorigos, an Armenian noble and historian. [49]
Jacques de Molay. Jacques de Molay (1240–1314), last Grand Master of the Knights Templar. [50]
Guillaume Adam. Guillaume Adam (died 1341), a missionary to and later archbishop of Soltaniyeh, Persia. [52] [53]
Guy of Warwick. Guy of Warwick (Gui de Warewic), a legendary English hero popular in England and France from the thirteenth to seventeenth centuries. He is reputed to have made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and is erroneously regarded as real in some fifteenth-century chronicles, including that by English historian John Rous. [54] [55] [56] [57]
The Crusaders maintained a presence in the Holy Land until the fall of Ruad in 1302 and much of the historical work was then concentrated on the Kingdom of Cyprus, the military orders and the Mongol invasion of Europe, and renewed plans for a new Crusade to retake Jerusalem. Significant portions of the Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC), Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS) library and Francesco Gabrieli's Arab historians of the Crusades are devoted to works from the 14th century. [61]
Gérard de Monréal. Gérard de Monréal (fl. 1314–1321), secretary to Guillaume de Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1273 to 1291. Monréal is believed to have written the later part of Les Gestes des Chiprois (Deeds of the Cypriots), an Old French chronicle of the history of the Crusader states and Kingdom of Cyprus between 1132 and 1311. [62] [63]
Jean de Joinville. Jean de Joinville (1224–1317), a French chronicler who accompanied Louis IX of France on the Seventh Crusade and Eighth Crusade who wrote his influential biography. [68] [69]
Rashid-al-Din. Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318), a Jewish-turned-Islamic physician and historian who was vizier to the Ilkhan Ghazan. [73]
Foulques de Villaret. Foulques de Villaret (died 1327), Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller from 1305 to 1319. [76]
Ferdinand IV of Castile. Ferdinand IV of Castile (1285–1312), known as the Summoned (el Emplazado), was King of Castile and León from 1295 to 1312. He continued the Reconquista and, although he failed to conquer Algeciras in 1309, he captured the city of Gibraltar that same year, and in 1312 the city of Alcaudete was also conquered. [79]
Rawḍ al-Qirṭās. Rawḍ al-Qirṭās is a book that describes he rulers of the Maghreb, and a local history of the city of Fez. The scope of the history is from the advent of Idris I in 788 to the Marinid Dynasty up to 1326. [81]
Peter of Dusburg. Peter of Dusburg (died after 1326), a German historian and chronicler of the Teutonic Knights. [82]
Jean de Vignay. Jean de Vignay (c. 1282/1285 – c. 1350), a French monk and translator. [84] [85]
Ludolf von Sudheim. Ludolf von Sudheim (fl. 1340), also known as Ludolf of Suchem, a traveler to the Holy Land from 1336 to 1341. [88] [89] [90]
John VI Kantakouzenos. John VI Kantakouzenos (1292-1383), was Byzantine emperor from 1347 to 1354. [92]
Hamd-Allah Mustawfi. Hamd-Allah Mustawfi (1281-1349), a Persian historian and geographer. Also known as Hamd-Allah Mustawfi Qazvini. [94]
Younger Livonian Rhymed Chronicle. The Younger Livonian Rhymed Chronicle was written in Low German by the chaplain of the Master of the Livonian Order, around the end of the 1340s. It is this chronicle that narrates how Estonians slaughtered their own nobility and called the Livonian Order to Estonia, which, in turn, butchered them, on 1343. [18] [97]
Kitāb al-Rawḍ al-Miʿṭār. Kitāb al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fi khabar al-aqṭār (The Book of the Fragrant Garden) is a fourteenth-century Arabic geography by al-Ḥimyarī that is a primary source for the history of Muslim Iberia in the Middle Ages, based in part on the earlier account by Muhammad al-Idrisi. [98]
