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For older large eruptions that predate the Holocene era, see List of large volcanic eruptions.
Satellite images of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai

This is a list of volcanoes that have had large explosive eruptions during the Holocene (since about 11,650 years Before Present), with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or higher, or a plume height of at least 30 km. To date, there have been no eruptions with a confirmed VEI of 8 in the Holocene; and only a few VEI-7 eruptions are thought to have occurred during this time: the most recent was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora. This is not a complete list.

Common Era (CE)

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume bulk
(km3) 		Material volume DRE
(km3) 		Date Tephra or eruption name
5 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai Tonga-Kermadec Islands volcanic arc 6 6–10 [1] 7.1 7.1 [2] January 15, 2022 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami
5 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Andean Volcanic Belt 0.76 0.76–1.26 [3] Un­known June 4, 2011 2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption
5 Mount Hudson Andean Volcanic Belt 4.3 4.3–7.6 [4] 1.6 1.6–2.7 [5] August 8, 1991
6 Mount Pinatubo [6] Luzon Volcanic Arc 10 10 [7] 4.8 4.8–6.0 [8] June 15, 1991 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
5 El Chichón [6] Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 [9] April 4, 1982 Tephra unit A
5 Mount St. Helens [6] Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.1 1.1 [10] 0.5 0.5 [11] May 18, 1980 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
5 Mount Agung Sunda Arc, Bali 1.0 1 Un­known March 17, 1963
5 Bezymianny [a] Kamchatka 1.9 1.9 Un­known March 30, 1956
5 Kharimkotan Kuril Islands 1 1 Un­known 1933
5 Quizapú Andean Volcanic Belt 9.5 9.5 7 7–10 [14] 1932 April 10–21, 1932
5 Submarine volcano NNE of Iriomote Island Japan 1 1 Un­known 1924-10-31
6 Novarupta [6] SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 26 26–30 13 13–14 [15] June 6, 1912
5 Ksudach Kamchatka 1.75 Un­known 1907-03-28
6 Santa María [6] Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala 10.7 10.7–11.4 6.4 6.4 [15] October 24, 1902
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 2.0 2 Un­known 1886 June 10–15, 1886 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
6 Krakatoa [6] Sunda Arc 18 18–25 9.0 9.0 [16] August 26, 1883 1883 eruption of Krakatoa
5 Askja Iceland 1.8 1.83 Un­known March 28, 1875
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 2.0 2 Un­known February 18, 1854
5 Mount Agung Sunda Arc, Bali 1 Un­known 1843
5 Cosigüina Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 4.3 4.25 Un­known January 20, 1835
5 Mount Galunggung Sunda Arc, Java 2.0 2 Un­known October 8, 1822
7 Mount Tambora [6] Sunda Arc, Sumbawa 144 144–213 37 37–50 [17] April 10, 1815 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
6? Between Indonesia and Tonga [b] Un­known Un­known Un­known 1808 c.1808 Undocumented 1808 eruption [19]
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.5 1.5 Un­known 1800 c.1800 T (Goat Rocks)
5 Katla Iceland 1 Un­known 1755-10-17
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 4 Un­known 1739-08-18 Ta-a
5 Katla Iceland 1 Un­known 1721-05-11
5 Mount Fuji Honshū 1.7 1.7 Un­known 1707 December 16, 1707 Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji
5 Tangkoko Sangihe Volcanic Arc 1 Un­known 1680
5 Mount Gamkonora Halmahera Volcanic Arc 1 Un­known 1673-05-20
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 2.8 Un­known 1667-09-24 Ta-b
5 Mount Usu Hokkaidō 2.78 Un­known 1663-08-16
6 Long Island, PNG Bismarck Volcanic Arc 21 21 12 12 [20] 1660 c.1660 Tibito tephra
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 Un­known 1652 CE ±11 SH1
5 Mount Melibengoy [21] Mindanao, Philippines 1.0 1 Un­known 1640 December 26, 1640
5 Komagatake Hokkaidō 2.9 Un­known 1640-07-31 Ko-d
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 1.1 Un­known 1631-12-16
5 Furnas São Miguel Island, Azores 2.1 Un­known 1630-09-03
5 Katla Iceland 1 Un­known 1625-09-02
6 Huaynaputina Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 34 34–35 12 12.2 [22] [23] 1600 February 19, 1600
5 Raung Sunda Arc, Java 1 Un­known 1593 CE
5 Kelud Sunda Arc, Java 1.0 1 Un­known 1586 c.1586
6 Billy Mitchell Bougainville & Solomon Is. 13.5 13.5 Un­known 1580 c.1580 BM2
5 Água de Pau São Miguel Island, Azores 1.3 Un­known 1563-06-28 / 1563-07-26
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.5 1.5 Un­known 1482 c.1482 We (Kalama)
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 7.7 7.7 Un­known 1480 c.1480 Wn (Kalama)
6 Bárðarbunga Iceland 10 10 Un­known 1477 c.1477 Veidivatnahraun
6 Öræfajökull Iceland 10 10 Un­known 1362 June 5, 1362
6 Quilotoa Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone 21 21 Un­known 1280 c.1280
5 Katla Iceland 1 1262 CE
7 Mount Samalas Lombok Island 81 81–92 33 33–40 [24] 1257 c.1257 1257 Samalas eruption [c]
5 Mount Asama Honshū 1.3 1.3 Un­known 1108 August 29, 1108 Tennin eruption (1108)
5 Hekla Iceland 1.2 1.2 Un­known 1104 c.1104 H1 tephra
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 1034 CE ±11 SH2
5 Billy Mitchell Bougainville & Solomon Is. 7 1030 CE BM1
6 Baekdu Mountain [6] Balhae (China – North Korea border) 40 40–98 10 10–64 [26] 0946 c.946 Millennium eruption
Baegdusan-Tomakomai Tephra
5 Towada [27] Honshū 6.5 6.54 Un­known 0915 c.915 Eruption episode A
6 Mount Churchill eastern Alaska 50 847 CE ±1 WRAe
6 Rabaul Bismarck Volcanic Arc 24 24 Un­known 0683 c.683 Rabaul Pyroclastics
6 Dakataua Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10 653 CE ±18 Dk
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 650 CE ±40 SH3
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 600 CE
5 Mount Haruna Honshū 1.6 550 CE ±10 Futatsudake-Ikaho eruption
6-7 Unknown source Unknown [d] Un­known Un­known 0536 c.536 Volcanic winter of 536
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 1.2 1.2 Un­known 0472 c.472 Pollena
6 Lake Ilopango Central America Volcanic Arc, El Salvador 104 104–207 44 44–95 [28] [29] 0430 c.430 Tierra Blanca Joven eruption
5 Akutan Aleutian Arc 1 340 Akutan tephra
7 Taupō Volcano [6] Taupō Volcanic Zone 110 110 Un­known 0232 c.232 [e] Hatepe eruption
5 Masaya [6] Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 6.6 150 Masaya Tuff
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 3.2 3.25 Un­known 0079 c.79 [f] Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
6 Ambrym Vanuatu 70 70 Un­known 0050 c.50 Ambrym Pyroclastic Series

