This list covers English-language country names with their etymologies. Some of these include notes on indigenous names and their etymologies. Countries in italics are
endonyms or no longer exist as sovereign political entities.
From
Classical Persian افغان (afğān, “Afghan”), from
Bactrian αβαγανο (abagano), first attested in the fourth century CE, most likely a compound of *apāka- (“distant, faraway”), from
Proto-Iranian*Hapá, from
Proto-Indo-Iranian*Hapá (“away”), from
Proto-Indo-European*h₂epó + *-āna (“ethnic group”), from
Proto-Indo-European*-nós, thus: "people from a distant land".[1] Various scholars have proposed Sanskrit etymologies since the nineteenth century (especially prior to the 2007 publication of earlier Bactrian attestations for the word), but linguist Johnny Cheung notes that these are "extremely difficult to reconcile" with recent evidence pointing to a Bactrian source.
Arbëri, its medieval endonym: "Land of the Albanians" in
Albanian, presumably from the same source as above by way of
rhotacism. An Arbanitai were mentioned in Attaliates's History as subjects of the
Duke of Dyrrachium, near modern
Durrës.[2]
Shqipëri, its modern endonym: "Land of the Understanding", from the Albanian adverb shqip, "understanding each other".[8][9] A popular
pseudoetymology ("Land of the Eagles") erroneously derives it instead from shqiponjë ("eagle").[6]
"Land of
Algiers", a
Latinization of French colonial name l'Algérie adopted in 1839.[10] The city's name derives from French Alger, itself from
CatalanAldjère,[11] from the
Ottoman TurkishCezayir and
Arabical-Jazāʼir (الجزائر, "the Islands"). This was a truncated form of the city's older name, Jazā’ir Banī Māzġānna (جزائر بني مازغان, "Islands of the
sons of Mazġannā"), which referred to four islands off the city's coast which were held by a local
Sanhaja tribe.[12][13] (These islands joined the mainland in 1525.) An alternate theory traces the Arabic further back to a transcription of the
BerberLdzayer in reference to
Ziri ibn Manad,[citation needed] founder of the
Zirid dynasty, whose son
Buluggin ibn Ziri resettled the city.[14] In Berber, ziri means "moonlight".[citation needed]
Algiers[15] or Algier,[16] former names: As above.
"Land of
Ndongo", from the Portuguese colonial name (Reino de Angola),[20] which erroneously derived a toponym from the
Mbundu title ngola a kiluanje ("conquering ngola", a priestly title originally denoting a "chief smith",[21][22] then eventually "king") held by Ndambi a Ngola (
Portuguese: Dambi Angola) as lord of
Ndongo, a state in the highlands between the
Kwanza and
Lukala Rivers.
Barbuda: "Bearded" in Spanish, corrected from earlier Barbado, Berbuda, Barbouthos, &c.[23][27] This may derive from the appearance of the island's
fig trees or from the beards of the
indigenous people.
The first description of the region by the word Argentina has been found on a
Venetian map in 1536.[28] The name "Argentina" comes from
Italian. Argentina (
masculineargentino) means in Italian "(made) of silver, silver coloured", derived from the Latin "argentum" for silver. La Argentina ("the silvery"), a 17th-century truncation of Tierra Argentina ("Land beside the Silvery River",
lit. "Silvery Land"), named via argento (either in Italian or poetic Spanish) in reference to the
Río de la Plata, so called by Italian explorer
Sebastian Cabot during his
expedition there in the 1520s after acquiring some silver trinkets from the
Guaraní along the
Paraná near modern-day
Asunción,
Paraguay.[29]
Etymology unknown.
Latinized from
GreekArmenía (Ἀρμενία), "Land of the Armenioi" (Αρμένιοι) attested in the 5th century BC,[30] from
Old PersianArmina () attested in the late 6th century BC,[31] of uncertain origin.
It may be a continuation of the
AssyrianArmânum[32] which was conquered by
Naram-Sin in 2200 BC[33] and has been identified with an Akkadian colony in the
Diarbekr region.[32] The name has also been claimed as a variant of the Urmani or Urmenu appearing in an inscription of
Menuas of Urartu,[34] as a proposed tribe of the
Hayasa-Azzi known as the Armens (
Armenian: Արմեններ, Armenner)[35][36] or as a continuation of the
BiblicalMinni (
Hebrew: מנּי)[37] and Assyrian Minnai,[38] corresponding to the
Mannai. (Addition of the
SumerogramḪAR would make this name equivalent to "the mountainous region of the Minni".[39][40]) Diakonoff derived the name from a proposed
Urartian and
Aramaicamalgam*Armnaia ("inhabitant of Arme" or "Urme"),[41] a region held by Proto-Armenians in the
Sason mountains.[citation needed] Ultimately, the name has been connected to the
Proto-Indo-European root *ar- ("assemble", "create") also found in the word Ararat, Aryan, Arta, &c.[42][43]
Hayastan, the local endonym: Etymology unknown. The modern
ArmenianHayastan (Հայաստան) derives from earlier Armenian Hayk (Հայք) and
Persian-stān (ستان). Hayk' derives from
Old ArmenianHaykʿ (հայք), traditionally derived from a legendary patriarch named
Hayk (Հայկ).[49] Aram above was considered to be one of his descendants.
"Southern Land" in
Neo-Latin, adapted from the legendary pseudo-geographical Terra Australis Incognita ("Unknown Southern Land") dating back to the Roman era. First appearing as a corruption of the Spanish name for an island in
Vanuatu in 1625,[50] "Australia" was slowly popularized following the advocacy of the
British explorerMatthew Flinders in his 1814 description of his circumnavigation of the island.[51]Lachlan Macquarie, a
Governor of New South Wales, used the word in his dispatches to England and recommended it be formally adopted by the Colonial Office in 1817.[52] The Admiralty agreed seven years later and the continent became officially known as Australia in 1824.[53] In Flinders' book he published his rationale:
"There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will ever be found in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain descriptive of the geographical importance of this country, and of its situation on the globe: it has antiquity to recommend it; and, having no reference to either of the two claiming nations, appears to be less objectionable than any other which could have been selected."[54]
(Antarctica, the hypothesized land for which the name Terra Australis originally referred to, was sighted in 1820, and not explored until decades after Flinders' book had popularized this shift of the name.)
Oz, a colloquial endonym: Likely a contraction from above.
Folk etymology traces the name to the 1939 film, The Wizard of Oz, but the Oxford English Dictionary records the first occurrence as "Oss" in 1908.[55]Frank Baum's original
book predates this and may have inspired the name,[56] but it is also possible Baum himself was influenced by Australia in his development of Oz.[57]
Albania, a former name: From the
LatinAlbānia, from the
GreekAlbanía ([text?]),[68] related to the
Old ArmenianAłuankʿ (Աղուանք). The native
Lezgic name(s) for the country is unknown,[69] but Strabo reported its people to have 26 different languages and to have only been recently unified in his time. It is often referenced as "Caucasian Albania" in modern scholarship to distinguish it from the European country above.
"Large upper middle island", from the
Lucayan name Bahama used by the indigenous
Taíno people for the island of
Grand Bahama.[70][71] Tourist guides often state that the name comes the
Spanishbaja mar ('shallow sea'),[70] in reference to the reef-filled
Bahama Banks.[72]
"The Two Seas" in
Arabic (البحرين, al-Baḥrayn). However, the question of which two seas were originally intended remains in dispute.[73] A popular
folk etymology relates Bahrain to the "two seas" mentioned five times in the
Quran. The passages, however, do not refer to the modern island but rather to the
Saudi deserts opposite modern Bahrain.[73] It is possible Bahrain (previously known as
Awal) simply acquired its name when that region became known as
al-Hasa, but today the name is generally taken to refer to the island itself. The two seas are then the bay east and west of the island,[74] the seas north and south of the island,[citation needed] or the salt water surrounding the island and the fresh water beneath it which appears in wells and also bubbling up at places in the middle of the gulf.[75] An alternate theory offered by al-Ahsa was that the two seas were the
Great Green Ocean and a peaceful lake on the mainland;[which?] still another provided by
al-Jawahari is that the original formal name Bahri (lit. "belonging to the sea") would have been misunderstood and so was opted against.[75]
The etymology of Bangladesh (Country of Bengal) can be traced to the early 20th century, when Bengali patriotic songs, such as Namo Namo Namo Bangladesh Momo by
Kazi Nazrul Islam and Aaji Bangladesher Hridoy by
Rabindranath Tagore, used the term.[76] The term Bangladesh was often written as two words, Bangla Desh, in the past. Starting in the 1950s, Bengali nationalists used the term in political rallies in
East Pakistan.
The exact origin of the word Bangla is unknown, though it is believed to come from "Vanga", an ancient kingdom mentioned in world's largest Epic
Mahabharat even
Ramayan and geopolitical division on the Ganges delta in the Indian subcontinent. It was located in southern Bengal, with the core region including present-day southern West Bengal (India) and southwestern Bangladesh. The suffix "al" came to be added to it from the fact that the ancient rajas of this land raised mounds of earth 10 feet high and 20 in breadth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al". From this suffix added to the Bung, the name Bengal arose and gained currency".[77][78] Support to this view is found in
Ghulam Husain Salim's
Riyaz-us-Salatin.[79]
Other theories point to a
Bronze Ageproto-Dravidian tribe,[80] the
Austric word "Bonga" (Sun god),[81] and the Iron Age
Vanga Kingdom.[81] The Indo-Aryan suffix Desh is derived from the Sanskrit word deśha, which means "land" or "country". Hence, the name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal".[82]Sanskrit language influenced the name of Bangladesh. The term Vanga was used in the Sanskrit texts.
The term Bangla denotes both the
Bengal region and the
Bengali language. The earliest known usage of the term is the
Nesari plate in 805 AD. The term Vangaladesa is found in 11th-century South Indian records.[82][83] The term gained official status during the
Sultanate of Bengal in the 14th century.[84][85]Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah proclaimed himself as the first "
Shah of Bangala" in 1342.[84] The word Bangla became the most common name for the region during the Islamic period. The
Portuguese referred to the region as Bengala in the 16th century.[86]
"Bearded ones", from the Portuguese As Barbadas,[87] corrected from earlier Barbata, Barbuda, S. Barduda, Barbadoes, &c.[87] First attested by a 1519 map done by the
Genoese cartographer
Visconte Maggiolo.[88] As with
Barbuda, the name may derive from the appearance of the island's
fig trees or from the beards of the
indigenous people. (Isaac Taylor was of the opinion that Barbuda was named for its men, Barbados for its figs.[39])
"White Russia", a
compound of the
Belarusianbel- (бел-, "white") and Rus (Русь, Rus') adopted in 1991. The meaning is "Russian" in the cultural and historic (
Old East Slavic: рускъ, ruskʺ;
Old Belarusian: руски, ruski;
Russian: русский, russkiy) but not national sense (
Russian: россиянин, rossiyánin), a distinction sometimes made by translating the name as "White Ruthenia", although "Ruthenian" has
other meanings as well. The name is first attested in the 13th century as German Weissrussland and
LatinRussia Alba, first in reference to Russia's
White and then
Black Sea coasts.[89] The exonym was next applied to
Great Novgorod and then
Muscovy after its conquest of that region, finally being applied to its present region in the late 16th century to describe ethnically Russian regions being conquered from
Poland.[89] This last change was politically motivated, with
Russia employing the foreign term to justify its revanchism at
Poland's expense.[89] The original meaning of "white" in Belarus's name is unknown. It may simply have arisen from confusion with legends concerning
Caucasian Albania[89] or from a use of colors to distinguish cardinal directions as seen in "
Red Russia".[90] Other theories include its use to distinguish Belarus as "free" or "pure", particularly of
Mongolian control, or to distinguish the region from "
Black Russia", a region of productive soil.[citation needed] For the further etymology of Rus, see
Russia below.
