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The state of West Virginia has a wide variety of freshwater fish species in its rivers, lakes, and streams. 20% of these species are sportfish, and the remaining 80% are nongame species. [1]

The taxa

The following letters indicate the river systems that contain each species:

O Ohio River Basin Includes the Ohio, Monongahela, Little Kanawha, Kanawha, Guyandotte, and Big Sandy Rivers.
N New River Basin Includes the New and Gauley Rivers.
P Potomac River Basin Includes the Potomac River.
J James River Basin Includes the James

In addition, the IUCN classifies one of these species as critically endangered CR, one as endangered EN, five as vulnerable VU, and three as near-threatened NT.

Order Petromyzontiformes (lampreys)

Family Petromyzontidae (northern lampreys)

Order Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefish)

Family Acipenseridae (sturgeons)

Family Polyodontidae (paddlefishes)

Order Lepisosteiformes (gars)

Family Lepisosteidae (gars)

Order Amiiformes (bowfin)

Family Amiidae (bowfin)

Order Hiodontiformes (mooneyes)

Family Hiodontidae (mooneyes)

Order Anguilliformes (eels)

Family Anguillidae (freshwater eels)

Order Clupeiformes (herrings and relatives)

Family Clupeidae (herrings, shads, and relatives)

Order Cypriniformes (carps, minnows, and relatives)

Family Cyprinidae (carps, true minnows, and relatives)

Family Catostomidae (suckers)

Order Siluriformes (catfishes)

Family Ictaluridae (ictalurid catfishes)

Order Esociformes (pikes and mudminnows)

Family Esocidae (pikes)

Family Umbridae (mudminnows)

Order Salmoniformes (trout)

Family Salmonidae (trout)

Order Percopsiformes (trout-perch)

Family Percopsidae (trout-perch)

Order Cyprinodontiformes (toothcarps)

Family Fundulidae (topminnows)

Family Poeciliidae (livebearers)

Order Atheriniformes (silversides)

Family Atherinopsidae (neotropical silversides)

Order Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks)

Family Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks)

Order Scorpaeniformes (mail-cheeked fishes)

Family Cottidae (sculpins)

Order Perciformes (sunfishes and perches)

Family Moronidae (temperate basses)

Family Centrarchidae (sunfishes)

Family Percidae (perches, darters, and relatives)

Family Sciaenidae (drums)

List of West Virginia fishes by spawning temperature

Graphical thermometer

Notropis stramineus Notropis procne Noturus flavus Noturus stigmosus Notropis atherinoides Ctenopharyngodon idella Lepisosteus osseus Ictiobus niger Macrhybopsis storeriana Ichthyomyzon greeleyi Ameiurus catus Carpiodes carpio Pimephales promelas Moxostoma erythrurum Carpiodes velifer Luxilus cornutus Nocomis micropogon Alosa chrysochloris Amia calva Moxostoma duquesnei Lethenteron appendix Hypentelium nigricans Rhinichthys cataractae Ictiobus cyprinellus Acipenser fulvescens Polyodon spathula Umbra limi Erimyzon oblongus Minytrema melanops Moxostoma anisurum Cycleptus elongatus Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Esox lucius Carpiodes cyprinus Moxostoma macrolepidotum Esox americanus americanus

Data table

Species Lower bound temperature (C) Lower bound temperature (F) Upper bound temperature (C) Upper bound temperature (F) Notes

Acipenser fulvescens

13° [12]

55° [12]

18° [12]

64° [12]

Alosa chrysochloris

16 [13]

60.8

21

70

Amia calva

16° [14]

61° [14]

19° [14]

66° [14]

Ctenopharyngodon idella

20 [15] [16]

68 [15] [16]

30 [15] [16]

86 [15] [16]

Ichthyomyzon greeleyi

18.9° [17]

66° [17]

Ichthyomyzon unicuspis

10°

50°

Lepisosteus osseus

20° [18]

68° [18]

Lethenteron appendix

15° [19]

59° [19]

Luxilus cornutus

16 [20]

61 [20]

26 [20]

79 [20]

Macrhybopsis storeriana

19 [21]

66 [21]

Notropis atherinoides

22.2 [22]

72 [22]

Females in Canada have a wider range of preferred breeding temperatures. [23]

Nocomis micropogon

16 [24]

19 [24]

Notropis procne

25.6

78.1

Notropis stramineus

27 [25] [26]

81 [25]

37 [25]

99 [25]

Pimephales promelas

18 [27]

64 [27]

Polyodon spathula

13° [28]

55° [28]

16° [28]

60° [28]

