LIST OF EARLY HINDU �MUSLIM MILITARY CONFLICTS IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT

The table below lists the early Hindu-Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent.^[1]

Muslim

Hindu

( Color legend for aggressor)

Year	Aggressor	Location	Commander	Details
636	Muslim	Tanah, near Mumbai	Caliph Umar	Major Naval Raid^[1]^[2]
c. 643	Muslim	Debal		Arabs invaded Debal at the mouth of the Indus river^[3]
650	Muslim	Zaranj	Caliph Uthman	City of Zabul occupied by Muslims^[1]
660s	Muslim	Bust	Ibn Samarah	Bust occupied; Kabul garrisoned^[1]
670	Hindu	Kabul	unknown	Hindus recapture Kabul^[1]
680	Hindu	Kabul	Ratbil, Yazid ibn Ziyad	Hindu raiding parties harass Muslims^[1]
692	Muslim	Bust	Abu Dulhah, Ratbil	Bust retaken by Muslim expedition^[1]
694	Muslim	Kabul	Ibn Abi-Makrah, Ratbil	Major Muslim siege fails to retake Kabul^[1]
708	Muslim	Sijistan	Qutaya ibn Muslim, Ratbil	Major punitive raid against Ratbil^[1]
710	Muslim	Sri Lanka	Al-Hajjaj	Raid on island^[1]
711	Muslim	Debal	Ubaidullah, Dahir	Ubaidullah killed by Dahir expedition failed^[1] -
712	Muslim	Debal	Budail, Jaisiah (Hullishah)	Budail was killed and many Arabs taken prisoners raja Dahir was the king at that time^[1]
713	Muslim	Multan	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Islamic conquest of urban Sindh completed^[1]
715	Hindu	Alor	Hullishah, al-Muhallab	Hindu army retakes major city from Muslims.^[1]
715	Hindu	Mehran	Hullishah, al-Muhallab	Muslims stall the Hindu counter-offensive^[1]
718	Hindu	Brahmanabadh	Hullishah, al-Muhallab	Hindu attacks resume^[1]
721	Muslim	Brahmanabadh	al-Muhallab, Hullishah	Hullishah becomes a Muslim, likely due to military reversals.^[1]
725	Muslim	Avanti	Nagabhata I	Defeat of large expedition against Avanti.^[1]
724-740	Muslim	Uzain, Mirmad, Dahnaj, others	Junayd of Sindh	Raiding India as part of Umayyad Hindu policy.^[1]
740	Muslim	Chittor	Mauray of Chittor	Hindus repulse an Arab siege^[1]
743	Muslim	al-Bailaman, al-Jurz	Junayd	Annexed by Muslims.^[1]
750	Muslim	Vallabhi	Junayd of Sindh, Nagabhata I	Pratihara capital sacked in Muslim raid.^[1]^[4]^[5]
754-775	Muslim	ar-Rukhraj, Kabul, Kandahar, Kashmir	Caliph Al-Mansur	Heavy raids and sieges but few annexations by Muslims^[1]
778	Muslims	Barabad	Caliph Al-Mahdi	Muslim amphibious assault annihilated.^[1]
Late 770s	Muslim	Sijistan	Caliph Al-Mahdi	Raja of Sijistan made vassal of Caliphate.^[1]
780-787	Muslim	Fort Tharra, Bagar, Bhaqmbur	Haji Abu Turab	Vigorous Muslim offensive captures several important Hindu outposts.^[1]
786-791	Muslim	Kabul	Caliph ar-Rashid	Major Muslim siege effort fails.^[1]
800-810	Hindu	Sindh border	Nagabhata II, Caliph Al-Amin	Several Muslim outposts fall to Pratihara incursions^[1]
810-820	Muslim	Kabul	Caliph Al-Ma'mun, Nagabhata II	Kabul falls to Muslims, is then retaken by Hindus.^[1]
820-830	Muslim	Fort Sindan	al-Fadl ibn Mahan	Sindan captured, but Hindu riots make pacification of Sindh impossible.^[1]
839	Hindu	Fort Sindan	Mihira Bhoja	Hindus expel Muslim garrison.^[1]
845	Hindu	Yavana	Dharmpala	Muslim principality becomes vassal of Pratiharas.^[1]