Etymology unknown. Traditionally derived from a Spanish transcription of "Wallace", a Scottish buccaneer who established an eponymous settlement (on Spanish maps, Valize and Balize[39]) along the
Belize River (which he also named after himself) in the early 17th century.[97] Alternatively taken from the
Mayan word beliz ("muddy water"),[98] presumably in reference to the river, or from
Kongolese Africans who brought the name with them from
Cabinda. Adopted in 1973 while still a
self-governing colony of the United Kingdom.
"[Land beside] the
Bight of Benin", the stretch of the
Gulf of Guinea west of the
Niger delta, a purposefully neutral name chosen to replace
Dahomey (see below) in 1975. The Bight itself is named after a
city and a
kingdom in present-day
Nigeria having no relation to the modern Benin. The English name comes from a Portuguese transcription (Benin) of a local corruption (Bini) of the
Itsekiri form (Ubinu) of the
YorubaIle-Ibinu ("Home of Vexation"), a name bestowed on the
Edo capital by the irate
IfeobaOranyan in the 12th century.[citation needed]
An alternate theory derives Bini from the
Arabicbani (بني, "sons" or "tribe").[citation needed]
Dahomey or Dahomy, a former name: "Belly of Dã" in
Fon (Dã Homè),[39] from the palace of the
ahosuAkaba, traditionally built over the entrails of a local ruler.[99] In Fon, the name "Dã" or "Dan" can also mean "snake" or the snake-god
Damballa. Upon the restoration of independence, the name was deemed no longer appropriate since the historic kingdom comprised only the southern regions and ethnicities of the modern state.
Etymology unknown. Names similar to Bhutan—including Bottanthis, Bottan, Bottanter—began to appear in Europe around the 1580s.
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier's 1676 Six Voyages is the first to record the name Boutan. However, in every case, these seem to have been describing not modern Bhutan but the
Kingdom of Tibet.[100] The modern distinction between the two did not begin until well into
George Bogle's 1774 expedition—realizing the differences between the two regions, cultures, and states, his final report to the
East India Company formally proposed labeling the
Druk Desi's kingdom as "Boutan" and the
Panchen Lama's as "Tibet". Subsequently, the EIC's surveyor general
James Rennell first anglicized the French name as Bootan and then popularized the distinction between it and greater Tibet.[100] The name is traditionally taken to be a transcription of the
SanskritBhoṭa-anta (भोट-अन्त, "end of
Tibet"), in reference to Bhutan's position as the southern extremity of the Tibetan plateau and culture.[39][101] "Bhutan" may have been truncated from this or been taken from the
Nepali name Bhutān (भूटान). It may also come from a truncation of Bodo Hathan ("Tibetan place").[citation needed] All of these ultimately derive from the
Tibetan endonym Bod. An alternate theory derives it from the
SanskritBhu-Utthan (भू-उत्थान, "highlands").[101]
Druk Yul, the local endonym: "Land of the Thunder Dragon" in
Bhutanese (འབྲུག་ཡུལ་). Variations of this were known and used as early as 1730. The first time a Kingdom of Bhutan separate from Tibet did appear on a western map, it did so under its local name as "Broukpa".[100]
"Country of the
Tswana" in
Setswana, after the country's dominant ethnic group. The etymology of "Tswana" is uncertain.
Livingstone derived it from the Setswana tshwana ("alike", "equal"),[109] others from a word for "free".[110] However, other early sources suggest that while the Tswana adopted the name, it was an exonym they learned from the Germans and British.[111]
Bechuanaland, a former name: from "Bechuana", an alternate spelling of "Botswana".
brazilwood, from the Portuguese Terra do Brasil, from the tree pau-brasil ("brazilwood", lit. "wood of ember", "wood in ember"),[112] a name derived from its similarity to red-hot embers (
Portuguese: brasa).[113][114][115] The name may have been a translation of the
Tupiibirapitanga, also meaning "red-wood".[citation needed] The ending -il derives from the diminutive
Latin suffix -ilus.[113][114]
The appearance of
islands named "Bracile", "Hy-Brazil", or "Ilha da Brasil" on maps as early as the c. 1330
portolan chart of
Angelino Dulcert[112] sometimes leads etymologists to question the standard etymology. While most of these islands of Brazil are found off the coast of Ireland and may be taken to stem from a
Celtic rendering of the legendary
Isle of the Blessed,[112] the 1351
Medici Atlas places one Brazil near Ireland and a second one off the
Azores near
Terceira Island. That use may derive from its
four volcanoes or reference its
dragon's blood, a red resin dye. Regardless, the initial names of present-day Brazil were Ilha de Vera Cruz ("Island of the True Cross") and then – after it was discovered to be a new mainland – Terra de Santa Cruz ("Land of the Holy Cross"); this only changed after a
Lisbon-based merchant consortium led by
Fernão de Loronha leased the new colony for massive exploitation of the costly dyewood which had previously been available only from India.
Pindorama, a former name: "Land of the Palm Trees" in
Guarani, the language of the
Guarani people of Paraguay and southwest Brazil.[citation needed]
Full name of Brunei is Brunei Darussalam, Darussalam is in Arabic which mean the Abode of Peace.
Etymology unknown. Modern
folk etymology derives the name Brunei from a
Malay exclamation Barunah! ("There!"), supposedly exclaimed by
Awang Alak Betatar, the legendary 14th-century
sultan, upon landing on
Borneo or upon moving from
Garang to the
Brunei river delta.[116][117] An earlier folk etymology traced it to his alleged membership in an Arabian tribe called the
Buranun.[citation needed] Chinese sources recording a mission from the king of "Boni" (渤泥, Bóní) as early as 978[118][119] and a later "P'o-li" (婆利, Pólì) seem to contradict these but may refer to
Borneo as a whole.[119] It is mentioned in the 15th-century history of
Java as a country conquered by
Adaya Mingrat, general of
Angka Wijaya,[120] and around 1550 by the Italian
Ludovico di Varthema under the name "island of Bornei". Other derivations include an Indian word for "seafarers" (from
Sanskrit: वरुण, varunai),[121] another for "land" (from
Sanskrit: bhumi),[122] or the
Kelabit for the
Limbang River.[123] It is also said that the word 'Brunei' is said to have come from the Sanskrit word Bhūrṇi (भूर्णि) which means "land" or "earth" and Brunei could have been called Karpūradvīpa (कर्पूरद्वीप) which means "camphor island" as camphor was one export Brunei was well known for in ancient times.[124]
From the
Bulgars, the extinct tribe of
Turkic origin, which created the country. Their name is possibly derived from the
Proto-Turkic word bulģha ("to mix", "shake", "stir") and its derivative bulgak ("revolt", "disorder")[125] Alternate etymologies include derivation from a
Mongolic cognate bulğarak ("to separate", "split off")[citation needed] or from a compound of
proto-Turkicbel ("five") and gur ("arrow" in the sense of "
tribe"), a proposed division within the
Utigurs or
Onogurs ("ten tribes").[126]
Within Bulgaria, some historians question the identification of the Bulgars as a Turkic tribe, citing certain linguistic evidence (such as Asparukh's name) in favor of a
North Iranian or
Pamiri origin.[127][128]
"Land of Honest Men", from an
amalgam of
Moreburkina ("honest", "upright", or "incorruptible men") and
Dioulafaso ("homeland"; literally "father's house"), selected by President
Thomas Sankara following his 1983 coup to replace
Upper Volta.
Upper Volta, a former name: "Land of the Upper
Volta River", whose main tributaries originate in the country. The Volta itself (
Portuguese: "twist", "turn") was named by Portuguese gold traders exploring the region.[citation needed]
Named for the
Burmans, the nation's largest ethnic group, a correction of 18th-century "Bermah" and "Birma", from Portuguese Birmania, probably from Barma in various
Indian languages, ultimately from
BurmeseBama (), a colloquial oral version of the literary Myanma (),[129] the eventual pronunciation of the
Old BurmeseMranma,[130] first attested in an 1102
Mon inscription as Mirma,[131] of uncertain etymology. It was not until the mid-19th century that King
Mindon referred to his position as "king of the Myanma people",[132] as it was only during the
Konbaung Dynasty that Burmans fully displaced the Mon within the
Irrawaddy valley.
Myanmar, the present endonym: As above. The terminal r included in the official English translation arose from the nation's status as a
former British colony and reflects
non-rhotic accents such as
Oxford English.
"Land of the
Kambojas". Anglicised from French Cambodge via an intermediate Khmer form Kampuchea, from
SanskritKambujadeśa (कम्बोजदेश). The AD 947
Baksei Chamkrong inscription explains (and probably invented) the Sanskrit name from Kambu, a legendary Indian sage who journeyed to
Indochina and married a
naga princess named Mera, plus (-ja) meaning "descendants of".[134] In informal usage Cambodians refer to their country as Srok Khmer, "Land of the Khmers".
"
Shrimp", from the singular French Cameroun derived from the German Kamerun, from the
anglicized "Cameroons" derived from the Portuguese Rio deCamarões[135] ("Shrimp River") bestowed in 1472 on account of a massive swarm of the
Wouri River's
ghost shrimp.[135]
Kamerun, a former name: The German name for their colony there between 1884 and the end of
World War I, as above. Formerly also known simply as German Cameroon.
Cameroun, a former name: The French name for their colony there between
World War I and 1960, as above. Formerly also known simply as French Cameroons.
A prominent theory is that the word Canada means "Village", from
IroquoianKanada,[136] adopted for the entire
Canadian Confederation in 1867, from name of the
BritishProvince of Canada formed by the 1841 reunification of
Upper and
Lower Canada, previously established by a division of
Quebec, the British renaming of the French territory of
Canada. French Canada had received its name when its administrators adopted the name used by the
explorerJacques Cartier to refer to
St. Lawrence River and the territory along it belonging to the
Iroquoian chief
Donnacona. In 1535, he had misunderstood the Laurentian Kanada as the name of Donnacona's capital
Stadacona.[137]
Another popular theory is that it
folk etymology derived the name from Spanish or Portuguese acá or cá nada ("nothing here") in reference to the region's lack of gold or silver.[138][139]
Quebec, a former name: "Where the river narrows", from
Algonquinkébec via French, in reference to the St. Lawrence River near modern
Quebec City.
Samuel de Champlain chose the name in 1608 for the new town there,[140] which gave its name to a section of French Canada and then the British province of Quebec, which eventually became modern Canada and even briefly included the entire Ohio River valley between the enactment of the
Quebec Act in 1774 and the surrender of the region to the United States in 1783. (Modern Quebec was formed from
Canada East during the Canadian Confederation in 1867.)
"Green
Cape", from the Portuguese Cabo Verde, from its position across from the mainland cape of that name since its discovery in 1444. The cape is located beside
Gorée Island in the modern nation of
Senegal and is now known by its French form "
Cap-Vert". [citation needed]
Etymology unknown. The name dates to the "men of Chilli",[141] the survivors of the first Spanish expedition into the region in 1535 under
Diego de Almagro. Almagro applied the name to the
Mapocho valley,[142] but its further etymology is debated. The 17th-century Spanish chronicler
Diego de Rosales derived it from the
QuechuaChili, a toponym for the
Aconcagua valley, which he considered a corruption of Tili, the name of a
Picunchechief who ruled the area at the time of its conquest by the
Inca.[143][144] Modern theories derive it from the similarly named Incan settlement and valley of Chili in
Peru's
Casma Valley,[142] the Quechua chiri ("cold"),[145] the
Aymaratchili ("snow"[145][146] or "depths"[147]), the
Mapuchechilli ("where the land ends" or "runs out"),[141] or the Mapuche cheele-cheele ("
yellow-winged blackbird").[141][148]
"China" is the conventional name for the People's Republic of China, even though the term was also used to refer to the Republic of China internationally in some contexts as late as the 1970s.