Before Common Era (BCE)

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume bulk
(km3) 		Material volume DRE
(km3) 		Date Age
( ka) [30] 		Tephra or eruption name
6 Okmok Caldera Umnak, Aleutian Arc 25 25+ [31] 15 15+ [32] -0043 43 BCE 2 Okmok II
5 Etna Campanian volcanic arc 1.0 1 Un­known -0122 122 BCE 2.1 S flank, summit (Cratere del Piano caldera)
6 Raoul Island Kermadec Islands 28.8 28.8 Un­known -0250 250 BCE 2.2 Fleetwood
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.2 1.2 Un­known -0530 530 BCE 2.5 Ps/Pu (Pine Creek)
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 3.3 550 BCE Ta-c
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 1 780 BCE SH5
5 Mount Fuji Honshū 1 930 BCE Upper SE flank, Tephra layer Zu
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 950 BCE
6 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 12.5 12.5 Un­known -1050 1050 BCE 3 Maraunot eruptive period
5 Hekla Iceland 7.5 1100 BCE ±50 H3 tephra
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 8 1310 BCE ±12 Kaharoa eruption
5 Mount Fuji Honshū 1 1350 BCE Tephra layer Os
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 1.75 1.75 Un­known -1350 1350 BCE 3.3 Tephra layer IIAV3
6 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 17 17 Un­known -1460 1460 BCE 3.4 Waimihia eruption
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 3.6 ≥ 3.6 Un­known -1500 1500 BCE 3.5 Tephra layer AV1
5 Hayes Volcano SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 8.1 1550 BCE Hayes Tephra set H
6 Youngest Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 34.5 34.5 [33] -1610 1610 BCE 3.6 Minoan eruption
6 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 15.3 15.3 Un­known -1860 1860 BCE 3.8 Yn (Smith Creek)
6 Mount Hudson Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 12 12 Un­known -1890 1890 BCE 3.8
5 Mount Dana SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 1 1890 BCE 1890 BCE eruption
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 2000 BCE SHsp
6-7 Deception Island [34] South Shetland Islands Un­known 30 30-60 -2030 2030 BCE 4 Outer Coast Tuff
6 Long Island, PNG Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10 > 10 Un­known -2040 2040 BCE 4 biliau beds
5 Rungwe Great Rift Valley, Tanzania 2.2 2050 BCE Rungwe pumice
5 Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc 1.2 2050 BCE Mitsune-7 scoria
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 2100 BCE SHsp
7 Paektu Mountain Balhae (China – North Korea border) Un­known Un­known -2264 2264 BCE? 4.2–5.1 [35] Tianwenfeng eruption
7 Cerro Blanco (Argentina) Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 172 172 8 8–83 [36] -2300 2300 BCE 4.3
5 Hekla Iceland 5.6 2310 BCE ±20 H4 tephra
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.2 1.2 Un­known -2340 2340 BCE 4.3 Yb (Smith Creek)
5 Piton de la Fournaise Réunion 1.8 2700 BCE Bellecombe Ash Member
5 Ilyinsky Kamchatka 1.3 2850 BCE ZLT-tephra; IL-tephra
5 Água de Pau São Miguel Island, Azores 5.4 2990 BCE Fogo A
5 Lake Numazawa [27] Honshū 4.71 3400 BCE
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 3500 BCE
6 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 12 12? Un­known -3550 3550 BCE 5.5 Crow Valley eruptive period
7 Taal Volcano Luzon Volcanic Arc 150 150> 90 90 [37] -3580 3580 BCE 5.5 Taal scoria pyroclastic flow
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 3650 BCE
5 Kaguyak SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 3.9 3850 BCE Caldera formation
6 Masaya Volcano Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 14.8 14.8 Un­known -4050 4050 BCE 6
5 Towada Honshū 9.18 4150 BCE eruption episode C
5 Apoyeque Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 1.9 4160 BCE ±30 Laguna Xiloá
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 4.0 ≥ 4 Un­known -4340 4340 BCE 6.3 Tephra layer IAv12; AV4
6-7 Macauley Island Kermadec Islands 100 ⩽ 100 Un­known -4360 4360 BCE 6.3
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 4400 BCE
5 Komagatake Hokkaidō 3 4600 BCE ±50 Ko-g
5 Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc 1.2 4650 BCE Mitsune-5 scoria
6 Mount Hudson Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 18 18 Un­known -4750 4750 BCE 6.7
5 Ksudach Kamchatka 7.5 4900 BCE KS2
5 Tavui Bismarck Volcanic Arc 5.75 4946 BCE ±40 Raluan Pyroclastics
5 Hekla Iceland 1.7 5150 BCE H5 tephra
5 Ksudach Kamchatka 3 5200 BCE KS3
5 Ichinsky Kamchatka 2.5 5400 BCE
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 1.2 5500 BCE
6 Lake Mashū Hokkaidō 18.6 18.6 Un­known -5550 5550 BCE 7.5 Ma-f/g/h/i/j
6 Khangar Kamchatka 15 15 Un­known -5700 5700 BCE 7.7 KHG tephra
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 9 9 Un­known -5980 5980 BCE 7.9 Tephra layer IAv2
6 Menengai East African Rift 70 70 Un­known -6050 6050 BCE 8
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.2 6060 BCE ±50 Haroharo (Te Horoa & other domes)
5 Makushin Volcano Unalaska, Aleutian Arc 7.5 6100 BCE ±50
6 Karkar Island Bismarck Volcanic Arc 20 20 Un­known -6318 6318 BCE 8.3 Wadau deposit
5 Kizimen Kamchatka 4.9 6400 BCE ±50 KZII
6 Karymsky Kamchatka 14.5 14.5 Un­known -6600 6600 BCE 8.6 Tephra layer KRM
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 1 6800 BCE
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 1.9 6950 BCE Ta-d
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 7150 BCE
5 Towada Honshū 2.5 7250 BCE eruption episode E
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 1 7300 BCE
6 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 10 ⩾10 Un­known -7460 7460 BCE 9.4 Tayawan caldera, Pasbul eruptive period
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 7560 BCE ±18 Lake Rotoma
6 Água de Pau São Miguel Island, Azores 11.5 11.5 Un­known -8000 8000 BCE 10 Inner Caldera Formation
7 Semisopochnoi Island Aleutian Arc 120 120 Un­known -8000 8000 BCE 10
5 Kizimen Kamchatka 4 8050 BCE KZI
6 Grímsvötn Iceland 15 15 Un­known -8230 8230 BCE 10.2 Saksunarvatn tephra
5 Lake Ngozi Great Rift Valley, Tanzania 7 8250 BCE Kitulo pumice
5 Towada Honshū 1.3 8250 BCE eruption episode F
6 Longonot Great Rift Valley, Kenya 50 50 Un­known -8910 8910 BCE 10.9
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 9350 BCE
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 9450 BCE Poutu Lapilli (Mangamate)
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 9650 BCE