Rhinichthys cataractae

14 [29]

57 [29]

19 [29]

66 [29]

Carpiodes carpio

18.3

65

19.1

66.4

Carpiodes cyprinus

7

44.6

18

64.4

Carpiodes velifer

17

63

Cycleptus elongatus

12 [30]

53 [30]

Erimyzon oblongus

12 [31]

53.6 [31]

24 [31]

75.2 [31]

Hypentelium nigricans

15

59

Ictiobus cyprinellus

13 [32]

55.4

26 [32]

78.8

Ictiobus niger

19 [33]

66.2

24 [33]

75.2

Minytrema melanops

12 [34]

53.6 [34]

19 [34]

66.2 [34]

Moxostoma anisurum

11.7 [35]

53 [35]

Moxostoma duquesnei

15

59

21

69.8

Moxostoma erythrurum

17 [36]

62.6 [36]

22 [36]

71.6 [36]

Moxostoma macrolepidotum

7 [37]

44.6 [37]

16 [37]

60.8 [37]

Ameiurus catus

18.3 [38]

65 [38]

23.9 [38]

75 [38]

Noturus flavus

25

77

Noturus stigmosus

23 [39]

73.4 [39]

In Canada, the juveniles are found mainly in areas with a water temperature between 19.5 and 28 °C. [39]

Esox americanus americanus

4 [40]

39 [40]

18.3 [40]

65 [40]

Esox lucius

9 [41]

48 [41]

Umbra limi

13 [42]

55.4 [42]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fishes of West Virginia.