Derived from
Middle PersianChīnīچینی, derived from
SanskritCīnāh (चीन).[150] Often said that the word "China" and its related terms are derived from the
Qin state which existed on the furthest west of
China proper since the 9th century BC, and which later
unified China to form the
Qin dynasty (秦,
Old Chinese: *dzin).[151][152][153] This is still the most commonly held theory, although many other suggestions have been mooted.[154][155] The existence of the word Cīna in ancient Hindu texts was noted by the Sanskrit scholar
Hermann Jacobi who pointed out its use in the work Arthashastra with reference to silk and woven cloth produced by the country of Cīna. The word is also found in other texts including the Mahābhārata and the Laws of Manu.[156] The Indologist
Patrick Olivelle however argued that the word Cīnā may not have been known in India before the first century BC, nevertheless he agreed that it probably referred to Qin but thought that the word itself was derived from a Central Asian language.[157] Some Chinese and Indian scholars argued for the state of
Jing (荆) as the likely origin of the name.[155] Another suggestion, made by Geoff Wade, is that the Cīnāh in Sanskrit texts refers to an ancient kingdom centered in present-day
Guizhou, called
Yelang, in the south Tibeto-Burman highlands.[156] The inhabitants referred to themselves as Zina according to Wade.[158] The word in Europe is first recorded in 1516 in the journal of Portuguese explorer
Duarte Barbosa.[159] The word is first recorded in English in a translation published in 1555.[160]
Cathay, a former & literary name: "
Khitai", from Marco Polo's Italian Catai, used for northern but not southern China, ultimately from the
Khitan endonym Kitai Gur ("Kingdom of the
Khitai"),[161] possibly via
PersianKhitan (ختن) or Chinese Qìdān (契丹).
Seres and Serica, former names: "Land of Silk" in
Greek (Σηρες, Sēres) and
Latin, respectively. The further etymology is typically derived from the Chinese for silk (
simplified Chinese: 丝;
traditional Chinese: 絲;
pinyin: sī), but the modern correspondence belies the Old Chinese pronunciation *sə.[162]
"[Land beside] the
Congo River", adopted by the country upon independence in 1960 from the previous
French autonomous colony Republic of the Congo (
French: République du Congo) established in 1958, ultimately from the name of the original
FrenchcolonyFrench Congo (Congo français) established in 1882. The river itself derived its name from
Kongo, a
Bantu kingdom which occupied its mouth around the time of its discovery by the
Portuguese in 1483[165] or 1484[166] and whose name derived from its people, the
Bakongo, an endonym said to mean "hunters" (
Kongo: mukongo, nkongo).[167]
French Congo, a former name: As above, with the inclusion of its occupier to distinguish it from the
Belgian-controlled
Congo to its south. For further etymology of "France", see
below.
Middle Congo, a former name: From its position along the river, a translation of the French Moyen-Congo, adopted as the colony's name between 1906 and 1958.
Congo (Brazzaville): As above, with the inclusion of the country's capital to distinguish it from
Congo (Léopoldville) or (Kinshasa) to its south.
Brazzaville itself derives from the colony's founder,
Pierre Savorgnan de Brazzà, an Italian nobleman whose title referred to the town of Brazzacco, in the
comune of
Moruzzo, whose name derived from the
LatinBrattius or Braccius, both meaning "arm".[168]
Belgian Congo, a former name: As above, following the Free State's union with
Belgium in 1908, whose name was often included to distinguish the colony from the
French-controlled
Congo to its north. For further etymology of "Belgium", see
above.
Congo (Léopoldville) and Congo-Léopoldville, former names: As above, with the inclusion of the country's capital to distinguish it from
Congo (Brazzaville) to its north. This usage was especially common when both countries shared identical official names prior to Congo-Léopoldville's adoption of the name "Democratic Republic of the Congo" (République démocratique du Congo) in 1964.[169]Léopoldville itself was named for
Leopold II of Belgium upon its founding in 1881. Leopold's own name derives from
Latinleo ("lion") or
Old High Germanliut ("people") and OHG bald ("brave").
Congo (Kinshasa) and Congo-Kinshasa, alternate names: As above, following the renaming of Léopoldville after the nearby native settlement of
Kinshasa or Kinchassa[170] to its east[171] as part of the
MobutistAuthenticity movement.
Zaire or Zaïre, a former name: "[Land beside] the Congo River", a French form of a Portuguese corruption of the
KongoNzere ("river"), a truncation of Nzadi o Nzere ("river swallowing rivers"),[172] adopted for the river and the country between 1971 and 1997 as part of the
Authenticity movement.
"Ivory Coast" in French, from its previous involvement in the
ivory trade. Similar names for Côte d'Ivoire and other nearby countries include the "
Grain Coast", the "
Gold Coast", and the "
Slave Coast".
Ivory Coast, an alternate name: Self-descriptive, the English translation of the above.
Alternate theories include
Zbigniew Gołąb's proposal that it is a borrowing from
Proto-Germanic*C(h)rovati, presumed to mean "warriors clad with horn-armor"[175] or chrawat, "mountaineers".[39]
The most common
folk etymology derives its name from "copper", since the island's extensive supply gave Greek and Latin words for the metal.[181] Although these words derived from Cyprus rather than the other way around, the name has more recently been derived from an
Eteocypriot word for "copper" and even from the
Sumerianzubar ("copper") or kubar ("bronze").[citation needed]
Self-descriptive, adopted upon the
Velvet Divorce in 1993. The name "Czech" derives from the archaic
Czech endonym Czech or Cžech,[182] a member of the
West Slavic tribe whose
Přemyslid dynasty subdued its neighbors in
Bohemia around AD 900. Its further etymology is disputed. The
traditional etymology derives it from an eponymous leader
Čech who led the tribe into
Bohemia. Modern theories consider it an obscure derivative, e.g. from četa, a medieval military unit.[183]
Czechia, a less common alternate name: A
Latinized version of the Czech endonym Czechy.
Bohemia, a former name:[184] "Land of the
Boii", a
Celtic tribe of the region. The ultimate etymology of Boii is uncertain, but has been connected to
Proto-Indo-European roots meaning "cow" and "warrior". Now refers only to the area of Bohemia proper.
Czechy or Čechy, a former endonym: "Land of the
Czechs" in archaic
Czech. Now typically considered to refer only to the area of
Bohemia proper, excluding
Moravia and other areas.
Česko, a current endonym: "Land of the
Czechs" in modern
Czech. Although it appeared as early as the 18th century, Česko remained uncommon enough that most Czechs only associated it with its appearance in the Czech name for Czechoslovakia (Česko-Slovensko or Československo) so many resisted the use of it following the division of the country. Given the inability to use the former name Čechy either, government campaigns have tried to make Česko more common.[185]
Etymology uncertain, but probably "The
Danish forest" or "
march" in reference to the forests of southern
Schleswig.[186] First attested in
Old English as Denamearc in
Alfred's translation of
Paulus Orosius's Seven Books of History against the Pagans.[187] The etymology of "
Danes" is uncertain, but has been derived from the proposed
Proto-Indo-European root *dhen ("low, flat"); -mark from the proposed
Proto-Indo-European root *mereg- ("edge, boundary") via
Old Norsemerki ("boundary") or more probably mǫrk ("borderland, forest").
The former
folk etymology derived the name from an eponymous king
Dan of the region.
"Sunday Island" in
Latin, feminized from diēs Dominicus ("Sunday",
lit. "Lordly Day"), possibly via Spanish Domingo, for the day of the island's sighting by
Christopher Columbus on 3 November 1493. At the time of Dominica's discovery, there was no special
saint's day on that date and Columbus's own father had been named
Domenego.
Wai'tu Kubuli, a former endonym: "Tall is her body" in the local
Carib dialect.[188]
"Republic of
Santo Domingo", the capital city of the
Spanish-held region of
Hispaniola since its incorporation by
Bartholomew Columbus on 5 August 1498 as La Nueva Isabela, Santo Domingo del Puerto de la Isla de la Española ("New
Isabela, Saint Dominic of the Port of
Hispaniola") either in honor of Sunday (see
Dominica above),[39] his father
Domenego, or
Saint Dominic's feast day[189] on 4 August.[190]Nicolás de Ovando shortened the name to Santo Domingo de Guzmán upon the city's refounding at a new site after a major hurricane in 1502.[191] Dominic himself was named for Saint
Dominic of Silos, the monk at whose shrine his mother was said to have prayed.[citation needed] Dominic (from the
LatinDominicus, "lordly" or "belonging to
the Lord") was a common name for children born on Sunday (see "Dominica"
above) and for
religious names.[citation needed]
Spanish Haiti, a former name: Self-descriptive, translated from the Spanish name República del Haití Español chosen upon independence in 1821. The "Spanish" distinguished it from the adjacent French-speaking
Haiti. For further etymology of "Haiti", see
below.
Ozama and Cibao, a former name: From the French Départements de l'Ozama et du Cibao, from the
Taínocibao ("abounding in rocks", referring to the island's
Central Range) and the
Ozama River, from Taíno ozama ("wetlands", "navigable waters").[citation needed]
"Eastern East [Island]", from the Portuguese Timor-Leste ("East Timor"), in reference to the state's position on the eastern half of the island of
Timor, whose name derives from the
Malaytimur ("east"), from its position in the
Lesser Sundas.[193]
Portuguese Timor, a former name: As above, with the addition of its colonizer to distinguish it from
Dutch and later
Indonesian Timor on the western half of the island. For further etymology of Portugal, see
below.
Timor-Leste, an alternate name: "East Timor" in Portuguese. In the official name, Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste (Democratic Republic of East Timor).
"
Equator" in Spanish, truncated from the Spanish República del Ecuador (
lit. "Republic of the Equator"), from the former
Ecuador Department of
Gran Colombia established in 1824 as a division of the former territory of the
Royal Audience of Quito. Quito, which remained the capital of the department and republic, is located only about 40 kilometres (25 mi), ¼ of a
degree, south of the equator.
Strabo recorded the Greek
folk etymology that it derived from the Greek Aigaíou hyptíōs (Αἰγαίου ὑπτίως, "[land] below the
Aegean").
Kumat, a former endonym: "Black Land", reconstructed from
Egyptiankmt, distinguishing the Nile flood plain from the "Red Land" of the desert, later becoming
CopticKīmi (Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ). A previous folk etymology related the name to the Biblical
Ham.
Self-descriptive. Although the country's territory does not touch the
equator, it straddles the line: the island
Annobón lies to the south while the mainland is to the north. For further etymology of "Guinea", see
below.
"Land of the
Aesti", a correction of earlier Esthonia, a re-
Latinization of the
Old EnglishEstland, a development of the
Old High GermanAestland, a combination of the
LatinAestia and the German -land ("-land"). The name Aestia was a combination of the Latin Aesti and the locative suffix -ia, meaning "Land of the
Aesti" (a people first mentioned by Ancient Roman historian
Tacitus around 98 AD). Some historians have hypothesized that he was referring to speakers of Baltic languages and, not their then
Finnic-speaking neighbours to the north, while others have suggested that the name Aesti may have been at earlier times applied to the entire Eastern Baltic region.[197] The
Scandinavian sagas' references to Eistland are the earliest known sources using the toponym indisputably for a geographic area overlapping with modern Estonia.[198] The word Estland/Eistland has been linked to Old Norse eist, austr meaning "the east".[199]
The Estonian endonym Eesti was first attested in writing as Estimah in 1638, as a combination of the name Est- and the word -mah ("land"), which is still used as an alternative name Eestimaa in modern Standard Estonian.