Exact year unknown

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume bulk
(km3) 		Date
(earliest est.) 		Date
(latest est.) 		Tephra or eruption name
5 Sakurajima Kyūshū 1 1471 c.1471 1476 c.1476
5 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 1 1400 c.1400 1500 c.1500 Buag eruptive period
5 El Chichón Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc 2.8 1260 c.1260 1460 c.1460
5 Ubinas Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 2.8 1000 c.1000 1164 c.1164
5 Lake Mashū Hokkaidō 4.6 980 c.980 1180 c.1180 Ma-b
5 Puyehue Andean Volcanic Belt 4.32 0785 c.785 0935 c.935 MH tephra
6 Ceboruco Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 10.9 10.95 0730 c.730 1130 c.1130 Jala Pumice
5 El Chichón Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc > 1 0680 c.680 0880 c.880 tephra unit D
6 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 20.0 20 0635 c.635 0785 c.785 Witori-Galilo tephra
5 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 6 0600 c.600 0780 c.780 Witori-Kimbe 4 tephra
5 Opala Kamchatka 3.7 0560 c.560 0660 c.660 Baranii Amphitheatre crater
5 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 6 0210 c.210 0410 c.410 Witori-Kimbe 3 tephra
6 Mount Churchill eastern Alaska 10.0 10 0145 c.145 0345 c.345 WRAn
6 Ksudach Kamchatka 18.5 18.5 0140 c.140 0340 c.340 KS1
5 Furnas São Miguel Island, Azores 1.54 -0020 20 BCE 0180 c.180 Tephra layer C
6 Apoyeque Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 18.0 18 -0150 150 BCE 0150 c.50
5 Masaya [6] Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 3.4 -0270 270 BCE -0070 70 BCE Masaya Tuff
5 Popocatépetl Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 3.2 -0500 500 BCE 0150 c.100 I.A1 Yellow Pumice
5 Mount Meager massif Garibaldi Volcanic Belt 0.1 ⩾ 1 -0610 610 BCE -0210 210 BCE Bridge River eruption
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.2 -0750 750 BCE -0350 350 BCE
5 Khodutka Kamchatka 1.25 -1030 1030 BCE -830 830 BCE KHD tephra
5 Yantarni Volcano SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 1 -1300 1300 BCE -300 300 BCE
6 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 30.0 30 -1530 1530 BCE -1210 1210 BCE Witori-Kimbe 2 tephra
5 Etna Campanian volcanic arc 0.2 1 -1550 1550 BCE -1450 1450 BCE
6 Mount Aniakchak SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 50.0 50 -1636 1636 BCE -1446 1446 BCE Aniakch
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 3.5 3.5 -1870 1870 BCE -1670 1670 BCE Ye (Smith Creek) ak II
5 Villarrica Andean Volcanic Belt 3.3 -2010 2010 BCE -1610 1610 BCE Pucón Ignimbrite
6 Black Peak SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 30.0 30 -2050 2050 BCE -1750 1750 BCE
5 El Chichón Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc 2 -2130 2130 BCE -1930 1930 BCE Unit K (SI; Espindola 2000) Unit E (Macias 1997)
5 Mount Galunggung Sunda Arc, Java 1 -2400 2400 BCE -2100 2100 BCE
6 Mount Veniaminof SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 50.1 > 50 -2455 2455 BCE -2153 2153 BCE V2
6 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 2.0 2.0 -2460 2460 BCE -2380 2380 BCE Avellino eruption
5 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 1.8 -2650 2650 BCE -1650 1650 BCE Agnano Monte Spina
5 Lake Ikeda Kyūshū 2.3 -2765 2765 BCE -2615 2615 BCE Ikeda-ko caldera, Tephra layer Ikp
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 -2920 2920 BCE -2320 2320 BCE SHdv
5-6 Fisher Caldera Unimak, Aleutian Arc 5.5 (DRE) -3245 3245 BCE -3095 3095 BCE Turquoise Cone
5 Chaitén Andean Volcanic Belt 4.7 -3320 3320 BCE -2880 2880 BCE Cha2/Mic2 tephra
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 1.5 1.5 -3350 3350 BCE -3050 3050 BCE Tephra layer IAv20; AV3
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 6 -3621 3621 BCE -3431 3431 BCE Whakatane tephra
5 Popocatépetl Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt ⩾ 5 -4000 4000 BCE -3400 3400 BCE I.A1 Yellow Pumice
5 Apoyeque Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 1 -4050 4050 BCE -1050 1050 BCE W Chiltepe Peninsula, Mateare Tephra
6 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10.0 10 -4210 4210 BCE -3790 3790 BCE Witori-Kimbe 1 tephra
5 Hekla Iceland 1 -4210 4210 BCE -4010 4010 BCE Hekla Ö tephra
5 Mayor Island / Tūhua Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.6 -5260 5260 BCE -4860 4860 BCE Taratimi Bay
5 Puyehue Andean Volcanic Belt 1.66 -5230 5230 BCE -4930 4930 BCE PU-2 tephra
7 Kikai Caldera Ryukyu Islands 170 170–185 [g] -5353 5353 BCE -5215 5215 BCE Akahoya eruption
7 Crater Lake
(as Mount Mazama) 		Cascade Volcanic Arc 120 120 [h] -5832 5832 BCE -5734 5734 BCE Mazama Tephra
5-6 Crater Lake Cascade Volcanic Arc 8.9 > 9 -5950 5950 BCE -5850 5850 BCE Lower Pumice, Llao Rock
6 Mount Aniakchak Aleutian Arc 30.0 30 -7550 7550 BCE -5050 5050 BCE Aniakchak I
6 Tao-Rusyr Caldera Onekotan, Kuril Islands 55.0 55 -6438 6438 BCE -6258 6258 BCE
7 Kurile Lake Kamchatka 155 155 -6462 6462 BCE -6416 6416 BCE Ilinsky eruption
5 Pico de Orizaba Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 1 -6860 6860 BCE -6560 6560 BCE Upper Citlaltépetl ignimbrite
5-6 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 5.1 5.1 -7040 7040 BCE -6840 6840 BCE Mercato eruption
6 Okmok Caldera Umnak, Aleutian Arc 75 75 -8456 8456 BCE -6096 6096 BCE Okmok I
6 Morne Trois Pitons Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc 58 58 -7535 7535 BCE -7347 7347 BCE PPR3 - Link fall
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 -7550 7550 BCE -7250 7250 BCE
5 Calbuco Southern Chile & Argentina 1 -7585 7585 BCE -5935 5935 BCE Ca8 tephra layer
5 Chaitén Andean Volcanic Belt 3.54 -7950 7950 BCE -7550 7550 BCE Cha1 tephra
5 Roundtop Volcano Unimak, Aleutian Arc 7 -8100 8100 BCE -7100 7100 BCE
6 Ulleung South Korea 28.5 28.5 -8305 8305 BCE [40] -8227 8227 BCE [40] Ulleungdo-Oki tephra
5 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 4.8 -8330 8330 BCE -7930 7930 BCE Unit E (Opepe Tephra)
5 Calbuco Southern Chile & Argentina 1 -8615 8615 BCE -8305 8305 BCE Ca1 tephra layer
6 Lvinaya Past Kuril Islands 75 75 -8756 8756 BCE -8614 8614 BCE
6 Aira Kyūshū 12 -9050 9050 BCE -7050 7050 BCE Wakamiko Caldera
5 Askja Iceland 3.45 -9110 9110 BCE -8710 8710 BCE Dyngjufjöll Tephra
7 Fisher Caldera Unimak, Aleutian Arc 142 142 [i] -9114 9114 BCE -8330 8330 BCE Fisher Tuff
5 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 -9315 9315 BCE -9165 9165 BCE 4 km W of Te Kohaiakahu Point, Unit C (Poronui)
5 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.4 -9660 9660 BCE -9260 9260 BCE
5 Hijiori Honshū 2.3 -10050 10050 BCE -9050 9050 BCE Obanazawa Pumice