Geoffroi de Charny. Geoffroi de Charny (1300–1356), a French knight and author. De Charny and his wife are the first recorded owners of the Shroud of Turin, lost after the sack of Constantinople in 1204. [99] [100] [101]
Guillaume de Machaut. Guillaume de Machaut (1300–1377), an influential French poet and composer. [103] [104] [105]
Birgitta Birgersdotter. Birgitta Birgersdotter (1303–1373), also known as Saint Bridget of Sweden, was a Swedish mystic and founder of the Birgittine Order who persuaded Magnus IV Eriksson of Sweden to launch a crusade against Russia. [107]
Informatio ex parte Nunciorum Regis Cypri. Informatio ex parte Nunciorum Regis Cypri is an anonymously written history of Cyprus through the 14th century including an account of Henry II of Cyprus, the last crowned king of Jerusalem, and his plans to retake the Holy Land from the Mongols. It is included in Documents and Histoire de l'île de Chypre sous le règne des princes de la maison de Lusignan by French historian Louis de Mas Latrie. [108]
Ibn al-Furat. Ibn al-Furat (1334–1405), an Egyptian historian. [109]
Nicephorus Gregoras. Nicephorus Gregoras (1295–1360), a Byzantine theologian and historian. [111] [112]
Guillaume Durand. Guillaume Durand (1267–1328/1330) was bishop of Mende. Durand was sent as an embassy by pope John XXII and Charles IV of France to the Ottoman sultan Orhan (1326–1360) in order to obtain more favourable conditions for the Latins in Syria. [115] [116]
Jean Dardel. Jean Dardel (fl. 1375–1383), a French friar who was an advisor to Leo V of Armenia. [118] [119]
Eustache Deschamps. Eustache Deschamps (1346–1407), a French poet. [120] [121] [122]
Nicephoros Callistus. Nicephoros Callistus (Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos) (c. 1256 – c. 1335), a Greek ecclesiastical historian. [124] [125]
Ibn Khaldūn. 'Abd al-Raḥmār ibn Khaldūn (before 1337 – 1406), an Arab scholar of Islam, social scientist and historian, who has been described as the father of the modern discipline of historiography. [127] [128]
Al-Nuwayrī. Muḥammad ibn al-Ḳāsim al-Nuwayrī al-Iskandarānī al-Māliki (fl. 1365–1373) also known as al-Nuwayrī, a Muslim historian from Alexandria, Egypt. Eyewitness to the Alexandrian Crusade of 1365. [130] [131]
Hafiz-i Abru. Hafiz-i Abru (died 1430), a Persian historian working at the courts of Timurid rulers of Central Asia. [133] [134]
Leontios Machairas. Leontios Machairas (1360/1380 – after 1432), a Cypriot historian. [135]
Badr al-Din al-Ayni. Badr al-Din al-Ayni (1360–1453), known as al-Aini, was an Arab Islamic scholar. [138]
Al-Makrizi. Al-Makrizi (1364–1442), an Egyptian historian, also known as al-Maqrisi, descended from the Fatimids. Wrote extensively on the caliphates and sultanates that ruled the country. Some of his material appears to be based on the works of ibn Muyessar and ibn Abd al-Zahir. [140] [141]
Philippe de Mézières. Philippe de Mézières (c. 1327 – 1405), a French knight and author. De Mézières travelled to Jerusalem and the Cyprus. In 1362, he traveled with Peter I of Cyprus, titular king of Jerusalem, visiting the princes of western Europe in quest of support for a new Crusade. [145] [146] [147]
Jean Froissart. Jean Froissart (c. 1337 – c. 1405), a Belgian medieval author and court historian. [151] [152]
The fifteenth-century historical works on the Crusades saw the beginning of anti-Islam sentiments in Western works, with calls for a new crusade (e.g., Jean Germain's works) as well as propaganda by both Christian and Islamic writers. There were also accounts of conflicts of the Military Orders with the Turks, continued travel accounts, and regional chronologies. Several works from the Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC), including Western, Arabic, and Greek works, can be found here. The first attempts at histories of the Crusades were made through the Itinerario di la Gran Militia and Benedetto Accolt's De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros...