The Finnish name Viro is derived from the northeast Estonian
Viru County, which was closest to Finns along the shore. Similar names can be found in other Northern Finnic languages.
The Latvian name Igaunija and
Latgallian name Igauneja are derived from the Southeastern Estonian
Ugandi County.
Dʿmt or Damot, a former name: Unknown etymology, reconstructed from the
proto-Ge'ez and
Ge'ezDmt (
Ge'ez: ዳሞት).
Kingdom of Aksum or Axum, a former name: Uncertain meaning, from the capital
Axum (
Ge'ez: አክሱም) of unknown etymology.
Abyssinia, a former name: Uncertain meaning.
Latinized in 1735 from a Portuguese corruption Abassia[39] of the
Arabical-Ḥabašah (الحبشة),[200] from Ge'ez Ḥabbaśā (ሐበሻ) or Ḥabaśā (ሐበሣ), first attested in 2nd- or 3rd-century engravings as Ḥbś or Ḥbštm (ሐበሠ),[201] of unknown origin. Possibly related to the 15th-century-BC
EgyptianḪbstjw, a foreign people of the
incense-producing regions.
Possibly "look-out".[202] Adapted from Fisi, the
Tongan form of Viti, referring to the island of
Viti Levu (
Fijian for "Great Viti"). Popularized by British explorer
James Cook.[203]
Suomi, the endonym and exonym in some other
Finnic and
Baltic languages: Uncertain etymology. Possibly derived from the proposed
proto-Balto-Slavic*zeme "land"[205] or from the Finnish suomaa ("
fen land").[39]
"Land of the
Franks", Anglicized from
Late LatinFrancia, from
Old FrankishFranko. The name "Frank" itself has been derived from the historic framea ("javelin"),[39] proposed
Proto-Germanic *frankon ("spear", "javelin"), – although the characteristic weapons of the Franks were the sword and the
Frankish axe – and from the
Proto-Germanic *frankisc ("free") from *frank ("free")[39] – although they were not masters until after their conquest of
Gaul.
Gallia, a former name: "Land of the
Celts", from
LatinGallia, of uncertain etymology. Possible derivations include an eponymous river[citation needed] or a minor tribe reconstructed as *Gal(a)-to- whose name was cognate with the
Proto-Celtic *galno- ("power", "strength").[citation needed]
Gaul, a former name: "Land of Foreigners", from French Gaule, from
Proto-Germanic *Walhaz, originally meaning "
Volcae" but eventually simply "foreigner".
"Cloak",
Anglicized from the Portuguese Gabão, bestowed on the
Komo River estuary for its supposed resemblance to a gabão, a kind of pointy-hooded overcoat whose name derives from the
Arabicqabā' (قباء).
"
Kaabu", selected upon independence in 1965 from the name of the former
British colony, named for the
Gambia River, from a corruption of the Portuguese Gambra and Cambra first recorded in 1455 by
Alvise Cadamosto,[206] a corruption of a local name Kambra or Kambaa (
Mandinkan: "Kaabu river") or Gambura, an
amalgam of
Mandinkan Kaabu and
Wolofbur ("king").[207]
A
folk etymology traces the word from the Portuguese câmbio ("trade", "exchange"), from the region's extensive involvement in the
slave trade.
Etymology uncertain. The terms "Georgia" and "Georgian" appeared in Western Europe in numerous early medieval annals. At the time, the name was
folk etymologized – for instance, by the French chronicler
Jacques de Vitry and the "English" fraudster
John Mandeville – from a supposed especial reverence of the
Saint George. According to several modern scholars, "Georgia" seems to have been borrowed in the 11th or 12th century from the
SyriacGurz-ān or -iyān and
ArabicĴurĵan or Ĵurzan, derived from the
New PersianGurğ or Gurğān, itself stemming from the
Ancient Iranian and
Middle PersianVrkān or Waručān of uncertain origin, but resembling the eastern trans-Caspian toponym Gorgan, from the Middle Persian Varkâna ("land of the wolves"). This might have been of the same etymology as the
ArmenianVirk' (Վիրք) and a source of the classical
Iberi (
Ancient Greek: Ἴβηρες, Ibēres).[208][209]
Another theory semantically links "Georgia" to Greek geōrgós (γεωργός, "tiller of the land") and
Latingeorgicus ("agricultural"). The Georgi mentioned by
Pliny the Elder[210] and
Pomponius Mela.[211] were agricultural tribes distinguished as such from their pastoral neighbors across the
Panticapaeum in
Taurica.[212]
"Warrior King",[217] adopted at
J. B. Danquah's suggestion upon the union of Gold Coast with British Togoland in 1956 or upon independence on 6 March 1957, in homage to the earlier
MalianGhana Empire, named for the title of its ruler.[citation needed] Despite the empire never holding territory near the current nation, traditional stories connect the northern
Mande of Ghana – the
Soninke,
Dyula,
Ligby, and
Bissa – to peoples displaced following the collapse of the old Ghana.[citation needed]
Hellás, the local endonym: Etymology unknown.
Modern GreekElláda (Ελλάδα) and
classicalHellás (Ἑλλάς) both derive from
GreekHellēn (Ἓλλην), which Aristotle traced the name to a region in Epirus between
Dodona and the
Achelous, where the
Selloi (possibly "sacrificers"[citation needed]) were said to be priests of
Dodonian Zeus and operators of the first
oracle.
"
Granada", from its French name La Grenade, from earlier Spanish Granada, whose own name derived from the
Emirate and
Taifa of Granada, named for their capital Gharnāṭah (
Arabic: غَرْنَاطَة), originally a
Jewish suburb (Garnata al-Yahud) of
Elvira which became the principal settlement after the latter was destroyed in 1010.
Concepción, a former name: "
Conception", bestowed by
Christopher Columbus upon his discovery of the island in 1498. Its hostile
Carib natives, however, limited colonization until the name had fallen from use.
Etymology uncertain.
Anglicized from Portuguese Guiné, traditionally derived from a corruption of
Ghana above, originally in reference to the interior and applied to the coast only after 1481.[227] Alternate theories include a corruption of
Djenné[228] and the
Berberghinawen, aginaw, or aguinaou ("burnt one", i.e. "black").[227]
French Guinea, a former name: As above, from the French Guinée française, a renaming of Rivières du Sud in 1894. For further etymology of "France", see
above.
Rivières du Sud, a former name: "Southern Rivers" in French.
From
Taíno/
Arawak, Hayiti or Hayti, meaning "mountainous land", originally Hayiti. The name derives from the mountainous and hilly landscape of the western half of the island of
Hispaniola.
Turkic:on-ogur, "(people of the) ten arrows" – in other words, "alliance of the ten tribes".
Byzantine chronicles gave this name to the
Hungarians; the chroniclers mistakenly assumed that the Hungarians had Turkic origins, based on their Turkic-nomadic customs and appearance, despite the
Uralic language of the people. The Hungarian tribes later actually formed an alliance of the seven Hungarian and three
Khazarian tribes, but the name is from before then, and first applied to the original seven Hungarian tribes. The ethnonym Hunni (referring to the
Huns) has influenced the Latin (and English) spelling.
Ugry (Угры,
Old East Slavic), Uhorshchyna (Угорщина,
Ukrainian), Vengrija (
Lithuanian), Vengry, Vengriya (Венгры, Венгрия, Russian), Vuhorščyna (Вугоршчына,
Belarusian), Wędżierskô (
Kashubian), and Węgry (Polish): also from Turkic "on-ogur", see above. The same root emerges in the ethnonym
Yugra in
Siberia, inhabited by
Khanty and
Mansi people, the closest relatives to Hungarians in the Uralic language family.
Magyarország (native name – "land of the
Magyars"), and derivatives, e.g.
CzechMaďarsko,
Serbo-CroatianMađarska,
TurkishMacaristan: magyar 'Hungarian' + ország 'land, country'. Magyar is likely a compound of parts either extinct, or extant for long back only as components of compounds: the antecedent may have been an ancient
Ugric*mańćɜ, cf.
Mansimäńćī 'Manshi; unchristened child', måńś 'joint
endonym for the
Khanty and the
Mansi',
Khantymańt 'the name of one of the Khanty alliances of tribes'. The posterior constituent is the independently not used word er, going back to ancient
Finno-Ugric*irkä 'man, boy', found in modern Hungarian ember 'man', férj 'husband', némber 'woman without respectable qualities'; cf.
Marierγe 'boy',
Finnishyrkö 'man'. In Hungarian, after the dimming of it having been made up of constituent parts, and due to the action of wovel harmony present in Hungarian, magyeri, magyer became magyar.[232]Ország comes from the old uru form of úr 'lord, master', affixed with derivational suffix '-szág' (alternative of '-ság').[233] According to unsubstantiated legend, recounted in the chronicle of
Simon of Kéza (Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, 1282), Magyar (Magor), the forefather of all Hungarians, had a brother named Hunor (the ancestor of the Huns); their father king Menrot, equates to the
Nimrod, builder of the tower of
Babel, of the Hebrew
Bible.
"Land of Ice", from
Old NorseÍsland, from íss ("ice"). Owing to the reports on the origin of the name
Greenland, Iceland has been
folk etymologized to have arisen as an attempt to dissuade outsiders from attempting to settle the land. However, according to the
Landnámabók, the early explorer and settler
Flóki Vilgerðarson gave the island the name after spotting "a
firth [or
fjord] full of drift ice" to the north.[234] According to various alternative but not widely accepted theories, such as those advanced by
pyramidologist Adam Rutherford or writer
Einar Pálsson (in his book The Celtic Heritage,[235]) the origin of the name Ís-land lies either with the ancient Egyptian goddess
Isis or with
Jesus.
"Land of the
Indus River" in Latin, from Greek Ινδία, from Old Persian Hindu (𐎢𐎯𐎴𐎡𐏃), the Old Persian name of the
Sind Province, ultimately derived from Sanskrit Sindhu (सिन्धु), the original name of the
Indus River
Hindustan (हिंदुस्तान), a native & former name: "Land of
Sind", from
Hindi,[236] from
PersianHindustān (هندوستان), a compound of Hind (هند, "Sind") and -stan ("land", see
Afghanistan above). The terms "Hind" and "Hindustan" were used interchangeably from the 11th century by Muslim rulers such as the
Mughal Emperors and used by the Government of India during the Raj era alongside "India" to refer to the entire subcontinent including modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and for specifically the northern region surrounding the
Ganges valley since the 19th century.[citation needed]
"Indian Islands" in Greek (Ινδονησία), apparently invented in the mid-19th century to mean "Indies Islands", from the islands' previous name "East Indies".
"Land of the
Aryans" or "land of the free". The term "Arya" is from a
Proto Indo-Iranian root, generally meaning "noble" or "free", cognate with the Greek-derived word "aristocrat".