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Similar in scale to Mount St. Helens in 1980. [12] [13]
  2. ^ At least three different volcanic eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike [18]
  3. ^ May have triggered the Little Ice Age [25]
  4. ^ Radical and far-ranging global effects. At least three separate eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike and climatic impact.
  5. ^ Sources give either ±5 or ±10
  6. ^ First definite record of a volcanic eruption written by Pliny the Younger in 79 AD.
  7. ^ 70–80 DRE [38]
  8. ^ 61 DRE [39]
  9. ^ 10–100 DRE [41]

References

  1. ^ "Tonga volcano triggered seafloor debris stampede". BBC News. 2023-09-08. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
  2. ^ Cronin, Shane (12 January 2023). "A year on, we know why the Tongan eruption was so violent. It's a wake-up call to watch other submarine volcanoes". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
  3. ^ Pistolesi, Marco; Cioni, Raffaello; Bonadonna, Costanza; Elissondo, Manuela; Baumann, Valerie; Bertagnini, Antonella; Chiari, Laura; Gonzales, Rafael; Rosi, Mauro; Francalanci, Lorella (2015-01-22). "Complex dynamics of small-moderate volcanic events: the example of the 2011 rhyolitic Cordón Caulle eruption, Chile". Bulletin of Volcanology. 77 (1): 3. Bibcode: 2015BVol...77....3P. doi: 10.1007/s00445-014-0898-3. hdl: 11568/800962. ISSN  1432-0819. S2CID  128420641.
  4. ^ Kratzmann, David, et al. (2009) "Compositional variations and magma mixing in the 1991 eruptions of Hudson volcano, Chile" Bulletin of Volcanology 71(4): pp. 419–439, p.419, doi: 10.1007/s00445-008-0234-x
  5. ^ Scasso, Roberto A.; Corbella, Hugo; Tiberi, Pedro (1994-05-01). "Sedimentological analysis of the tephra from the 12–15 August 1991 eruption of Hudson volcano". Bulletin of Volcanology. 56 (2): 121–132. Bibcode: 1994BVol...56..121S. doi: 10.1007/BF00304107. ISSN  1432-0819. S2CID  129044198.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 230–259. doi: 10.1191/0309133303pp379ra. S2CID  131663534.
  7. ^ "Mt. Pinatubo, Luzon, Philippines". National Geophysical Data Center (U.S. NOAA). Retrieved December 2, 2007.
  8. ^ Wiesner, Martin G.; Wetzel, Andreas; Catane, Sandra G.; Listanco, Eddie L.; Mirabueno, Hannah T. (2004-03-01). "Grain size, areal thickness distribution and controls on sedimentation of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo tephra layer in the South China Sea". Bulletin of Volcanology. 66 (3): 226–242. Bibcode: 2004BVol...66..226W. doi: 10.1007/s00445-003-0306-x. ISSN  1432-0819. S2CID  128818475.
  9. ^ Carey, Steven; Sigurdsson, Haraldur (1986-06-01). "The 1982 eruptions of El Chichon volcano, Mexico (2): Observations and numerical modelling of tephra-fall distribution". Bulletin of Volcanology. 48 (2): 127–141. Bibcode: 1986BVol...48..127C. doi: 10.1007/BF01046547. ISSN  1432-0819. S2CID  128515240.
  10. ^ "Mount St. Helens – From the 1980 eruption to 2000". United States Geological Survey. 2000. Fact Sheet 036-00. Retrieved 2006-11-12.
  11. ^ Carey, S.; Gardner, J.; Sigurdsson, H. (1995-07-01). "The intensity and magnitude of Holocene plinian eruptions from Mount St. Helens volcano". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. Models of Magnetic Processes and Volcanic Eruptions. 66 (1): 185–202. Bibcode: 1995JVGR...66..185C. doi: 10.1016/0377-0273(94)00059-P. ISSN  0377-0273.
  12. ^ Gorshkov, G. S. (December 1959). "Gigantic eruption of the volcano bezymianny" (PDF). Bulletin Volcanologique. 20 (1): 77–109. Bibcode: 1959BVol...20...77G. doi: 10.1007/BF02596572. S2CID  129408765.
  13. ^ Kirianov, Vladimir Yu (1994). "Volcanic Ash in Kamchatka as a Source of Potential Hazard to Air Traffic" (PDF). In Casadevall, Thomas J. (ed.). Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Volcanic Ash and Aviation Safety. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin. Vol. 2047. p. 60.
  14. ^ Rebolledo, Alejandro; Castruccio, Angelo; Aravena, Álvaro (2022). "Effusive–explosive transition on eruptions at Quizapu volcano: Re-analysis of the 1846-1847 and 1932 eruptions and conduit flow modeling". IAVCEI Scientific Assembly 2023: 883.
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Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=List_of_large_Holocene_volcanic_eruptions&oldid=1211726618"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For older large eruptions that predate the Holocene era, see List of large volcanic eruptions.
Satellite images of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai

This is a list of volcanoes that have had large explosive eruptions during the Holocene (since about 11,650 years Before Present), with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or higher, or a plume height of at least 30 km. To date, there have been no eruptions with a confirmed VEI of 8 in the Holocene; and only a few VEI-7 eruptions are thought to have occurred during this time: the most recent was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora. This is not a complete list.

Common Era (CE)

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume bulk
(km3) 		Material volume DRE
(km3) 		Date Tephra or eruption name
5 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai Tonga-Kermadec Islands volcanic arc 6 6–10 [1] 7.1 7.1 [2] January 15, 2022 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami
5 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Andean Volcanic Belt 0.76 0.76–1.26 [3] Un­known June 4, 2011 2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption
5 Mount Hudson Andean Volcanic Belt 4.3 4.3–7.6 [4] 1.6 1.6–2.7 [5] August 8, 1991
6 Mount Pinatubo [6] Luzon Volcanic Arc 10 10 [7] 4.8 4.8–6.0 [8] June 15, 1991 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
5 El Chichón [6] Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 [9] April 4, 1982 Tephra unit A
5 Mount St. Helens [6] Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.1 1.1 [10] 0.5 0.5 [11] May 18, 1980 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens
5 Mount Agung Sunda Arc, Bali 1.0 1 Un­known March 17, 1963
5 Bezymianny [a] Kamchatka 1.9 1.9 Un­known March 30, 1956
5 Kharimkotan Kuril Islands 1 1 Un­known 1933
5 Quizapú Andean Volcanic Belt 9.5 9.5 7 7–10 [14] 1932 April 10–21, 1932
5 Submarine volcano NNE of Iriomote Island Japan 1 1 Un­known 1924-10-31
6 Novarupta [6] SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 26 26–30 13 13–14 [15] June 6, 1912
5 Ksudach Kamchatka 1.75 Un­known 1907-03-28
6 Santa María [6] Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala 10.7 10.7–11.4 6.4 6.4 [15] October 24, 1902
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 2.0 2 Un­known 1886 June 10–15, 1886 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
6 Krakatoa [6] Sunda Arc 18 18–25 9.0 9.0 [16] August 26, 1883 1883 eruption of Krakatoa
5 Askja Iceland 1.8 1.83 Un­known March 28, 1875
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 2.0 2 Un­known February 18, 1854
5 Mount Agung Sunda Arc, Bali 1 Un­known 1843
5 Cosigüina Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 4.3 4.25 Un­known January 20, 1835
5 Mount Galunggung Sunda Arc, Java 2.0 2 Un­known October 8, 1822
7 Mount Tambora [6] Sunda Arc, Sumbawa 144 144–213 37 37–50 [17] April 10, 1815 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora
6? Between Indonesia and Tonga [b] Un­known Un­known Un­known 1808 c.1808 Undocumented 1808 eruption [19]
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.5 1.5 Un­known 1800 c.1800 T (Goat Rocks)
5 Katla Iceland 1 Un­known 1755-10-17
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 4 Un­known 1739-08-18 Ta-a
5 Katla Iceland 1 Un­known 1721-05-11
5 Mount Fuji Honshū 1.7 1.7 Un­known 1707 December 16, 1707 Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji
5 Tangkoko Sangihe Volcanic Arc 1 Un­known 1680
5 Mount Gamkonora Halmahera Volcanic Arc 1 Un­known 1673-05-20
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 2.8 Un­known 1667-09-24 Ta-b
5 Mount Usu Hokkaidō 2.78 Un­known 1663-08-16
6 Long Island, PNG Bismarck Volcanic Arc 21 21 12 12 [20] 1660 c.1660 Tibito tephra
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 Un­known 1652 CE ±11 SH1
5 Mount Melibengoy [21] Mindanao, Philippines 1.0 1 Un­known 1640 December 26, 1640
5 Komagatake Hokkaidō 2.9 Un­known 1640-07-31 Ko-d
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 1.1 Un­known 1631-12-16
5 Furnas São Miguel Island, Azores 2.1 Un­known 1630-09-03
5 Katla Iceland 1 Un­known 1625-09-02
6 Huaynaputina Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 34 34–35 12 12.2 [22] [23] 1600 February 19, 1600
5 Raung Sunda Arc, Java 1 Un­known 1593 CE
5 Kelud Sunda Arc, Java 1.0 1 Un­known 1586 c.1586
6 Billy Mitchell Bougainville & Solomon Is. 13.5 13.5 Un­known 1580 c.1580 BM2
5 Água de Pau São Miguel Island, Azores 1.3 Un­known 1563-06-28 / 1563-07-26
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.5 1.5 Un­known 1482 c.1482 We (Kalama)
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 7.7 7.7 Un­known 1480 c.1480 Wn (Kalama)
6 Bárðarbunga Iceland 10 10 Un­known 1477 c.1477 Veidivatnahraun
6 Öræfajökull Iceland 10 10 Un­known 1362 June 5, 1362
6 Quilotoa Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone 21 21 Un­known 1280 c.1280
5 Katla Iceland 1 1262 CE
7 Mount Samalas Lombok Island 81 81–92 33 33–40 [24] 1257 c.1257 1257 Samalas eruption [c]
5 Mount Asama Honshū 1.3 1.3 Un­known 1108 August 29, 1108 Tennin eruption (1108)
5 Hekla Iceland 1.2 1.2 Un­known 1104 c.1104 H1 tephra
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 1034 CE ±11 SH2
5 Billy Mitchell Bougainville & Solomon Is. 7 1030 CE BM1
6 Baekdu Mountain [6] Balhae (China – North Korea border) 40 40–98 10 10–64 [26] 0946 c.946 Millennium eruption
Baegdusan-Tomakomai Tephra
5 Towada [27] Honshū 6.5 6.54 Un­known 0915 c.915 Eruption episode A
6 Mount Churchill eastern Alaska 50 847 CE ±1 WRAe
6 Rabaul Bismarck Volcanic Arc 24 24 Un­known 0683 c.683 Rabaul Pyroclastics
6 Dakataua Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10 653 CE ±18 Dk
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 650 CE ±40 SH3
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 600 CE
5 Mount Haruna Honshū 1.6 550 CE ±10 Futatsudake-Ikaho eruption
6-7 Unknown source Unknown [d] Un­known Un­known 0536 c.536 Volcanic winter of 536
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 1.2 1.2 Un­known 0472 c.472 Pollena
6 Lake Ilopango Central America Volcanic Arc, El Salvador 104 104–207 44 44–95 [28] [29] 0430 c.430 Tierra Blanca Joven eruption
5 Akutan Aleutian Arc 1 340 Akutan tephra
7 Taupō Volcano [6] Taupō Volcanic Zone 110 110 Un­known 0232 c.232 [e] Hatepe eruption
5 Masaya [6] Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 6.6 150 Masaya Tuff
5 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 3.2 3.25 Un­known 0079 c.79 [f] Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
6 Ambrym Vanuatu 70 70 Un­known 0050 c.50 Ambrym Pyroclastic Series