845-860	Hindu	Pratihara-Sindh	Mihira Bhoja	Uneasy truce between Sindh and Rajputana.^[1]
860	Hindu	Rajputana-Sindh	Kokkalla I	Kalachuri raids into Sindh to finance war with Pratihara kingdom^[1]
867	Muslim	Herat	Yakub ibn Layth	Saffarid conquest^[1]
870	Muslim	Kabul	Yakub ibn Layth, Lalliya Shahi	Saffarid conquest^[1]
880-900	Muslim	Sijistan	Amr ibn Layth, Kamaluka Shahi	Frequent raids by Muslims.^[1]
903-905	Hindu	Kabul region	Shahi dynasty	Disintegration of Saffarids allows major Hindu military achievements.^[1]
905-915	Hindu	Multan region	Mahipala Pratihara	Series of major but unsuccessful Hindu sieges of Multan.^[1]
940-950	Hindu	Multan region	Pratihara, Amir of Multan	Evidences of war and reprisals prior to the Qarmatian take-over.^[1]
c. 948-963	Muslim	Alptigin	Punjab	Alptigin of Ghazni plunders Punjab several times.^[6]
963	Muslim	Alptigin, Anuk Lawik	Fort Ghazni	Muslims take fort from Hindus.^[1]
965-973	Muslim	Lamghan	Sabuktigin	Heavy raiding^[1]
973	Hindu	Ghazna	Sabuktigin	Defeat of Hindu expedition.^[1]
973-991	Muslim	Lamghan	Sabuktigin, Jayapala	Long series of engagements, eventual Muslim annexation of Lamghan^[1]
1001	Muslim	Peshawar	Mahmud, Jayapala	Defeat of major Hindu confederation.^[1]
1004	Muslim	Bhera	Mahmud, Bijay Ray	Muslims annex city^[1]
1005–1006	Muslim	Multan	Mahmud, Fateh Daud	Siege successful, Daud agrees to pay tribute to Mahmud^[1]
1005–1008	Muslim	Punjab	Mahmud, Anandapala	Enormous devastation by Muslim raids.^[1]
1009	Muslim	Nagarkot	Mahmud	City razed^[1]
1009	Muslim	Ohind	Mahmud, Anandapala	Ghaznavid victory^[1]
1013	Muslim	Nandanah	Mahmud, Trilochanpala	City taken^[1]
1014	Hindu	Tosi river	Mahmud, Trilochanpala	Muslims halted^[1]
1015	Muslim	Lohkot ( Lahore)	Mahmud	Unsuccessful Muslim siege^[1]
1018	Muslim	Kannauj and Baran	Mahmud	Two major Hindu capitals surrounded.^[1]
1021	Muslim	Lohkot ( Lahore)	Mahmud	Second siege also fails^[1]
1022	Muslim	Fort Gwalior	Mahmud, Nanda	Fort taken^[1]
1022	Muslim	Fort Kalanjara	Mahmud, Nanda	Chandela fort stalls Muslim advance.^[1]
1025	Muslim	Somnath	Mahmud	City taken.^[1]
1027	Muslim	Indus Valley	Mahmud, Jats	Ghaznavid victory^[1]
1033	Muslim	Saraswa, near Saharanpur	Masud	Ghaznavid siege successful^[1]
1033	Muslim	Varanasi	Ahmed Nialtigin, Gangeyadeva	Major raid^[1]^[7]
1037	Muslim	Hansi (near Delhi)	Masud	Ghaznavid victory^[1]
1040	Muslim	Thanesar	Mahmud, Tomara dynasty	Major city taken.^[1]
1044	Hindu	Thanesar, Hansi, Kangra	Mahipal of Delhi	Grand counter offensive recaptures some ground.^[1]
1049	Muslim	Thanesar, Hansi, Kangra	Bu'Ali Hasan	Mahipal forced to give up some reconquests^[1]
1052	Muslim	Fort Kangra	Nushtigin Ghazni, Mahipala	Retaken by Muslims.^[1]
1060–1075	Muslim	Rupal, Ajudhan, Buria, Sirhind, Dhangan, Fort Darah	Sultan Ibrahim	Muslim conquests.^[1]
1079–1081	Muslim	Navsari	Ibrahim.	Muslims stall.^[1]
1084–1094	Muslim	Beyond Ganges.	Mahmud ibn Ibrahim	Powerful but valueless expeditionary probe^[1]
1099–1115	Muslim	Kannauj	Hajib Tughatigin, Madanachandra	Massive raids and sieges after Hindu reconquest bring many marginal victories but Kannauj remains in the hands of the Hindu garrison.^[1]