Persia (former name): from Latin, via Greek ΠερσίςPersis, from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿Pārsa, originally the name of
Persis (modern-day Fars or Pars), a place name of a central district within the region. A common Hellenic folk-etymology derives "Persia" from "Land of
Perseus".[citation needed]
The prevailing theory is that it is derived from the city of Erech/
Uruk (also known as "Warka") near the river
Euphrates. Some archaeologists regard Uruk as the first major
Sumerian city. However, it is more plausible that name is derived from the Middle Persian word Erak, meaning "lowlands". The natives of the southwestern part of today's Iran called their land "the Persian Iraq" for many centuries (for Arabs: Iraq ajemi: non-Arabic-speaking Iraq). Before the constitution of the state of Iraq, the term "Iraq arabi" referred to the region around Baghdad and Basra.[238]
Mesopotamia (ancient name and Greek variant): a loan-translation (Greek meso- (between) and potamos (river), meaning "Between the Rivers") of the ancient Semitic Bein-Al Nahrein, "Land of two Rivers", referring to the
Tigris and
Euphrates rivers.
After "
Éire" from
Proto-Celtic*Φīweriyū, "the fertile place" or "Place of Éire (
Ériu)", a Celtic fertility goddess. Often mistakenly derived as "Land of Iron"; may come from a reflex of
Proto-Indo-European*arya, or from variations of the Irish word for "west" (Modern Irish iar, iarthar).
Hibernia (ancient name and Latin variant): apparently assimilated to Latin hibernus ("wintry") from earlier Ivernia (given in
Ptolemy's Geographia as Ἰουερνία), from the above Celtic name.
Ireland is known as Èirinn in
Scottish Gaelic, from the dative case of Old Irish Ériu. In the fellow Celtic languages: in Welsh it is Iwerddon; in
Cornish it is Ywerdhon or Worthen; and in
Breton it is Iwerzhon.
In Gaelic bardic tradition Ireland is also known by the poetical names of Banbha and Fódhla. In Gaelic myth,
Ériu,
Banba and
Fódla were three goddesses who greeted the
Milesians upon their arrival in Ireland, and who granted them custody of the island.
"Israel" and related terms "the people of Israel" ('Am Isra'elעם יִשְׂרָאֵל) and "the Children of Israel" (Benei Isra'elבני יִשְׂרָאֵל) have referred to the
Jewish People in its literature from antiquity. The name Isra'el (יִשְׂרָאֵל – literally: "will Struggle with God"), originates from the
Hebrew Bible as an appellation given to the biblical patriarch
Jacob. According to the account in the
Book of Genesis, Jacob wrestled with an angel at a river ford and won – through perseverance. God then changed his name to Israel, signifying that he had deliberated with God and won, as he had wrestled and won with men.
From
LatinĪtalia, itself from Greek Ἰταλία, from the ethnic name Ἰταλός, plural Ἰταλοί, originally referring to an early population in the southern part of
Calabria. That ethnic name probably directly relates to a word ἰταλός (italós, "bull"), quoted in an
ancient Greek gloss by
Hesychius (from his collection of 51,000 unusual, obscure and foreign words). This "Greek" word is assumed to be a cognate of Latin vitulus ("calf"), although the different
length of the i is a problem. The Latin vitulus is presumably derived from the
Proto-Indo-European root *wet- meaning "year" (hence, a "yearling": a "one-year-old calf"), although the change of e to i is unexplained. The "Greek" word, however, is glossed as "bull", not "calf". Speakers of ancient
Oscan called Italy Víteliú, a cognate of Greek Ἰταλία and Latin Ītalia.
Varro wrote that the region got its name from the excellence and abundance of its cattle. Some disagree with that etymology. Compare
Italus.
From Geppun,
Marco Polo's Italian rendition of the islands'
Shanghainese name 日本 (Mandarin
pinyin: rìběn, Shanghainese pronunciation: Nyih4 Pen2, at the time approximately jitpun), or "sun-origin", i.e. "
Land of the Rising Sun", indicating Japan as lying to the east of China (where the sun rises). Also formerly known as the "Empire of the Sun".
Nihon / Nippon: Japanese name, from the
Onyomi (Sino-Japanese) pronunciation of the same characters as above.
From the Kikuyu word Kirinyaga a contraction of Kirima nyaga "Ostrich mountain", so called because the dark shadows and snow-capped peak resemble the plumage of a male Ostrich. The neighbouring Kamba tribe do not have the "R" and "G" sound in their language and called it "Keinya" when acting as guides to a German explorer. It is often erroneously believed it comes from Kirima Ngai "Mountain of God"
From "Gaoli",
Marco Polo's Italian rendition of Gāo Lí (
Chinese: 高麗), the Chinese name for
Goryeo (918–1392), which had named itself after the earlier
Goguryeo (37 BC–AD 668). The original name was a combination of the adjective go (고; 高) meaning "lofty" and a local
Yemaek tribe, whose original name is thought to have been either Guru (구루, "walled city") or Gauri (가우리, "center").
South Koreans call Korea Hanguk (한국), an early 20th century neologism derived from the name "
Samhan", referring to the
Three Kingdoms of Korea.
North Koreans as well as ethnic Koreans living in China and Japan call it Chosŏn (조선) from
Gojoseon (?–108 BC).
From the Serbian word Kosovo, derived from Kosovo Polje, the central Kosovo plain, and literally means "Field of Blackbird", since "kos" is "a blackbird" and "-ovo" is regular Serbian suffix for possessive adjectives.[citation needed]
In Hungarian it is Rigómező, which means "field of the thrush"
"Land of the forty tribes", from three words: kyrg (kırk) meaning "forty", yz (uz) meaning "tribes" in East-Turkic, and -stan meaning "land" in Persian.
Coined under
French rule, derived from
Laolao (ລາວ), meaning "a Laotian" or "Laotian", possibly originally from an ancient Indian word lava (लव). (Lava is the name of one of the twin sons of the god
Rama; see
History of Lahore.) The name might also be from Ai-Lao (Lao: ອ້າຽລາວ, Isan: อ้ายลาว,
Chinese: 哀牢;
pinyin: Āiláo, Vietnamese: ai lao), the old Chinese name for the
Tai ethnic groups to which the
Lao people belong.[240] Formerly known as Lan Xang (ລ້ານຊ້າງ) or "land of a million elephants".
Lao: ເມືອງລາວMuang Lao,
lit. "Lao Country". The official name: Lao Democratic People's Republic; Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວSathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao
Emerged in the 19th century by combining ethnonym with finale -ija. The meaning and origin of name of Latvian people is unclear, however the root lat-/let- is associated with several Baltic
hydronyms and might share common origin with the Liet- part of neighbouring
Lithuania (Lietuva, see below) and name of
Latgalians – one of the Baltic tribes that are considered ancestors of modern Latvian people.
The name Lebanon (لُبْنَانLubnān in standard
Arabic; Lebnan or Lebnèn in local dialect) is derived from the
Semitic root "LBN", which is linked to several closely related meanings in various languages, such as "white" and "milk". This is regarded as a reference to the snow-capped
Mount Lebanon, which is actually what the country was named after as it had previously been called
Phoenicia, a prosperous ancient semitic
civilization that hailed from the land in Modern day
Lebanon. Occurrences of the name have been found in three of the twelve tablets of the Epic of
Gilgamesh (2900 BC), the texts of the library of
Ebla (2400 BC), and the
Bible (71 times in the Bible's
Old Testament).
"Land of the
Basotho" or "of the
Sesotho-speakers".[241] Basotho itself is formed from the plural prefix ba- and Sotho of uncertain etymology, although possibly related to the word motho ("human being").[242]
After an ancient
Berber tribe called Libyans by the Greeks and Rbw by the Egyptians. Until the country's independence, the term "Libya" generally applied only to the vast desert between the Tripolitanian Lowland and the
Fazzan plateau (to the west) and Egypt's
Nile river valley (to the east). With "
Tripoli" the name of new country's capital, and the old northeastern regional name "
Cyrenaica" having passed into obsolescence, "Libya" became a convenient name for the country.
From the German "light stone" ("light" as in "bright"). The country took its name from the Liechtenstein dynasty, which purchased and united the counties of
Schellenberg and
Vaduz. The
Holy Roman Emperor allowed the dynasty to rename the new property after itself.
Liechtenstein and
Luxembourg are the only *German-speaking former member monarchies of the de facto confederal "Holy Roman Empire" (961–1806) that were not assimilated or annexed by Germany, Austria or Switzerland.
(* In the case of Luxembourg, German is – for historical reasons – one of the three official administrative languages, after Luxembourgish and French. German is not the national mother tongue of the Luxembourgish people.)
Multiple theories: Some link it to the word lieti ("to consolidate" or "to unite"), referring to the first union of tribes in ethnic Lithuanian lands (not lands of
Balts, but lands of ancient tribes of Lithuanians including Prussians, nowadays Latvians and Belarusians).
Alternatively, could be a
hydronym, possibly from a small river Lietava in central Lithuania. That hydronym has been associated with Lithuanian lieti (root lie- "pour" or "spill"). Compare to Old Slavic liyati (лыиати "pour"), Greek a-lei-son (α-λει-σον "cup"), Latin litus ("seashore"),
Tocharian Alyjäm ("lake").
Historically, attempts have been made to suggest a direct descendance from the
Latinlitus (see
littoral). Litva (
genitive: Litvae), an early Latin variant of the
toponym, appears in a 1009 chronicle describing an archbishop "struck over the head by pagans on the border of Russia/Prussia and Litvae". A 16th-century scholar associated the word with the Latin word litus ("tubes") – a possible reference to wooden trumpets played by Lithuanian tribesmen.
A
folkloric explanation is that the country's name in the Lithuanian language (Lietuva) is derived from a word lietus ("rain") and means "a rainy place".
The country which was initially called (County of the) Ardennes named itself after its homonym capital city founded in 963.
From Celtic Lucilem "small", German lützel, OHG luc(c)il, luz(z)il (cognate to English "little") and Germanic Burg: "castle" or "fortress", thus Lucilemburg: "little castle" or "little fortress".
Later forms of the name were: Lütze(l)burg, Lëtzelburg (cf. Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg)
The evolution towards the originally French versions of the name using the letter X instead of C, TZ or TS (Luxembourg, Luxemburg), which were adopted by most languages (but not by Luxembourgish itself), was the result of the French cultural influence throughout Europe since the 17th century.
Luxembourg and
Liechtenstein are the only *German-speaking former member monarchies of the de facto confederal "Holy Roman Empire" (961–1806) which were not assimilated or annexed by Germany, Austria or Switzerland.
(* In the case of Luxembourg, German is – for historical reasons – one of the three official administrative languages, after Luxembourgish and French. German and French are not the national mother tongue of the Luxembourgish people.)
Possibly based on a native word meaning "flaming water" or "tongues of fire", believed to have derived from the sun's dazzling reflections on
Lake Malawi. But President
Hastings Banda, the founding President of Malawi, reported in interviews that in the 1940s he saw a "Lac Maravi" shown in "Bororo" country on an antique French map titled "La Basse Guinee Con[t]enant Les Royaumes de Loango, de Congo, d'Angola et de Benguela" and he liked the name "Malawi" better than "Nyasa" (or "Maravi"). "Lac Marawi" does not necessarily correspond to today's
Lake Malawi. Banda had such influence at the time of independence in 1964 that he named the former
Nyasaland "Malawi", and the name stuck.
Nyasaland (former name): Nyasa literally means "lake" in the local indigenous languages. The name applied to
Lake Malawi, formerly
Lake Nyasa (Niassa).