Juan de Segovia. Juan de Segovia (1395–1458) was a Castillan theologian who translated the Koran into Latin with the assistance of Islamic scholar ʿĪsā ibn Jābir. [154] [155]
Jean Germain. Jean Germain (1400–1461), bishop of Nevers from 1430 to 1436 and bishop of Châlons from 1436 to 1461. Councilor to Philip the Good and chancellor to the Order of the Golden Fleece. (cf. French Wikipedia, Jean Germain) [157] [158]
Abu'l-Mahāsin. Abu'l-Mahāsin Yūsuf (1411–1469), an Arabic historian who was a student of Egyptian historian al-Makrizi (1364–1442). [161]
Enguerrand de Monstrelet. Enguerrand de Monstrelet (c. 1400–1453), a French chronicler who was present at the 1430 interrogation of Joan of Arc. [162] [163] [164]
Itinerario di la Gran Militia. Itinerario di la Gran Militia, a la Pavese (Itinerary of the Great Army, in Pavese) is an anonymous fifteenth-century work on the First Crusade based on the work of William of Tyre. In RHC Historiensoccidentaux, Volume 5.XIII.
Benedetto Accolti. Benedetto Accolti (1415–1464), also known as Benedict Aretini Accolti, an Italian historian. His primary work was the first attempt at a history of the Crusades, concentrating on the First Crusade and the heroic role of Godfrey of Bouillon. The work was written to encourage support to pope Pius II for a new Crusade to the Holy Land and is regarded as propaganda. [167] [168]
Grandes Chroniques de France. Grandes Chroniques de France, 6 volumes (1461). A compilation of the history of France produced between the 13th and 15th centuries by the monks of Saint-Denis. The original work, Roman des roisby a Benedictine monk and historian Primat of Saint-Denis (died between 1277 and 1285), traced the kings of the Franks from the origins until the death of Philip II of France in 1223 and extended at a later date to the death of Charles V of France in 1380. The edition by French philologist Alexis Paulin Paris was published 1836–1840. [170]
Novgorod Chronicle. The Novgorod First Chronicle, also known as the Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471 is the most ancient extant Old Russian chronicle of the Novgorodian Rus'. [171]
Doukas. Doukas ( c. 1400 – 1470), a Byzantine historian who flourished under Constantine XI Palaiologos. [172]
William Caxton. William Caxton (c. 1422 – c. 1491) was an English merchant, diplomat, and writer, introducing the printing press into England, in 1476, and the first English retailer of printed books. [175] [176] [177]
Sébastien Mamerot. Sébastien Mamerot (between c. 1418 and 1440 – 1490), a French clergyman, scholar, novelist, and translator. [182]
Laonikos Chalkokondyles. Laonikos Chalkokondyles (c. 1430 – c. 1470), a Byzantine Greek historian from Athens. [184]
Gulielmus Caoursin. Gulielmus Caoursin (1430–1501), vice-chancellor of the Knights Hospitaller. An eye-witness to the siege of Rhodes in 1480, an unsuccessful attack by the Ottoman fleet. [186]
Pierre d'Aubusson. Pierre d'Aubusson (1423–1503), Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller from 1476 to 1503. Commander of the garrison opposing the Turks during the siege of Rhodes in 1480. [189]
Mīr-Khvānd. Mīr-Khvānd (1433–1498), a Persian-language historian from Bukhara. [192]
Francesco Amadi. Francesco Amadi (died after 1445), an Italian chronicler. [198]
John Rous. John Rous (c. 1411 – 1491), an English historian and antiquary. [202]
Utrecht Chronicle of the Teutonic Order. The anonymous Utrecht Chronicle of the Teutonic Order, or Jüngere Hochmeisterchronik, was a substantial chronicle on the Teutonic Knights and their role in the Crusades to the Holy Land, written in Dutch. [205]
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
The list of late medieval works on the Crusades provides those contemporaneous written accounts and other artifacts of the Crusades covering Crusades against Christians, the Baltic Crusades, which lasted until 1560, and the later Crusades in the Levant from the fall of Acre in 1291 through the Crusade of King Sebastian in 1578. The scope of these expeditions is provided in List of Crusades. These sources include chronicles, criticisms, personal accounts and official documents. Some of these works cover timeframes that overlap the other articles in the series Historians and histories of the Crusades. As such, these lists support the medieval historiography of the Crusades.