References

  1. ^ "Fishes of West Virginia: A Field Checklist" (PDF). West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  2. ^ Surprenant, C. (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service) 2004. Scaphirhynchus platorynchus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T19943A9111959. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19943/9111959. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  3. ^ Grady, J. (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service) 2004. Polyodon spathula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T17938A7638243. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17938/7638243. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  4. ^ Jacoby, D., Casselman, J., DeLucia, M. & Gollock, M. 2017. Anguilla rostrata (amended version of 2014 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T191108A121739077. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/191108/121739077. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  5. ^ Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2008. Cyprinus carpio. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T6181A12559362. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6181/12559362. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  6. ^ NatureServe 2014. Noturus stigmosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T202698A19035375. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202698/19035375. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  7. ^ NatureServe 2014. Ammocrypta clara. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T202428A2744621. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202428/2744621. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  8. ^ NatureServe 2013. Crystallaria cincotta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T202435A15362696. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202435/15362696. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  9. ^ NatureServe 2013. Etheostoma maculatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T8118A13370273. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8118/13370273. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  10. ^ NatureServe 2014. Etheostoma osburni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T8124A13387979. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8124/13387979. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  11. ^ NatureServe 2014. Etheostoma tippecanoe. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T202545A18232256. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202545/18232256. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d "Lake Sturgeon Biology". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  13. ^ Galat, David L., and Clark, Sandra J., 2002, Fish spawning and discharge-temperature coupling along the Missouri River: 6th Annual Missouri River Natural Resources Conference, Missouri River Science, p. 40.
  14. ^ a b c d University of Florida. "Bowfin". Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  15. ^ a b c d Mandrak and Cudmore. 2004. Biological Synopsis of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ^ a b c d Shireman, J.V. and C.R. Smith. 1983. Synopsis of biological data on the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Valentines, 1844). Food and Aquaculture Organization Synopsis. 135: 86pp.
  17. ^ a b "Mountain Brook Lamprey – NYS Dept. Of Environmental Conservation".
  18. ^ a b Netsh, Norval F., Arthur Witt Jr. (1962). Contributions to the Life History of the Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus osseus) in Missouri. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 91(3):251-262.
  19. ^ a b "Smaller Unusual Fish Species That Anglers May Encounter – NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". dec.ny.gov. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008.
  20. ^ a b c d "Common Shiner (Notropis cornutus)". Archived from the original on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
  21. ^ a b Kinney, E. C. 1954. A life history of the silver chub, Hybopsis storeriana (Kirtland), in western Lake Erie with notes on associated species. Diss. Abstr. 20(6): 19878-1980. vol 35. Part II. 30759.
  22. ^ a b Flittner, G.A. (1964). Morphometry and life history of the emerald shiner, Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque (PhD diss.). Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor.
  23. ^ Campbell, J. S.; MacCrimmon, H. R. (1970). "Biology of the emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque in Lake Simcoe, Canada". Journal of Fish Biology. 2 (3): 259–273. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1970.tb03284.x.
  24. ^ a b McManamay RA, DJ Orth, CA Dolloff, and MA Cantrell. 2010. Gravel addition as a habitat zestoration technique for tailwaters. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 30.5:1238-1257.
  25. ^ a b c d Summerfelt, R. C., and C. O. Minckley. 1969. Aspects of the life history of the sand shiner, Notropis stramineus (Cope), in the Smokey Hill River, Kansas. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 3:444-453.
  26. ^ Platania, S. P. and C. S. Altenbach. 1998. Reproductive strategies and egg types of seven Rio Grande Basin cyprinids. Copeia 1998(3):559-569.
  27. ^ a b Smith, R. J. F. (1978). Seasonal changes in the histology of the gonads and dorsal skin of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 56, 2103–2109.
  28. ^ a b c d Betty Wills (2004). "Paddlefish". Earthwave Society. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2014.
  29. ^ a b c d Brazo, D.C., C.R. Liston and R.C. Anderson. 1978. "Life history of the Longnose dace, Rhinichthys catarace, in the surge zone of the eastern Lake Michigan near Ludington, Michigan". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 107(4): 550-556.
  30. ^ a b "Species Profile: Blue Sucker, Cycleptus elongatus". Roughfish.com. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  31. ^ a b c d Curry, Kevin D. and Spacie, Anne, "Differential Use of Stream Habitat by Spawning Catostomids." American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 111, No. 2 (April, 1984): 267-279
  32. ^ a b Lane, J.A., Portt, C.B. and Minns, C.K. 1996. Spawning habitat characteristics of Great Lake fishes. Canadian Manuscript Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 2368: v-48.
  33. ^ a b Becker, G. C. 1983. The fishes of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin. 1052 pp.
  34. ^ a b c d "Spotted Sucker." Outdoor Alabama. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, n.d. Web. 17 November 2013.
  35. ^ a b Comtois, A. et al "The Spring Survey of a Multi-specific Spawning Ground: The Ichtyofauna of the Rapids of the Gatineau River, Quebec." Canadian Field-Naturalist 118.4 (2004): 521-529. Print
  36. ^ a b c d "golden redhorse Moxostoma erythrurum". Biology Department at Texas State University. Retrieved 4 May 2011.
  37. ^ a b c d Sule, M. J., Skelly, T. M. 1985. The life history of the shorthead redhorse, Moxostoma macrolepidotum, in the Kankakee River Drainage, Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey 85:123.
  38. ^ a b c d "White Catfish – Ictalurus catus". hrla.com. Archived from the original on 24 April 2009.
  39. ^ a b c DFO. 2012. Recovery potential assessment of Northern Madtom (Noturus stigmosus) in Canada. DFO Can. Sci. Advis. Sec. Sci. Advis. Rep. 2012/051
  40. ^ a b c d Wallus, R., T. Simon, B. Yaeger. 1990. Reproductive Biology and Early Life History of Fishes in the Ohio River Drainage. Volume 1: Acipenseridae through Esocidae. Chattanooga, Tennessee: Tennessee Valley Authority.
  41. ^ a b Frost, Winifred E.; Kipling, Charlotte (October 1967). "A Study of Reproduction, Early Life, Weight-Length Relationship and Growth of Pike, Esox lucius L., in Windermere". Journal of Animal Ecology. 36 (3): 651–693. doi: 10.2307/2820. JSTOR  2820.
  42. ^ a b Robinson, J. M., Jirka, K. J. and Chiotti, J. A. 2009. Age and growth analysis of the central mudminnow, Umbra limi. Applied Ichthyology 26:89-94.
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=List_of_fishes_of_West_Virginia&oldid=1181060331"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The state of West Virginia has a wide variety of freshwater fish species in its rivers, lakes, and streams. 20% of these species are sportfish, and the remaining 80% are nongame species. [1]

The taxa

The following letters indicate the river systems that contain each species:

O Ohio River Basin Includes the Ohio, Monongahela, Little Kanawha, Kanawha, Guyandotte, and Big Sandy Rivers.
N New River Basin Includes the New and Gauley Rivers.
P Potomac River Basin Includes the Potomac River.
J James River Basin Includes the James

In addition, the IUCN classifies one of these species as critically endangered CR, one as endangered EN, five as vulnerable VU, and three as near-threatened NT.