Before Common Era (BCE)

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume bulk
(km3) 		Material volume DRE
(km3) 		Date Age
( ka) [30] 		Tephra or eruption name
6 Okmok Caldera Umnak, Aleutian Arc 25 25+ [31] 15 15+ [32] -0043 43 BCE 2 Okmok II
5 Etna Campanian volcanic arc 1.0 1 Un­known -0122 122 BCE 2.1 S flank, summit (Cratere del Piano caldera)
6 Raoul Island Kermadec Islands 28.8 28.8 Un­known -0250 250 BCE 2.2 Fleetwood
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.2 1.2 Un­known -0530 530 BCE 2.5 Ps/Pu (Pine Creek)
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 3.3 550 BCE Ta-c
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 1 780 BCE SH5
5 Mount Fuji Honshū 1 930 BCE Upper SE flank, Tephra layer Zu
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 950 BCE
6 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 12.5 12.5 Un­known -1050 1050 BCE 3 Maraunot eruptive period
5 Hekla Iceland 7.5 1100 BCE ±50 H3 tephra
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 8 1310 BCE ±12 Kaharoa eruption
5 Mount Fuji Honshū 1 1350 BCE Tephra layer Os
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 1.75 1.75 Un­known -1350 1350 BCE 3.3 Tephra layer IIAV3
6 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 17 17 Un­known -1460 1460 BCE 3.4 Waimihia eruption
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 3.6 ≥ 3.6 Un­known -1500 1500 BCE 3.5 Tephra layer AV1
5 Hayes Volcano SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 8.1 1550 BCE Hayes Tephra set H
6 Youngest Caldera, Santorini South Aegean Volcanic Arc 34.5 34.5 [33] -1610 1610 BCE 3.6 Minoan eruption
6 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 15.3 15.3 Un­known -1860 1860 BCE 3.8 Yn (Smith Creek)
6 Mount Hudson Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 12 12 Un­known -1890 1890 BCE 3.8
5 Mount Dana SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 1 1890 BCE 1890 BCE eruption
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 2000 BCE SHsp
6-7 Deception Island [34] South Shetland Islands Un­known 30 30-60 -2030 2030 BCE 4 Outer Coast Tuff
6 Long Island, PNG Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10 > 10 Un­known -2040 2040 BCE 4 biliau beds
5 Rungwe Great Rift Valley, Tanzania 2.2 2050 BCE Rungwe pumice
5 Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc 1.2 2050 BCE Mitsune-7 scoria
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 2100 BCE SHsp
7 Paektu Mountain Balhae (China – North Korea border) Un­known Un­known -2264 2264 BCE? 4.2–5.1 [35] Tianwenfeng eruption
7 Cerro Blanco (Argentina) Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 172 172 8 8–83 [36] -2300 2300 BCE 4.3
5 Hekla Iceland 5.6 2310 BCE ±20 H4 tephra
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 1.2 1.2 Un­known -2340 2340 BCE 4.3 Yb (Smith Creek)
5 Piton de la Fournaise Réunion 1.8 2700 BCE Bellecombe Ash Member
5 Ilyinsky Kamchatka 1.3 2850 BCE ZLT-tephra; IL-tephra
5 Água de Pau São Miguel Island, Azores 5.4 2990 BCE Fogo A
5 Lake Numazawa [27] Honshū 4.71 3400 BCE
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 3500 BCE
6 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 12 12? Un­known -3550 3550 BCE 5.5 Crow Valley eruptive period
7 Taal Volcano Luzon Volcanic Arc 150 150> 90 90 [37] -3580 3580 BCE 5.5 Taal scoria pyroclastic flow
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 3650 BCE
5 Kaguyak SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 3.9 3850 BCE Caldera formation
6 Masaya Volcano Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 14.8 14.8 Un­known -4050 4050 BCE 6
5 Towada Honshū 9.18 4150 BCE eruption episode C
5 Apoyeque Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 1.9 4160 BCE ±30 Laguna Xiloá
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 4.0 ≥ 4 Un­known -4340 4340 BCE 6.3 Tephra layer IAv12; AV4
6-7 Macauley Island Kermadec Islands 100 ⩽ 100 Un­known -4360 4360 BCE 6.3
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 4400 BCE
5 Komagatake Hokkaidō 3 4600 BCE ±50 Ko-g
5 Nishiyama, Hachijō-jima Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc 1.2 4650 BCE Mitsune-5 scoria
6 Mount Hudson Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone 18 18 Un­known -4750 4750 BCE 6.7
5 Ksudach Kamchatka 7.5 4900 BCE KS2
5 Tavui Bismarck Volcanic Arc 5.75 4946 BCE ±40 Raluan Pyroclastics
5 Hekla Iceland 1.7 5150 BCE H5 tephra
5 Ksudach Kamchatka 3 5200 BCE KS3
5 Ichinsky Kamchatka 2.5 5400 BCE
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 1.2 5500 BCE
6 Lake Mashū Hokkaidō 18.6 18.6 Un­known -5550 5550 BCE 7.5 Ma-f/g/h/i/j
6 Khangar Kamchatka 15 15 Un­known -5700 5700 BCE 7.7 KHG tephra
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 9 9 Un­known -5980 5980 BCE 7.9 Tephra layer IAv2
6 Menengai East African Rift 70 70 Un­known -6050 6050 BCE 8
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.2 6060 BCE ±50 Haroharo (Te Horoa & other domes)
5 Makushin Volcano Unalaska, Aleutian Arc 7.5 6100 BCE ±50
6 Karkar Island Bismarck Volcanic Arc 20 20 Un­known -6318 6318 BCE 8.3 Wadau deposit
5 Kizimen Kamchatka 4.9 6400 BCE ±50 KZII
6 Karymsky Kamchatka 14.5 14.5 Un­known -6600 6600 BCE 8.6 Tephra layer KRM
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka 1 6800 BCE
5 Mount Tarumae Hokkaidō 1.9 6950 BCE Ta-d
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 7150 BCE
5 Towada Honshū 2.5 7250 BCE eruption episode E
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 1 7300 BCE
6 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 10 ⩾10 Un­known -7460 7460 BCE 9.4 Tayawan caldera, Pasbul eruptive period
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 7560 BCE ±18 Lake Rotoma
6 Água de Pau São Miguel Island, Azores 11.5 11.5 Un­known -8000 8000 BCE 10 Inner Caldera Formation
7 Semisopochnoi Island Aleutian Arc 120 120 Un­known -8000 8000 BCE 10
5 Kizimen Kamchatka 4 8050 BCE KZI
6 Grímsvötn Iceland 15 15 Un­known -8230 8230 BCE 10.2 Saksunarvatn tephra
5 Lake Ngozi Great Rift Valley, Tanzania 7 8250 BCE Kitulo pumice
5 Towada Honshū 1.3 8250 BCE eruption episode F
6 Longonot Great Rift Valley, Kenya 50 50 Un­known -8910 8910 BCE 10.9
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 9350 BCE
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 9450 BCE Poutu Lapilli (Mangamate)
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 9650 BCE