"Land of the Malays": a combination of Malay and the Latin/Greek suffix -sia/-σία.[243]malayadvīpa (
Sanskrit: मलयद्वीप) was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. In modern terminology, "Malay" is the name of an
ethnoreligious group of
Austronesian people predominantly inhabiting the
Malay Peninsula and portions of adjacent islands of
Southeast Asia, including the east coast of
Sumatra, the coast of
Borneo, and smaller islands that lie between these areas.[244] A theory suggests that the word Melayu ('Malay') is derived from the
Malay/
Javanese terms melayu or mlayu (to steadily accelerate or to run), to describe the strong current of a river in
Sumatra that today bore the name Sungai Melayu.[245] The name was later possibly adopted by the
Melayu Kingdom that existed in the 7th century on Sumatra.[246] The continental part of the country bore the name Tanah Melayu (literally 'Malay Land') or Malaya until 1963, when Federation of Malaysia was formed together with the territories of
Sabah,
Sarawak and
Singapore (the latter withdrew in 1965). The name change indicated the change of the country's boundaries beyond
Malay Peninsula. Malaysian refers to its citizens of
all races includes the native aboriginal people, while Malay refers to the
Malay people, which makes up about half of the population.
Scholars believe that the name "Maldives" derives from the
Sanskritmaladvipa (मालद्वीप), meaning "garland of islands". Some sources say that the
Tamilmaalai (மாலை) or
Malayalammala (മാല): "
Tamiltheevu (தீவு)" "mountain(s)", and Sanskrit dvīp (द्वीप): "island", thus, "Mountain Islands".
Dhivehi Raajje (ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ) (Maldivian name): "Kingdom of Maldivians". Dhivehi is a noun describing the Dhives people (Maldivians) and their language "Dhivehi" simultaneously.
Maladwipa (मालद्वीप): Sanskrit for "garland (malaमाला, Sanskrit pronunciation:[/maːlaː/]) of islands"; or, more likely, "small islands", from mala (मल) (Sanskrit pronunciation:[/mala/]) meaning "small".
After the ancient West African kingdom of the same name, where a large part of the modern country is. The word mali means "
hippopotamus" in
Malinké and
Bamana.
French Sudan (former colonial name). In French Soudan français. The term Sudan (see below) stems from the
Arabicbilad as-sudan (البلاد السودان) ("land of the Blacks").
From either Greek or
Phoenician. Of the two cultures, available evidence suggests that the Greeks had an earlier presence on the island, from as far back as 700 BC.[247] The Greeks are known to have called the island Melita (Μελίτη) meaning "
honey", as did the Romans; solid evidence for this is Malta's domination by the
Byzantine Empire from 395 through to 870. It is still nicknamed the "land of honey".[247][248] The theory for a Phoenician origin of the word is via 𐤈𐤄𐤋𐤀𐤌 Maleth meaning "a haven".[249] The modern-day name comes from the
Maltese language, through an evolution of one of the earlier names.
Named after British captain
John Marshall, who first documented the existence of the islands in 1788. The family name is rendered Majeļ in
Marshallese.
Latin for "land of the Moors" (from
Greekmáuros, μαύρος (black). Not to be confused with the classical
Mauretania in northern
Morocco, itself named after the Berber
Mauri or
Moor tribe.
There is also a well-known Romanian legend about a young man named Dragoș Vodă who went hunting for an
aurochs or a
wisent, followed by a bunch of dogs. During the hunting expedition, all the dogs got tired and fell down, except for a female dog named Molda which ran to the wild animal all the time. After the wisent entered into a river, the female dog did the same thing, but unfortunately it got drowned and died in that way. Thanks to Molda, Dragoș finally killed the wisent and cut its head off, and in memory of his dog's sacrifice, he named the river and the land after MOLda – MOLdovA. That legend, which is a fictional story, explains the name of the territory and country's etymology and also explains why the symbol of Moldova is the wisent head.
From the ancient Greek monoikos (μόνοικος) 'single-dwelling', through Latin Monoecus. Originally the name of an ancient colony founded in the 6th century B.C. by
Phocian Greeks, and a by-name of the demigod
Hercules worshiped there. (The association of Monaco with monks (Italian monaci) dates from the
Grimaldi conquest of 1297: see
coat of arms of Monaco.)
from "
Marrakesh", the south region's former capital, from Portuguese Marrocos. Form of the
Berber name Mərrakəš (ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ), probably from mur [n] akush (ⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, "Land of God").
Al-Maghrib, a native name:
Arabic for "the West" (المغرب), although note that in English use, the
Maghreb typically refers to all of northwest Africa, not Morocco in particular. Also, Maghreb means "The Land of Sunset".
The name "Nepal" is derived from "Nepa" as mentioned in the historical maps of South Asia. "Nepa" literally means "those who domesticate cattle" in the Tibeto-Burman languages. The land was known by its people the Nepa or Nepar, Newar, Newa, Newal etc., who still inhabit the area i.e. the valley of Kathmandu and its surroundings. The Newa people use "Ra" and "La" or "Wa" and "Pa" interchangeably, hence the different names mentioned above.
Some say it derives from the
Sanskrit word nīpālaya (Sanskrit: नीपालय), which means "abode at the foot of mountain', referring to its proximity to the
Himalayas. (Compare the analogous European toponym "
Piedmont".) Others suggest that it derives from the
Tibetanniyampal, which means "holy land".
Netherlands literally means Low countries or Lowlands. Dutch neder and its English
cognatenether both mean 'down(ward), below'. The English word is now uncommon, mostly replaced by lower in English.[256]Neder or nether may simply have denoted the geographical characteristics of the land, both flat and down river. This may have applied to the singular form Nederland, or Niderland. It was a geographical description of low regions in the Germanic lands. Thus it was also used to refer specifically to the
estuaries of the
Scheldt,
Meuse and
Rhine, including the Lower Rhineland.[257]: 37
Holland, a former name: From the region of Holland within the Netherlands, often used by
metonymy for the country as a whole. "Holland" from the Germanic holt-land ("wooded land"),[258] although often
pseudoetymologized as "hollow" or "marsh land").
Batavia, a former and poetic name: From the
Latin name of the Germanic
Batavii tribe.
After the province of
Zeeland in the Netherlands, which means "sea land", referring to the large number of islands it contains.
Abel Tasman referred to New Zealand as Staten Landt, but later Dutch cartographers used Nova Zeelandia, in
Latin, followed by Nieuw Zeeland in
Dutch, which
Captain James Cook later
anglicised to New Zealand.
Aotearoa has become the most common name for the country in the
indigenousMāori language, supplanting the loan-phrase Niu Tireni. Aotearoa conventionally means "land of the long white cloud".
Nua Shealtainn in both Irish and
Scottish Gaelic, meaning "New
Shetland" (Sealtainn), itself from a
metathesised form of
ScotsShetland. Gaelic speakers seem to have folk-etymologised Zeeland when translating New Zealand's name from English.
A merger coined by the Spanish explorer
Gil González Dávila after
Nicarao, a leader of an indigenous community inhabiting the shores of
Lake Nicaragua and agua, the Spanish word for "water"; subsequently, the ethnonym of that native community.
Self-descriptive, from its location in the northern portion of
Macedonia.
Macedonia: The country name (
Macedonian: Македонија/ Makedonija) is from the Greek word Μακεδονία (Makedonía),[260][261] a
kingdom (later,
region) named after the
ancient Macedonians. Their name, Μακεδόνες (Makedónes), derives ultimately from the
ancient Greek adjective
μακεδνός (makednós), meaning "tall, taper",[262] which shares the same root as the noun μάκρος (mákros), meaning "length" in both ancient and
modern Greek.[263] The name is originally believed to have meant either "highlanders" or "the tall ones".[264] The provisional term "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" was used in many international contexts in acknowledgment of a
political dispute with Greece over the historical legitimacy of the country's use of the name. In February 2019, the country renamed itself to the Republic of North Macedonia.
From the
Old Norsenorðr and vegr, "northern way". Norðrvegr refers to long coastal passages from the western tip of Norway to its northernmost lands in the Arctic.
Natively called Norge in
Bokmål and Noreg in
Nynorsk.
Urmane, or Murmane (урмане; Му́рмане) in
Old East Slavic: from the Old Norse pronunciation of the word Normans: "Northmen". (This word survives in the name of the Russian city
Murmansk.)
An Iorua (
Irish) seems to derive from a misinterpretation of Old Norse Norðrvegr as beginning the Irish definite article an, common to most country names in Irish. The rest of the word was then taken as the country name. (A similar process took place in the development of the English word "adder": originally "a nadder".)
Etymology uncertain. It seems to be related to
Pliny the Elder's Omana[265] and
Ptolemy's Omanon (Όμανον εμπόριον),[266] both probably the ancient
Sohar.[267] The city or region is typically etymologized in Arabic from aamen or amoun ("settled" people, as opposed to the
bedouin),[267] although a number of eponymous founders have been proposed (
Oman bin Ibrahim al-Khalil,
Oman bin Siba' bin Yaghthan bin Ibrahim,
Oman bin Qahtan, and the Biblical
Lot) and others derive it from the name of a valley in Yemen at
Ma'rib presumed to have been the origin of the city's founders, the
Azd, a tribe migrating from Yemen.[268]
From the native name Belau ("Palau"), traditionally derived from
Palauanaidebelau ("indirect replies"), in reference to the island's
creation story involving the destruction of the giant
Chuab.[274]
Belau, the local endonym: As above.
Los Palos, a former name: A Spanish adaptation of the above.
Pelew, a former name: From the transcription of Belau above by the British captain
Henry Wilson, whose ship was wrecked off
Ulong Island in 1783.
The English word Palestine is derived from the Latin Palestina ("Roman Province of Palestine"), which is derived from the Ancient Greek Παλαιστίνη (Palaistine, "Philistia and surrounding regions"), which is in turn derived from the Hebrew פלשת (Pelesheth, "land of the
Philistines")[275]
After a former village near the modern capital,
Panama City. From the
Cueva language meaning "place of abundance of fish" or "place of many fish", possibly from the Caribe "abundance of butterflies", or possibly from another native term referring to the
Panama tree.
The country acquired its name in the 19th century. The word "Papua" derives from
Malaypapuah describing the hair styles found in Papuan cultures. "New Guinea" comes from the Spanish explorer
Yñigo Ortiz de Retez, who noted the resemblance of the local people to those he had earlier seen along the
Guinea coast of Africa.
The exact meaning of the word "Paraguay" is unknown, though it seems to derive from the river of the same name. One of the most common explanations is that it means "water of the
Payagua (a native tribe)". Another meaning links the
Guarani words para ("river") and guai ("crown"), meaning "crowned river". A third meaning may be para ("river"), gua ("from"), y ("water") meaning "water that comes from the river", referring to the bog in the north of the country, which is actually in Brazil.
The exact meaning behind the word "Peru" is obscure. The most popular theory derives it from the native word biru, meaning "river" (compare with the
River Biru in modern
Ecuador). Another explanation claims that it comes from the name of the Indigenous chieftain Beru. Spanish explorers asked him the name of the land, but not understanding their language, he assumed they wanted his own name, which he gave them. Another possible origin is pelu, presumptively an old native name of the region.
Islands of the West, a former name: from the Spanish name Las islas de Poniente, adopted in order to assert their ownership by Spain under the terms of the
Treaty of Tordesillas; the
Portuguese, who (correctly, as it happens) felt the islands fell within their sphere, instead called them Ilhas do oriente ("Islands of the East"). As the
problem of longitude had not been solved, and as the islands had no
spice to attract conflict,
López de Legazpi successfully colonized the islands for Philip II in 1565.
"Land of
Polans", the territory of the tribe of Polans (Polanie). When the Polans formed a united Poland in the 10th century, this name also came into use for the whole Polish country. The name "Poland" (Polska) expressed both meanings until, in the 13th/14th century, the original territory of the Polans became known as
Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) instead. The name of the tribe comes probably from Polish pole: "field" or "open field".
Lengyelország (Hungarian), Lenkija (
Lithuanian), لهستان Lahestân (
Persian) all derive from the Old Ruthenian or Old Polish ethnonym lęděnin (possibly "man ploughing virgin soil", "pioneer") and its
augmentativelęch.