A number of 17th through 19th century historians published numerous collections of original sources of the Crusades. These include Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC), Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH), Revue de l'Orient Latin/Archives de l’Orient Latin (ROL/AOL) and the Rolls Series. Other collections are of interest to the Crusader period include Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France (RHF), Rerum Italicarum scriptores (RISc), Patrologia Latina (MPL), Patrologia Graeco-Latina (MPG), Patrologia Orientalis (PO), Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (CSCO) and Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS).
Modern reference material to these sources include Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, [1] Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Dictionary of National Biography, Neue Deutsche Biographie, Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages, [2] Catholic Encyclopedia, [3] Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle, Encyclopædia Iranica, [4] Encyclopædia Islamica and Encyclopaedia of Islam. [5] Contemporary histories include the three-volume A History of the Crusades (1951–1954) by Steven Runciman; the Wisconsin collaborative study A History of the Crusades (1969–1989) edited by Kenneth M. Setton, particularly the Select Bibliography [6] by Hans E. Mayer; Fordham University's Internet Medieval Sourcebook; [7] and The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray. [8]
The first of the Crusades against Christians was the Albigensian Crusade of 1209–1229, begun under Philip II of France and continued with Louis IX of France. After the fall of Acre in 1291, there was a significant push for a new Crusade to retake the Holy Land. Histories written after that time have typically combined a chronology with proposals for additional Crusades. This period also saw the rise of knighthood and the notion of chivalry.
William of Tudela. William of Tudela (fl. 1199 – 1214), also known as Guillaume de Tudèle, a poet who wrote in Old Occitan of the Albigensian Crusade. [9]
Carmen de expugnatione Salaciae. The Carmen de expugnatione Salaciae (Song of the Conquest of Alcácer do Sal) is a Latin epic poem in 115 elegiac couplets describing the siege of Alcácer do Sal in 1217. It was written by Goswin of Bossut (died 1238) for Soeiro Viegas, bishop of Lisbon. [11]
Primat of Saint-Denis. Primat of Saint-Denis (died between 1277 and 1285), a Benedictine monk and historian. [12]
David of Ashby. David of Ashby ( fl. 1260 – 1275), an English-born Dominican friar who was sent from Acre to the Mongol ruler Hulagu in 1260, [14]
La Devise des Chemins de Babiloine. An anonymous account detailing the strengths of Mamluk armies in Egypt and Syria and gave mileages of the various routes between Cairo and the Delta ports. Prepared as an intelligence report in preparation for a future Crusade to be launched against Mamluk Cairo. [15]
Livonian Rhymed Chronicle. The Livonian Rhymed Chronicle is a chronicle written in Middle High German by an anonymous author. It covers the period 1180–1290 and contains a wealth of detail about Livonia. [18]
Fidentius of Padua. Fidentius of Padua (before 1226 – after 1291), a Franciscan friar and historian. [19]
William of Tripoli. William of Tripoli ( fl. 1254–1273), a Dominican friar active as a missionary and papal nuncio in the Holy Land. He wrote two works about Islam, towards which he displayed an unusually irenic attitude for his time. [21]
Thaddeus of Naples. Thaddeus of Naples (fl. 1291), an Italian magister. [22] [23]
Jacques Bretel. Jacques Bretel (fl. 1285), a French-language trouvère. [25] [26]
Humbert of Romans. Humbert of Romans ( c. 1190 – 1277) served as the fifth Master General of the Order of Preachers from 1254 to 1263. [29]
Galvano of Levanti. Galvano of Levanti (fl. late 13th century), a physician in the papal court of Boniface VIII (1294–1303) and a propagandist.
Guibert of Tournai. Guibert of Tournai (c. 1200 – 1284), a French Franciscan friar, known for his sermons and other writings. [31]
Ramon Lull. Ramon Lull (1232/1236–1315), also known as Raymond Lully or Ramon Llull, a Spanish missionary to the Arab world. Lull was stoned to death in Tunisia in 1315. [32] [33] [34]
Bruno von Schauenburg. Bruno von Schauenburg (1205–1281), a nobleman and bishop of Olomouc in from 1245 to 1281. [39] He wrote a report to Gregory X that spoke of scandals in the Church and called for a strong emperor, namely his benefactor, Ottokar II of Bohemia. He argued that Crusades to the East were now pointless and should instead be directed against the heathens on the eastern frontiers of the Empire.