Exact year unknown

VEI Volcano/complex Volcanic arc/belt,
subregion, or hotspot 		Material volume bulk
(km3) 		Date
(earliest est.) 		Date
(latest est.) 		Tephra or eruption name
5 Sakurajima Kyūshū 1 1471 c.1471 1476 c.1476
5 Mount Pinatubo Luzon Volcanic Arc 1 1400 c.1400 1500 c.1500 Buag eruptive period
5 El Chichón Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc 2.8 1260 c.1260 1460 c.1460
5 Ubinas Andes, Central Volcanic Zone 2.8 1000 c.1000 1164 c.1164
5 Lake Mashū Hokkaidō 4.6 980 c.980 1180 c.1180 Ma-b
5 Puyehue Andean Volcanic Belt 4.32 0785 c.785 0935 c.935 MH tephra
6 Ceboruco Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 10.9 10.95 0730 c.730 1130 c.1130 Jala Pumice
5 El Chichón Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc > 1 0680 c.680 0880 c.880 tephra unit D
6 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 20.0 20 0635 c.635 0785 c.785 Witori-Galilo tephra
5 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 6 0600 c.600 0780 c.780 Witori-Kimbe 4 tephra
5 Opala Kamchatka 3.7 0560 c.560 0660 c.660 Baranii Amphitheatre crater
5 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 6 0210 c.210 0410 c.410 Witori-Kimbe 3 tephra
6 Mount Churchill eastern Alaska 10.0 10 0145 c.145 0345 c.345 WRAn
6 Ksudach Kamchatka 18.5 18.5 0140 c.140 0340 c.340 KS1
5 Furnas São Miguel Island, Azores 1.54 -0020 20 BCE 0180 c.180 Tephra layer C
6 Apoyeque Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 18.0 18 -0150 150 BCE 0150 c.50
5 Masaya [6] Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 3.4 -0270 270 BCE -0070 70 BCE Masaya Tuff
5 Popocatépetl Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 3.2 -0500 500 BCE 0150 c.100 I.A1 Yellow Pumice
5 Mount Meager massif Garibaldi Volcanic Belt 0.1 ⩾ 1 -0610 610 BCE -0210 210 BCE Bridge River eruption
5 Mount Tongariro Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.2 -0750 750 BCE -0350 350 BCE
5 Khodutka Kamchatka 1.25 -1030 1030 BCE -830 830 BCE KHD tephra
5 Yantarni Volcano SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 1 -1300 1300 BCE -300 300 BCE
6 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 30.0 30 -1530 1530 BCE -1210 1210 BCE Witori-Kimbe 2 tephra
5 Etna Campanian volcanic arc 0.2 1 -1550 1550 BCE -1450 1450 BCE
6 Mount Aniakchak SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 50.0 50 -1636 1636 BCE -1446 1446 BCE Aniakch
5 Mount St. Helens Cascade Volcanic Arc 3.5 3.5 -1870 1870 BCE -1670 1670 BCE Ye (Smith Creek) ak II
5 Villarrica Andean Volcanic Belt 3.3 -2010 2010 BCE -1610 1610 BCE Pucón Ignimbrite
6 Black Peak SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 30.0 30 -2050 2050 BCE -1750 1750 BCE
5 El Chichón Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc 2 -2130 2130 BCE -1930 1930 BCE Unit K (SI; Espindola 2000) Unit E (Macias 1997)
5 Mount Galunggung Sunda Arc, Java 1 -2400 2400 BCE -2100 2100 BCE
6 Mount Veniaminof SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc 50.1 > 50 -2455 2455 BCE -2153 2153 BCE V2
6 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 2.0 2.0 -2460 2460 BCE -2380 2380 BCE Avellino eruption
5 Phlegraean Fields Campanian volcanic arc 1.8 -2650 2650 BCE -1650 1650 BCE Agnano Monte Spina
5 Lake Ikeda Kyūshū 2.3 -2765 2765 BCE -2615 2615 BCE Ikeda-ko caldera, Tephra layer Ikp
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka > 1 -2920 2920 BCE -2320 2320 BCE SHdv
5-6 Fisher Caldera Unimak, Aleutian Arc 5.5 (DRE) -3245 3245 BCE -3095 3095 BCE Turquoise Cone
5 Chaitén Andean Volcanic Belt 4.7 -3320 3320 BCE -2880 2880 BCE Cha2/Mic2 tephra