From medieval
RomancePortucale, from Latin
Portus Cale (modern
Porto and
Gaia). Portus is the Latin for "port", but the meaning of Cale is debated. Some derive it from the Greek kallis (καλλἰς, "beautiful") or the Latin calēre ("to heat"). It likely was related to the
Gallaeci, a
Celtic people who lived nearby north of the
Douro River in pre-Roman times. The etymology of their name is also unknown, but may have been related to the divine hag
Cailleach.
Lusitania (ancient predecessor and literary variant): after the
Lusitanians, probably of
Celtic origin, as Lus and Tanus, "tribe of Lusus".
Derives from Qatara, believed to refer to the
Qatari town of
Zubara, an important trading port and town in the region in ancient times. The word "Qatara" first appeared on
Ptolemy's map of the
Arab world. In the early 20th century, English speakers often pronounced Qatar as "Cutter", close to the local pronunciation in Qatar. However, the traditional English pronunciation ("Kuh-tahr") has prevailed.
"Roman Realm". The
Roman Empire conquered a large part of the country, and the inhabitants became Romanized (
Romanians). Older variants of the name include Rumania and (in a French-influenced spelling) Roumania. The term român (the ethnic group of Romanians) comes from the Latin term romanus, which means
Roman, so the name Romania was adopted to accentuate the Latin origin of Romanian people and language. The term was first used during the leadership of
Carol I, whose 1866 constitution declared Romania the country's official name.
Dacia, older name and
Latin variant: named after the ancient people the
Dacians.
Wallachia, Slavic and Germanic name for the country, from the
Gothic word for
Celts: walh. Later also used for the Romanized tribes. This Germanic form derives from the name of the Celtic tribe of
Volcae. Compare with the etymologies of Wales and Wallonia.
English and Russian: from Rosia or Rossiya, from the
Byzantine GreekRōsía (Ρωσία), meaning "Land of the Rōs" (Ρως).[284] Generally agreed to be from a
Varangian group known as the
Rus', named after the
Roslagen region in Sweden, ultimately from
Old Norserods-, "row" or "rower". Within Russia,
Soviet scholarship depreciated
Kievan Rus's Scandinavian origin in favor of Slavic ones, offering a variety of other
pseudoetymologies. See also
Sweden below.
"Large or big", from the
Kinyarwandakwanda ("expand"),[285] as eventually applied to the
TutsiNyiginyamwamis descended from Ruganzu Ndori[286] or the speakers of Kinyarwanda. Rwanda means a big country. Historically Rwanda expanded from Gasabo (a tiny locality near
Lake Muhazi) to the entire territory as it was known before the Berlin conference. Rwanda's zone of influence expanded to southern parts of Uganda, western parts of Tanzania and eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
Western Sahara, the name of the territory it claims: After its geographic position. "Sahara" derives from the Arabic aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' (الصحراء), meaning "desert".
St. Kitts took its name in honour of
Saint Christopher, the patron saint of travelling.
Christopher Columbus probably named the island for Saint Christopher, though this remains uncertain. British sailors later shortened the name to St. Kitts.
Nevis derives from the Spanish phrase Nuestra Señora de las Nieves, which means "Our Lady of the Snows", after the permanent halo of white clouds that surrounded mountains on the island.
The name is alternatively derived from a local chieftain named Samoa[citation needed] or an indigenous word meaning "place of the
moa", a now-extinct bird.[citation needed]
"
Saint Marinus" in Italian, for the (possibly legendary) stonemason who fled to the area's
Mount Titano around AD 301 or 305 from his home on the island of
Arbe in modern-day
Croatia to order to escape Roman persecution.
São Tomé: "
Saint Thomas" in Portuguese, for its discovery on St. Thomas Day, 21 December 1470 or 1471.
Príncipe: "Prince" in Portuguese, from shortening its original name Ilha do Principe ("Isle of the Prince") in reference to the
Prince of Portugal to whom duties on the island's sugar crop were paid.[citation needed]
Named after
House of Saud, the ruling dynasty of the country. The dynasty itself took its name from its patriarch
Saud (
Arabic: Sa`ûd), whose name means “Happiness”.
Arabia itself from the
Latin name, of uncertain though probably
Semitic etymology, although as early as
Ancient Egypt the region was known as Ar Rabi.[287]
"Land of the Scots", from the Latin "
Scoti" as recorded by the Romans to refer to the
Gaels of then Ireland and western Scotland, the later of which were later conquered by but then assimilated the
Picts to form the medieval Kingdom. The use of Scot- to refer to Gaels of Ireland gradually stopped.
From the Senegal river. After a Portuguese variant of the name of the Berber
Zenaga (Arabic
Senhaja) tribe, which dominated much of the area to the north of modern Senegal, i.e. present-day
Mauritania.
"Lion Mountains". (Terra Leone) Adapted from Sierra Leona, the Spanish version of the Portuguese Serra Leoa. The Portuguese explorer
Pedro de Sintra named the country after the striking mountains that he saw in 1462 while sailing the West African coast. It remains unclear what exactly made the mountains look like lions. Three main explanations exist: that the mountains resembled the
teeth of a
lion, that they looked like sleeping lions, or that thunder which broke out around the mountains sounded like a lion's roar.
"Lion City", from Singapura (in
Malay) derives from
Sanskrit word simhapura (Sanskrit: सिंहपुर). Singapore is the
anglicized form of the Malay name, which is still in use today,[288] along with variants in Chinese and
Tamil. The lion, or what became the legendary
Merlion, usually depicts
Sang Nila Utama's discovery of the island Temasek, from Malay or
Javanese root tasik, meaning lake.[289]
"Land of the
Slavs" in
Slovene and other
South Slavic languages. The etymology of Slav itself remains uncertain. Some etymologists believe that the part -ven refers to the ancient Germanic tribes of the
Venetii who supposedly also gave their name to the city of
Venice.[citation needed]
"Land of the
Somali". Somali itself is of uncertain etymology, although some have proposed a derivation from sac maal ("cattle herders") or a legendary
patriarch named
Samaale.
Azania (alternative name): some opponents of the
white-minority rule of the country used the name Azania in place of "South Africa" . The origin of this name remains uncertain, but the name has referred to various parts of sub-Saharan East-Africa. Recently, two suggestions for the origin of the word have emerged. The first cites the Arabic 'ajam ("foreigner, non-Arab"). The second references the Greek verb azainein ("to dry, parch"), which fits the identification of Azania with arid sub-Saharan Africa.
Mzansi, an alternative endonym: a popular, widespread nickname among locals, used often in parlance but never officially adopted. (uMzantsi in
isiXhosa means "south".)
"Island of
Hyraxes", from
Norman FrenchSpagne, from the Latin Hispania, from the
PunicʾÎ-šəpānîm (אי שפנים), probably from mistaking
rabbits for the African hyrax. Others have proposed that it may derive from the terms "iz", meaning sea, and "bania" or "pania", meaning divide, giving the meaning "the land that divides the Sea", or, simply, "the land".[290]
Ceylon, a former name: From Ceilão (Portuguese), Seilan (former names), from the
Pali शिन्हल Sinhalana meaning "land of the lions".
Helanka, its name in
Sinhala: "Lanka of Hela's", "Heladiva" (Sinhala) meaning the "Island of Hela's", since original natives of the island was called "Hela".
Serendip, a former name: derived from the sihalan-dip, meaning "the island of sihala's or originally "Hela's" Or from "swaran-dip", meaning "golden island".
Taproben, a former name: changed from dip-Raawan, meaning "the island of King Rawana"
"Swedes", an old English plural form of Swede.[citation needed] From the
Old EnglishSweoðeod, the
Old NorseSviþjoð. The etymology of the first element, Svi, links to the
PIE *suos ("one's own", "of one's own kin"). The last element, þjoð, means "people", cognate with deut in
Deutsch and teut in
Teutons.
Sverige, a local endonym: "Swedish Realm" (modern
Swedish: Svea Rike).
Rootsi (
Estonian) and Ruotsi (Finnish): named after the
Roslagen region in Sweden, ultimately from
Old Norserods-, "row" or "rower". See also
Russia above.
Meaning unknown. From the
Ancient GreekSyria (Συρία). Probably related to syriac. Syriac people descend from big old "Syria" which involved modern Syria, Lebanon, south of modern Turkey and north of current Iraq.
Not to be confused with Assyria (Assyrians: Arabic: "ashouriyin" آشوريين / Syriac: Arabic: "sourian" سريان
Not to be confused with Syrians: Arabic "souriyin" سوريين which stands for the people of current Syria
"Taiwan" is the shorthand common name for the Republic of China since 1949, even though it was also referred internationally in some contexts as "China" as late as the 1970s.
Tayowan was the name of a coastal sandbank (now
Anping in the city of
Tainan) where the
Dutch East India Company built
Fort Zeelandia, the headquarters of their colony on the island.[291] The name may have originally referred to an aboriginal tribe in the area. The present Chinese name (臺灣,
pinyin: Táiwān) conveys the meaning "Terraced Bay", but older versions such as 臺員 have entirely different meanings and suggest that the Chinese is merely a transcription of the older name.[292]
Formosa ("beautiful" in Portuguese), a poetic and former name.
"Home of the
Tajiks", a
Persian-speaking ethnic group, with the suffix -stan.
SogdianTājīk (j pronounced /
ʒ/) was the local pronunciation of
New PersianTāzī, from
Sassanian PersianTāzīg, derived from the
Tayy tribe and meaning "Arab". The Tajiks were New Persian–speaking
Muslims, although not necessarily Arabs.[293] (An alternate etymology[citation needed] is via
TibetanTag Dzig, meaning "Persian" and "tiger" or "leopard".)
"Land of
Tanganyika and
Zanzibar", a
blend and simplification of the original name – "United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar" – assumed upon independence in 1964
Tanganyika was named for its
lake, of uncertain etymology. Sir
Richard Francis Burton derived it from the local tou tanganyka, "to join" in the sense "where waters meet."
Henry Stanley derived it from tonga ("island") and hika ("flat").
"Land of the Thai" (
Thai: ไทย), an ethnic group from the central plains (see
Tai peoples). The name Tai itself (ไท) is of uncertain etymology, although it has been argued to have originally meant "people" or "human being" since some rural areas use the word in this way as opposed to the normal Thai word khon (คน).[296] A more common
pseudoetymology derives the demonym from the word thai (ไท) meaning "freedom".
Siam (สยาม, Sayam), a former name, of uncertain etymology. One theory holds it derives from the
Pāli toponym Suvarnabhumi (शुभर्नभुमि, "Land of Gold").[citation needed] Another traces it – along with the
Shan and
A-hom – from
SanskritŚyâma (श्याम, "dark").[297]
"By the water"[298] or "behind the sea",[299] derived from
Eweto ("water") and go ("shore"). Originally it just referred to the town of Togo (now
Togoville), later the Germans extended the name to the whole nation.[299]
"South" or "Southern" in
Samoan, in reference to their position relative to
Samoa.
Friendly Islands, a former name, bestowed by
British Captain
James Cook in 1773 after the friendliness and hospitality of the people he met on the islands.
Trinidad, from Spanish La Isla de la Trinidad ("Island of the
Holy Trinity"). The name was bestowed by
Christopher Columbus to fulfill a vow he had made before setting out on his
third voyage.[300]
Tobago, of uncertain etymology, but probably from the tobacco grown and smoked by the natives.