Order Petromyzontiformes (lampreys)

Family Petromyzontidae (northern lampreys)

Order Acipenseriformes (sturgeons and paddlefish)

Family Acipenseridae (sturgeons)

Family Polyodontidae (paddlefishes)

Order Lepisosteiformes (gars)

Family Lepisosteidae (gars)

Order Amiiformes (bowfin)

Family Amiidae (bowfin)

Order Hiodontiformes (mooneyes)

Family Hiodontidae (mooneyes)

Order Anguilliformes (eels)

Family Anguillidae (freshwater eels)

Order Clupeiformes (herrings and relatives)

Family Clupeidae (herrings, shads, and relatives)

Order Cypriniformes (carps, minnows, and relatives)

Family Cyprinidae (carps, true minnows, and relatives)

Family Catostomidae (suckers)

Order Siluriformes (catfishes)

Family Ictaluridae (ictalurid catfishes)

Order Esociformes (pikes and mudminnows)

Family Esocidae (pikes)

Family Umbridae (mudminnows)

Order Salmoniformes (trout)

Family Salmonidae (trout)

Order Percopsiformes (trout-perch)

Family Percopsidae (trout-perch)

Order Cyprinodontiformes (toothcarps)

Family Fundulidae (topminnows)

Family Poeciliidae (livebearers)

Order Atheriniformes (silversides)

Family Atherinopsidae (neotropical silversides)

Order Gasterosteiformes (sticklebacks)

Family Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks)

Order Scorpaeniformes (mail-cheeked fishes)

Family Cottidae (sculpins)

Order Perciformes (sunfishes and perches)

Family Moronidae (temperate basses)

Family Centrarchidae (sunfishes)

Family Percidae (perches, darters, and relatives)

Family Sciaenidae (drums)

List of West Virginia fishes by spawning temperature

Graphical thermometer

Notropis stramineus Notropis procne Noturus flavus Noturus stigmosus Notropis atherinoides Ctenopharyngodon idella Lepisosteus osseus Ictiobus niger Macrhybopsis storeriana Ichthyomyzon greeleyi Ameiurus catus Carpiodes carpio Pimephales promelas Moxostoma erythrurum Carpiodes velifer Luxilus cornutus Nocomis micropogon Alosa chrysochloris Amia calva Moxostoma duquesnei Lethenteron appendix Hypentelium nigricans Rhinichthys cataractae Ictiobus cyprinellus Acipenser fulvescens Polyodon spathula Umbra limi Erimyzon oblongus Minytrema melanops Moxostoma anisurum Cycleptus elongatus Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Esox lucius Carpiodes cyprinus Moxostoma macrolepidotum Esox americanus americanus

Data table

Species Lower bound temperature (C) Lower bound temperature (F) Upper bound temperature (C) Upper bound temperature (F) Notes

Acipenser fulvescens

13° [12]

55° [12]

18° [12]

64° [12]

Alosa chrysochloris

16 [13]

60.8

21

70

Amia calva

16° [14]

61° [14]

19° [14]

66° [14]

Ctenopharyngodon idella

20 [15] [16]

68 [15] [16]

30 [15] [16]

86 [15] [16]

Ichthyomyzon greeleyi

18.9° [17]

66° [17]

Ichthyomyzon unicuspis

10°

50°

Lepisosteus osseus

20° [18]

68° [18]

Lethenteron appendix

15° [19]

59° [19]

Luxilus cornutus

16 [20]

61 [20]

26 [20]

79 [20]

Macrhybopsis storeriana

19 [21]

66 [21]

Notropis atherinoides

22.2 [22]

72 [22]

Females in Canada have a wider range of preferred breeding temperatures. [23]

Nocomis micropogon

16 [24]

19 [24]

Notropis procne

25.6

78.1

Notropis stramineus

27 [25] [26]

81 [25]

37 [25]

99 [25]

Pimephales promelas

18 [27]

64 [27]

Polyodon spathula

13° [28]

55° [28]

16° [28]

60° [28]

Rhinichthys cataractae

14 [29]

57 [29]

19 [29]

66 [29]

Carpiodes carpio

18.3

65

19.1

66.4

Carpiodes cyprinus

7

44.6

18

64.4

Carpiodes velifer

17

63

Cycleptus elongatus

12 [30]

53 [30]

Erimyzon oblongus

12 [31]

53.6 [31]

24 [31]

75.2 [31]

Hypentelium nigricans

15

59

Ictiobus cyprinellus

13 [32]

55.4

26 [32]

78.8

Ictiobus niger

19 [33]

66.2

24 [33]

75.2

Minytrema melanops

12 [34]

53.6 [34]

19 [34]

66.2 [34]

Moxostoma anisurum

11.7 [35]

53 [35]

Moxostoma duquesnei

15

59

21

69.8

Moxostoma erythrurum

17 [36]

62.6 [36]

22 [36]

71.6 [36]

Moxostoma macrolepidotum

7 [37]

44.6 [37]

16 [37]

60.8 [37]

Ameiurus catus

18.3 [38]

65 [38]

23.9 [38]

75 [38]

Noturus flavus

25

77

Noturus stigmosus

23 [39]

73.4 [39]

In Canada, the juveniles are found mainly in areas with a water temperature between 19.5 and 28 °C. [39]

Esox americanus americanus

4 [40]

39 [40]

18.3 [40]

65 [40]

Esox lucius

9 [41]

48 [41]

Umbra limi

13 [42]

55.4 [42]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fishes of West Virginia.