Guillaume de Nangis. Guillaume de Nangis (died 1300), a French chronicler and biographer, particularly of Louis IX of France and Philip III of France. [40] [41] [42]
Pierre Dubois. Pierre Dubois (1255–1321), a French publicist and propagandist. [46] [47]
Hayton of Corycus. Hayton of Corycus (1240–1310/1320), also known as Hethum of Gorigos, an Armenian noble and historian. [49]
Jacques de Molay. Jacques de Molay (1240–1314), last Grand Master of the Knights Templar. [50]
Guillaume Adam. Guillaume Adam (died 1341), a missionary to and later archbishop of Soltaniyeh, Persia. [52] [53]
Guy of Warwick. Guy of Warwick (Gui de Warewic), a legendary English hero popular in England and France from the thirteenth to seventeenth centuries. He is reputed to have made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land and is erroneously regarded as real in some fifteenth-century chronicles, including that by English historian John Rous. [54] [55] [56] [57]
The Crusaders maintained a presence in the Holy Land until the fall of Ruad in 1302 and much of the historical work was then concentrated on the Kingdom of Cyprus, the military orders and the Mongol invasion of Europe, and renewed plans for a new Crusade to retake Jerusalem. Significant portions of the Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC), Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society (PPTS) library and Francesco Gabrieli's Arab historians of the Crusades are devoted to works from the 14th century. [61]
Gérard de Monréal. Gérard de Monréal (fl. 1314–1321), secretary to Guillaume de Beaujeu, Grand Master of the Knights Templar from 1273 to 1291. Monréal is believed to have written the later part of Les Gestes des Chiprois (Deeds of the Cypriots), an Old French chronicle of the history of the Crusader states and Kingdom of Cyprus between 1132 and 1311. [62] [63]
Jean de Joinville. Jean de Joinville (1224–1317), a French chronicler who accompanied Louis IX of France on the Seventh Crusade and Eighth Crusade who wrote his influential biography. [68] [69]
Rashid-al-Din. Rashid-al-Din Hamadani (1247–1318), a Jewish-turned-Islamic physician and historian who was vizier to the Ilkhan Ghazan. [73]
Foulques de Villaret. Foulques de Villaret (died 1327), Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller from 1305 to 1319. [76]
Ferdinand IV of Castile. Ferdinand IV of Castile (1285–1312), known as the Summoned (el Emplazado), was King of Castile and León from 1295 to 1312. He continued the Reconquista and, although he failed to conquer Algeciras in 1309, he captured the city of Gibraltar that same year, and in 1312 the city of Alcaudete was also conquered. [79]
Rawḍ al-Qirṭās. Rawḍ al-Qirṭās is a book that describes he rulers of the Maghreb, and a local history of the city of Fez. The scope of the history is from the advent of Idris I in 788 to the Marinid Dynasty up to 1326. [81]
Peter of Dusburg. Peter of Dusburg (died after 1326), a German historian and chronicler of the Teutonic Knights. [82]
Jean de Vignay. Jean de Vignay (c. 1282/1285 – c. 1350), a French monk and translator. [84] [85]
Ludolf von Sudheim. Ludolf von Sudheim (fl. 1340), also known as Ludolf of Suchem, a traveler to the Holy Land from 1336 to 1341. [88] [89] [90]
John VI Kantakouzenos. John VI Kantakouzenos (1292-1383), was Byzantine emperor from 1347 to 1354. [92]
Hamd-Allah Mustawfi. Hamd-Allah Mustawfi (1281-1349), a Persian historian and geographer. Also known as Hamd-Allah Mustawfi Qazvini. [94]
Younger Livonian Rhymed Chronicle. The Younger Livonian Rhymed Chronicle was written in Low German by the chaplain of the Master of the Livonian Order, around the end of the 1340s. It is this chronicle that narrates how Estonians slaughtered their own nobility and called the Livonian Order to Estonia, which, in turn, butchered them, on 1343. [18] [97]
Kitāb al-Rawḍ al-Miʿṭār. Kitāb al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fi khabar al-aqṭār (The Book of the Fragrant Garden) is a fourteenth-century Arabic geography by al-Ḥimyarī that is a primary source for the history of Muslim Iberia in the Middle Ages, based in part on the earlier account by Muhammad al-Idrisi. [98]