5 Avachinsky Kamchatka 1.5 1.5 -3350 3350 BCE -3050 3050 BCE Tephra layer IAv20; AV3
5 Mount Tarawera Taupō Volcanic Zone 6 -3621 3621 BCE -3431 3431 BCE Whakatane tephra
5 Popocatépetl Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt ⩾ 5 -4000 4000 BCE -3400 3400 BCE I.A1 Yellow Pumice
5 Apoyeque Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua 1 -4050 4050 BCE -1050 1050 BCE W Chiltepe Peninsula, Mateare Tephra
6 Pago Bismarck Volcanic Arc 10.0 10 -4210 4210 BCE -3790 3790 BCE Witori-Kimbe 1 tephra
5 Hekla Iceland 1 -4210 4210 BCE -4010 4010 BCE Hekla Ö tephra
5 Mayor Island / Tūhua Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.6 -5260 5260 BCE -4860 4860 BCE Taratimi Bay
5 Puyehue Andean Volcanic Belt 1.66 -5230 5230 BCE -4930 4930 BCE PU-2 tephra
7 Kikai Caldera Ryukyu Islands 170 170–185 [g] -5353 5353 BCE -5215 5215 BCE Akahoya eruption
7 Crater Lake
(as Mount Mazama) 		Cascade Volcanic Arc 120 120 [h] -5832 5832 BCE -5734 5734 BCE Mazama Tephra
5-6 Crater Lake Cascade Volcanic Arc 8.9 > 9 -5950 5950 BCE -5850 5850 BCE Lower Pumice, Llao Rock
6 Mount Aniakchak Aleutian Arc 30.0 30 -7550 7550 BCE -5050 5050 BCE Aniakchak I
6 Tao-Rusyr Caldera Onekotan, Kuril Islands 55.0 55 -6438 6438 BCE -6258 6258 BCE
7 Kurile Lake Kamchatka 155 155 -6462 6462 BCE -6416 6416 BCE Ilinsky eruption
5 Pico de Orizaba Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 1 -6860 6860 BCE -6560 6560 BCE Upper Citlaltépetl ignimbrite
5-6 Mount Vesuvius Campanian volcanic arc 5.1 5.1 -7040 7040 BCE -6840 6840 BCE Mercato eruption
6 Okmok Caldera Umnak, Aleutian Arc 75 75 -8456 8456 BCE -6096 6096 BCE Okmok I
6 Morne Trois Pitons Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc 58 58 -7535 7535 BCE -7347 7347 BCE PPR3 - Link fall
5 Shiveluch Kamchatka ≥ 2 -7550 7550 BCE -7250 7250 BCE
5 Calbuco Southern Chile & Argentina 1 -7585 7585 BCE -5935 5935 BCE Ca8 tephra layer
5 Chaitén Andean Volcanic Belt 3.54 -7950 7950 BCE -7550 7550 BCE Cha1 tephra
5 Roundtop Volcano Unimak, Aleutian Arc 7 -8100 8100 BCE -7100 7100 BCE
6 Ulleung South Korea 28.5 28.5 -8305 8305 BCE [40] -8227 8227 BCE [40] Ulleungdo-Oki tephra
5 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 4.8 -8330 8330 BCE -7930 7930 BCE Unit E (Opepe Tephra)
5 Calbuco Southern Chile & Argentina 1 -8615 8615 BCE -8305 8305 BCE Ca1 tephra layer
6 Lvinaya Past Kuril Islands 75 75 -8756 8756 BCE -8614 8614 BCE
6 Aira Kyūshū 12 -9050 9050 BCE -7050 7050 BCE Wakamiko Caldera
5 Askja Iceland 3.45 -9110 9110 BCE -8710 8710 BCE Dyngjufjöll Tephra
7 Fisher Caldera Unimak, Aleutian Arc 142 142 [i] -9114 9114 BCE -8330 8330 BCE Fisher Tuff
5 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 1 -9315 9315 BCE -9165 9165 BCE 4 km W of Te Kohaiakahu Point, Unit C (Poronui)
5 Taupō Volcano Taupō Volcanic Zone 1.4 -9660 9660 BCE -9260 9260 BCE
5 Hijiori Honshū 2.3 -10050 10050 BCE -9050 9050 BCE Obanazawa Pumice

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Similar in scale to Mount St. Helens in 1980. [12] [13]
  2. ^ At least three different volcanic eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike [18]
  3. ^ May have triggered the Little Ice Age [25]
  4. ^ Radical and far-ranging global effects. At least three separate eruptions contributed to the sulfate spike and climatic impact.
  5. ^ Sources give either ±5 or ±10
  6. ^ First definite record of a volcanic eruption written by Pliny the Younger in 79 AD.
  7. ^ 70–80 DRE [38]
  8. ^ 61 DRE [39]
  9. ^ 10–100 DRE [41]

References

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