References

  1. ^ "Fishes of West Virginia: A Field Checklist" (PDF). West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  2. ^ Surprenant, C. (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service) 2004. Scaphirhynchus platorynchus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T19943A9111959. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19943/9111959. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  3. ^ Grady, J. (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service) 2004. Polyodon spathula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2004: e.T17938A7638243. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17938/7638243. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  4. ^ Jacoby, D., Casselman, J., DeLucia, M. & Gollock, M. 2017. Anguilla rostrata (amended version of 2014 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T191108A121739077. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/191108/121739077. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  5. ^ Freyhof, J. & Kottelat, M. 2008. Cyprinus carpio. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T6181A12559362. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/6181/12559362. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  6. ^ NatureServe 2014. Noturus stigmosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T202698A19035375. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202698/19035375. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  7. ^ NatureServe 2014. Ammocrypta clara. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T202428A2744621. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202428/2744621. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  8. ^ NatureServe 2013. Crystallaria cincotta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T202435A15362696. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202435/15362696. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  9. ^ NatureServe 2013. Etheostoma maculatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T8118A13370273. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8118/13370273. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  10. ^ NatureServe 2014. Etheostoma osburni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T8124A13387979. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/8124/13387979. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  11. ^ NatureServe 2014. Etheostoma tippecanoe. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T202545A18232256. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202545/18232256. Downloaded on 29 October 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d "Lake Sturgeon Biology". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 3 March 2016. Archived from the original on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2018.
  13. ^ Galat, David L., and Clark, Sandra J., 2002, Fish spawning and discharge-temperature coupling along the Missouri River: 6th Annual Missouri River Natural Resources Conference, Missouri River Science, p. 40.
  14. ^ a b c d University of Florida. "Bowfin". Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  15. ^ a b c d Mandrak and Cudmore. 2004. Biological Synopsis of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ^ a b c d Shireman, J.V. and C.R. Smith. 1983. Synopsis of biological data on the grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Cuvier and Valentines, 1844). Food and Aquaculture Organization Synopsis. 135: 86pp.
  17. ^ a b "Mountain Brook Lamprey – NYS Dept. Of Environmental Conservation".
  18. ^ a b Netsh, Norval F., Arthur Witt Jr. (1962). Contributions to the Life History of the Longnose Gar (Lepisosteus osseus) in Missouri. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 91(3):251-262.
  19. ^ a b "Smaller Unusual Fish Species That Anglers May Encounter – NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". dec.ny.gov. Archived from the original on 3 February 2008.
  20. ^ a b c d "Common Shiner (Notropis cornutus)". Archived from the original on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.
  21. ^ a b Kinney, E. C. 1954. A life history of the silver chub, Hybopsis storeriana (Kirtland), in western Lake Erie with notes on associated species. Diss. Abstr. 20(6): 19878-1980. vol 35. Part II. 30759.
  22. ^ a b Flittner, G.A. (1964). Morphometry and life history of the emerald shiner, Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque (PhD diss.). Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor.
  23. ^ Campbell, J. S.; MacCrimmon, H. R. (1970). "Biology of the emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides Rafinesque in Lake Simcoe, Canada". Journal of Fish Biology. 2 (3): 259–273. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1970.tb03284.x.
  24. ^ a b McManamay RA, DJ Orth, CA Dolloff, and MA Cantrell. 2010. Gravel addition as a habitat zestoration technique for tailwaters. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 30.5:1238-1257.
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  27. ^ a b Smith, R. J. F. (1978). Seasonal changes in the histology of the gonads and dorsal skin of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 56, 2103–2109.
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  37. ^ a b c d Sule, M. J., Skelly, T. M. 1985. The life history of the shorthead redhorse, Moxostoma macrolepidotum, in the Kankakee River Drainage, Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey 85:123.
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  42. ^ a b Robinson, J. M., Jirka, K. J. and Chiotti, J. A. 2009. Age and growth analysis of the central mudminnow, Umbra limi. Applied Ichthyology 26:89-94.
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