Geoffroi de Charny. Geoffroi de Charny (1300–1356), a French knight and author. De Charny and his wife are the first recorded owners of the Shroud of Turin, lost after the sack of Constantinople in 1204. [99] [100] [101]
Guillaume de Machaut. Guillaume de Machaut (1300–1377), an influential French poet and composer. [103] [104] [105]
Birgitta Birgersdotter. Birgitta Birgersdotter (1303–1373), also known as Saint Bridget of Sweden, was a Swedish mystic and founder of the Birgittine Order who persuaded Magnus IV Eriksson of Sweden to launch a crusade against Russia. [107]
Informatio ex parte Nunciorum Regis Cypri. Informatio ex parte Nunciorum Regis Cypri is an anonymously written history of Cyprus through the 14th century including an account of Henry II of Cyprus, the last crowned king of Jerusalem, and his plans to retake the Holy Land from the Mongols. It is included in Documents and Histoire de l'île de Chypre sous le règne des princes de la maison de Lusignan by French historian Louis de Mas Latrie. [108]
Ibn al-Furat. Ibn al-Furat (1334–1405), an Egyptian historian. [109]
Nicephorus Gregoras. Nicephorus Gregoras (1295–1360), a Byzantine theologian and historian. [111] [112]
Guillaume Durand. Guillaume Durand (1267–1328/1330) was bishop of Mende. Durand was sent as an embassy by pope John XXII and Charles IV of France to the Ottoman sultan Orhan (1326–1360) in order to obtain more favourable conditions for the Latins in Syria. [115] [116]
Jean Dardel. Jean Dardel (fl. 1375–1383), a French friar who was an advisor to Leo V of Armenia. [118] [119]
Eustache Deschamps. Eustache Deschamps (1346–1407), a French poet. [120] [121] [122]
Nicephoros Callistus. Nicephoros Callistus (Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos) (c. 1256 – c. 1335), a Greek ecclesiastical historian. [124] [125]
Ibn Khaldūn. 'Abd al-Raḥmār ibn Khaldūn (before 1337 – 1406), an Arab scholar of Islam, social scientist and historian, who has been described as the father of the modern discipline of historiography. [127] [128]
Al-Nuwayrī. Muḥammad ibn al-Ḳāsim al-Nuwayrī al-Iskandarānī al-Māliki (fl. 1365–1373) also known as al-Nuwayrī, a Muslim historian from Alexandria, Egypt. Eyewitness to the Alexandrian Crusade of 1365. [130] [131]
Hafiz-i Abru. Hafiz-i Abru (died 1430), a Persian historian working at the courts of Timurid rulers of Central Asia. [133] [134]
Leontios Machairas. Leontios Machairas (1360/1380 – after 1432), a Cypriot historian. [135]
Badr al-Din al-Ayni. Badr al-Din al-Ayni (1360–1453), known as al-Aini, was an Arab Islamic scholar. [138]
Al-Makrizi. Al-Makrizi (1364–1442), an Egyptian historian, also known as al-Maqrisi, descended from the Fatimids. Wrote extensively on the caliphates and sultanates that ruled the country. Some of his material appears to be based on the works of ibn Muyessar and ibn Abd al-Zahir. [140] [141]
Philippe de Mézières. Philippe de Mézières (c. 1327 – 1405), a French knight and author. De Mézières travelled to Jerusalem and the Cyprus. In 1362, he traveled with Peter I of Cyprus, titular king of Jerusalem, visiting the princes of western Europe in quest of support for a new Crusade. [145] [146] [147]
Jean Froissart. Jean Froissart (c. 1337 – c. 1405), a Belgian medieval author and court historian. [151] [152]
The fifteenth-century historical works on the Crusades saw the beginning of anti-Islam sentiments in Western works, with calls for a new crusade (e.g., Jean Germain's works) as well as propaganda by both Christian and Islamic writers. There were also accounts of conflicts of the Military Orders with the Turks, continued travel accounts, and regional chronologies. Several works from the Recueil des historiens des croisades (RHC), including Western, Arabic, and Greek works, can be found here. The first attempts at histories of the Crusades were made through the Itinerario di la Gran Militia and Benedetto Accolt's De Bello a Christianis contra Barbaros...