1120–1124	Muslim	Nagaur	Muhammed Bahlim	Massive penetration raid 300 miles south of Lahore.^[1]
1160–1175	Hindu	Dhillika, Asika, Aryavarta	Vigraharaja	Major successes in counter-offensive^[1]
1170	Hindu	Kannauj	Jayachandra	Hindus retake Kannauj^[1]
1170	Muslim	Multan	Ghuri, Muslim ruler of Multan	Ghurid victory^[1]
1178	Muslim	Nahrwalah	Ghuri	Siege fails^[1]
1178	Muslim	Kayadara	Ghuri, Mularaja II	Major defeat for Ghurids^[1]
1179	Muslim	Nadol	Ghuri	Major fort taken.^[1]
1182	Muslim	Ghuri	Unknown	Muslims halted.
1186	Muslim	Lahore	Ghuri	Ghurids take Lahore from the Ghaznavids.^[1]
1191	Muslim	Tabarhindah	Ghuri, Rai Kolah Pithora	Muslim victory ends Cahamen dynasty^[1]^{[ clarification needed]}
1191	Muslim	Tarain	Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan	Chauhan victory^[1]
1191	Muslim	Tarain	Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan	Chauhan victory^[1]
1192	Muslim	Tarain	Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan	Ghurid victory^[1]
1192	Muslim	Tarain	Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan	Ghurid victory^[1]
1193	Muslim	Chandawar	Ghuri, Jaichand	Ghurid victory.^[1]
1202	Muslim	Fort Kalinjar	Qutb al-Din, Rai Parmar	Fall of the fort ends independent Hindu dynasties of Kannauj^[1]
1203	Muslim	Mahoba	Qutb al-Din	Capital of Kalpi province falls.^[1]
1205	Muslim	Brahmaputra area	Muhammad ibn Bakhtyar	Major Muslim expedition to Tibet a failure.^[1]
1205	Hindu	Fort Kalinjar	Chandelas	Fort recaptured.^[1]
1205	Hindu	Between Lahore and Multan	Ghurid, Khokhars	Khokar rebellion put down by Ghurids^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck Richards, J.F. (1974). "The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia". Journal of South Asian Studies. 4 (1): 91–109. doi: 10.1080/00856407408730690.
^ R. C. Majumdar. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. 3. p. 167.
^ Majumdar. 3. p. 169
^ Majumdar, R. C. Pusalkar, A. D. (ed.). History and Culture of Indian People, Classical age. p. 150.
^ Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. SUNY Press. pp. 187–189. ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^ Majumdar. 5. p. 2
^ Lal, Kishori Saran. The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India. Chapter 3: Muslims Invade India.

[Richards-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck Richards, J.F. (1974). "The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia". Journal of South Asian Studies. 4 (1): 91–109. doi: 10.1080/00856407408730690.

[2] R. C. Majumdar. The History and Culture of the Indian People. Vol. 3. p. 167.

[3] Majumdar. 3. p. 169

[4] Majumdar, R. C. Pusalkar, A. D. (ed.). History and Culture of Indian People, Classical age. p. 150.

[5] Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. SUNY Press. pp. 187–189. ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7. Retrieved 10 May 2015.

[6] Majumdar. 5. p. 2

[7] Lal, Kishori Saran. The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India. Chapter 3: Muslims Invade India.

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