Juan de Segovia. Juan de Segovia (1395–1458) was a Castillan theologian who translated the Koran into Latin with the assistance of Islamic scholar ʿĪsā ibn Jābir. [154] [155]
Jean Germain. Jean Germain (1400–1461), bishop of Nevers from 1430 to 1436 and bishop of Châlons from 1436 to 1461. Councilor to Philip the Good and chancellor to the Order of the Golden Fleece. (cf. French Wikipedia, Jean Germain) [157] [158]
Abu'l-Mahāsin. Abu'l-Mahāsin Yūsuf (1411–1469), an Arabic historian who was a student of Egyptian historian al-Makrizi (1364–1442). [161]
Enguerrand de Monstrelet. Enguerrand de Monstrelet (c. 1400–1453), a French chronicler who was present at the 1430 interrogation of Joan of Arc. [162] [163] [164]
Itinerario di la Gran Militia. Itinerario di la Gran Militia, a la Pavese (Itinerary of the Great Army, in Pavese) is an anonymous fifteenth-century work on the First Crusade based on the work of William of Tyre. In RHC Historiensoccidentaux, Volume 5.XIII.
Benedetto Accolti. Benedetto Accolti (1415–1464), also known as Benedict Aretini Accolti, an Italian historian. His primary work was the first attempt at a history of the Crusades, concentrating on the First Crusade and the heroic role of Godfrey of Bouillon. The work was written to encourage support to pope Pius II for a new Crusade to the Holy Land and is regarded as propaganda. [167] [168]
Grandes Chroniques de France. Grandes Chroniques de France, 6 volumes (1461). A compilation of the history of France produced between the 13th and 15th centuries by the monks of Saint-Denis. The original work, Roman des roisby a Benedictine monk and historian Primat of Saint-Denis (died between 1277 and 1285), traced the kings of the Franks from the origins until the death of Philip II of France in 1223 and extended at a later date to the death of Charles V of France in 1380. The edition by French philologist Alexis Paulin Paris was published 1836–1840. [170]
Novgorod Chronicle. The Novgorod First Chronicle, also known as the Chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471 is the most ancient extant Old Russian chronicle of the Novgorodian Rus'. [171]
Doukas. Doukas ( c. 1400 – 1470), a Byzantine historian who flourished under Constantine XI Palaiologos. [172]
William Caxton. William Caxton (c. 1422 – c. 1491) was an English merchant, diplomat, and writer, introducing the printing press into England, in 1476, and the first English retailer of printed books. [175] [176] [177]
Sébastien Mamerot. Sébastien Mamerot (between c. 1418 and 1440 – 1490), a French clergyman, scholar, novelist, and translator. [182]
Laonikos Chalkokondyles. Laonikos Chalkokondyles (c. 1430 – c. 1470), a Byzantine Greek historian from Athens. [184]
Gulielmus Caoursin. Gulielmus Caoursin (1430–1501), vice-chancellor of the Knights Hospitaller. An eye-witness to the siege of Rhodes in 1480, an unsuccessful attack by the Ottoman fleet. [186]
Pierre d'Aubusson. Pierre d'Aubusson (1423–1503), Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller from 1476 to 1503. Commander of the garrison opposing the Turks during the siege of Rhodes in 1480. [189]
Mīr-Khvānd. Mīr-Khvānd (1433–1498), a Persian-language historian from Bukhara. [192]
Francesco Amadi. Francesco Amadi (died after 1445), an Italian chronicler. [198]
John Rous. John Rous (c. 1411 – 1491), an English historian and antiquary. [202]
Utrecht Chronicle of the Teutonic Order. The anonymous Utrecht Chronicle of the Teutonic Order, or Jüngere Hochmeisterchronik, was a substantial chronicle on the Teutonic Knights and their role in the Crusades to the Holy Land, written in Dutch. [205]
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link)