Iere, the former
Arawak name for Trinidad according to historian E.L. Joseph, who derived it from ierèttê or yerettê, meaning "hummingbird".[citation needed] Others have claimed the Arawak word for hummingbird was tukusi or tucuchi[citation needed] and that iere or kairi simply means "island".[citation needed]
The
Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its contemporaries.[308]
The medieval
Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the northern shores of the
Black and
Caspian seas, was referred to as Tourkia ("land of the Turks") in Byzantine sources.[309]
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) is known in local language as "Sulṭanat Misr al-Mamālīk Dawla al-Turkiyya"
"Home (stān) of the
Turkmens", an ethnic group whose name derives from the
SogdianTürkmen ("Turk-like"), in reference to their status outside the Turkic dynastic mythological system.[310] However, modern scholars sometimes prefer to see the suffix as an
intensifier, changing the meaning to "pure Turk" or "most Turk-like of the Turks".[311] Muslim chroniclers such as
Ibn-Kathir advocated a
pseudoetymology from Türk and iman (
Arabic: إيمان, "faith, belief") in reference to a mass conversion of two hundred thousand households in 971 (AH 349).[312]
"Eight Islands" or "eight standing with each other" in
Tuvaluan. (Tuvalu consists of nine islands, but only eight of them were traditionally inhabited before Niulakita was settled in 1949.)
Ellice Islands, a former name, in honor of
Edward Ellice, Sr., a British politician and merchant, who owned the cargo of the ship Rebecca which sighted the islands in 1819. The name was abandoned for the endonym Tuvalu upon separation from the
Gilbert Islands (modern
Kiribati) in 1975.
Uganda is named after the Buganda Kingdom which occupies the central region of the country. The word "Buganda" is derived from "muganda" which means "a bundle" or "united as in a bundle" in the Buganda language. The "Bu-" prefix in Buganda means "land" pronounced with a soft "b" sound. In Swahili it became "Uganda" as Swahili does not have a soft "b" sound. The final pronunciation of Uganda is the English pronunciation. So "Uganda" actually means "land of the united peoples".
Great Britain, an alternate name: "Larger Britain", from
Mediaeval LatinBritannia Maior, first recorded by
Geoffrey of Monmouth, who employed it to distinguish the
island from Britannia Minor ("Little Britain"), or
Brittany in modern France. In classical times, the
Graeco-Roman geographer
Ptolemy in his Almagest also called the island megale Brettania (great Britain), contrasting it at that time to the smaller island of Ireland, which he called mikra Brettania (little Britain).[313]
Kingdom of Great Britain, a former name: Self-descriptive, employed following the union of the English and Scottish crowns (1707) and prior to the union with Ireland (1801).
United Kingdom, an alternate name: a shortened form of the realm's official names above and below, although note that "united kingdom" was used as a description but not the name of the kingdom formed by legally joining the
Kingdoms of England and
Scotland previously held in
personal union by the
House of Stuart.[314]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, a previous name: Adopted in 1801 from the previous names of the two kingdoms,
Great Britain and
Ireland, following British and Irish legislation converting the
personal union of the British and Irish crowns into a single sovereign state. The name was emended to its present form in 1927, five years after the creation of the
Irish Free State (present-day Ireland).
Self-descriptive, although note that – similar to the original "united Kingdom of Great Britain" above – the
U.S. Declaration of Independence described the new nation as the (lower-case) "united States of America". The adjective had become a part of the name by the time of the adoption of the
United States Constitution, however, whose preamble describes the "United States". Similarly, the grammatical number of the name has changed over time: common usage before the
American Civil War was to reference "these United States"[citation needed] whereas modern usage has "the United States".
"Land beside the
Uruguay River", a shortened form of the Spanish Republica Oriental del Uruguay ("Eastern Republic of Uruguay"). The word Uruguay itself derives from
Guaraní, although the precise meaning is unknown. Some derive it from urugua ("shellfish") and i ("water"), others from uru (a kind of bird in the region), gua ("proceed from"), and i.
"City on
Vatican Hill", translated from the Italian Città del Vaticano and
LatinCivitas Vaticana, from the site of the territory remaining to the state after the mid-19th-century
Unification of Italy and upon its 1929 reestablishment. The name of the hill itself came from the Latin Mons Vaticanus, from the name of the surrounding lands ager vaticanus, from the verb vaticinari ("to prophesy"), in reference to the fortune-tellers and soothsayers who used the streets in the area during Roman times.
Papal States, a former name: loosely translated from the Italian Stati Pontifici and Latin Status Pontificius ("Pontifical States"). The name is usually plural both to denote its various holdings – the former
Duchies of Rome and
Pontecorvo, the former
Principality of Benevento, the
March of Ancona,
Bologna,
Romagna, and the
Campagne and Maritime Province continued to be administered separately despite forming a unified state – and to distinguish this realm from the current country. "Papal" from
Latinpapa ("father"), borrowed by the
Bishop of Rome from the
Pope of Alexandria to denote his leadership over the church. "State" distinguished this realm and its administration from the church and papacy's lands in other realms and from the administration of the church itself.
Pontifical States, a former name: a less common but more precise variation of the above. The title "pontiff", from
Latinpontifex, was carried over from the Romans' pontifex maximus, a high priest whose name is generally understood to mean "bridge-maker" (pons + -fex, "builder", "maker", from facio, "build", "make").
States of the Church, a former name: translated from the Italian Stati della Chiesa. The name was plural to denote the various holdings united under the Papacy and distinguish it from the modern state. Chiesa derives from the
Latinecclesia, from the
Ancient Greekékklēsía (έκκλησία, "church", originally "assembly"), from ekklētos ("called out") from ekkalein (ἐκκαλεῖν, a
compound of ek-, "out", and kalein, "call").
"Viet South" (
Vietnamese: Việt Nam), an inversion of
Nam Việt (南越), the name of the 2nd-century BC kingdom.[315] The qualifier nam (south) was added to distinguish this kingdom from other Viet, or Yue, kingdoms, such as
Minyue. The word "Viet" is a shortened form of Bách Việt (
Chinese: 百越;
pinyin: Bǎiyuè), which in early usage applied to a people in
Guangdong.[316] Ancient historian
Sima Qian wrote that
Wu Qi of
Chu went "south to suppress the Bai Yue" in 368 B.C.[316][317] The first recorded usage is in the Chinese encyclopedia Lüshi Chunqiu, compiled around 239 B.C.[318] After Vietnam gained independence in 938, several variations on the word Viet, including "Nam Viet" and "
Dai Viet" (Great Viet), were used officially. The name "Vietnam" is first recorded in a 16th-century poem by
Nguyen Binh Khiem.[319] In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was usually referred to as Annam ("Pacified South", 南). "Vietnam" was revived by
Phan Bội Châu's book Việt Nam vong quốc sử (History of the Loss of Vietnam), published in 1905, and later by the
Viet Quoc, a nationalist party which organized the
Yen Bai mutiny against the French colonial authorities in 1930.[320] In 1945, the name was adopted officially by both
Bao Dai's imperial government in Hue and by
Ho Chi Minh's
Viet Minh government in Hanoi.[320]
Uncertain etymology, most probably from
Arabicymn (يمن). Some claim[citation needed] it comes from yamīn (يَمين, "right-hand side" in the sense of "south"[321]). Others[citation needed] that it comes from the form yumn (يُمْن, "happiness") and is related to the region's classical name
Arabia Felix.
^Akademia e Shkencave e RPSH. Instituti Gjuhësisë dhe i Letersisë (1982).
"Studime filologjike". Studime Filologjike (in Albanian) (36). Tirana: 44.
^Kristo Frasheri. History of Albania (A Brief Overview). Tirana, 1964.
^Lloshi, Xhevat.
"The Albanian Language"(PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
^Scheiner, Virgile. "Le pays occupé par les Français dans le nord de l'Afrique sera, à l'avenir, désigné sous le nom d'Algérie." 14 October 1839. (in French)
^Leschi, Louis. Origins of Algiers. 1941 - as cited in El Djezair Sheets. July 1941 - as cited in "
History of Algeria". (in French)
^Gaston, L. L. (1912). Andorra, the Hidden Republic: Its Origin and Institutions, and the Record of a Journey Thither. New York, USA: McBridge, Nast & Co. p. 9.
^Online Etymology Dictionary. "
Andorra." Accessed 16 September 2011.
^Freedman, Paul (1999). Images of the Medieval Peasant. CA, USA: Stanford University Press. p. 189.
ISBN9780804733731.
^Wheatcroft, Geoffrey. "Oh, to Be in Antigua: This Caribbean Island Makes an Englishman Feel Right at Home." The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 274, October 1994.
^
abRigg Jr., Horace A. "A Note on the Names Armânum and Urartu", pp. 416 – 418. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 57, No. 4. December 1937.
^Babylonian copy of c. 2200 BC. URI 275, lines I.7 & 13, II.4, III.3 & 30.
^Chamich, Michael. History of Armenia from B.C. 2247 to the Year of Christ 1780, or 1229 of the Armenian era, p. 19. Bishop's College Press (Calcutta), 1827.
^Ačaṙean, H. "Արամ". Hayocʿ Anjnanunneri Baṙaran, 2d Ed. Yerevan State University (Yerevan), 1942–62. (in Armenian)
^As cited in Letter of 12 December 1817. Weekend Australian, 30–31 December 2000, p. 16.
^Department of Immigration and Citizenship (2007).
Life in Australia(PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. p. 11.
ISBN978-1-921446-30-6. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
^"Originally, Media Atropatene was the northern part of greater Media. To the north, it was separated from
Armenia by the
R. Araxes. To the east, it extended as far as the mountains along the
Caspian Sea, and to the west as far as
Lake Urmia (ancient
Matiane Limne) and the mountains of present-day Kurdistan. The
R. Amardos may have been the southern border." from Kroll, S.E. "Media Atropatene". 1994. in Talbert, J.A. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World: Map-by-map Directory. Princeton University Press, 2000.
^Robert H. Hewsen. "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians". in Samuelian, Thomas J. (Ed.) Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, pp. 27–40. Chicago: 1982.
^Granberry, Julian; Vescelius, Gary (2004). Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antilles. University of Alabama Press. p. 85.
ISBN0-8173-1416-4.
^Allsopp, Richard, ed. (2003). Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press. p. 70.
ISBN976-640-145-4.
^
abEncyclopedia of Islam, Vol. I. "Bahrayn", p. 941. E.J. Brill (Leiden), 1960.
^
abFaroughy, Abbas. The Bahrein Islands (750–1951): A Contribution to the Study of Power Politics in the Persian Gulf. Verry, Fisher & Co. (New York), 1951.
^"Bangladesh: early history, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202". Bangladesh: A country study. Washington, DC:
Library of Congress. September 1988.
Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2014. Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of
West Bengal, was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal.
^
abSenGupta, Amitabh (2012). Scroll Paintings of Bengal: Art in the Village. AuthorHouse UK. p. 14.
ISBN978-1-4678-9663-4.
^Keay, John (2000). India: A History. Atlantic Monthly Press. p.
220.
ISBN978-0-87113-800-2. In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon.
^
abcdБелы, А. Хроніка "Белай Русі": нарыс гісторыі адной геаграфічнай назвы. Энцыклапедыкс (Мінск), 2000.
ISBN985-6599-12-1. (in Russian) as cited in Biely, Ales. "
Why is the Russia White?Archived 13 September 2012 at
archive.today". Retrieved 28 September 2011.
^Maire, Victor-Louis. Dahomey : Abomey, décembre 1893 – Hyères, décembre 1903. "
Oueckbadia (1650–1680)", p. 19. A. Cariage (Besançon), 1905. Retrieved 28 September 2011. (in French))
^Euskaltzaindia.
"Ziortza". Retrieved 10 September 2011.
^Malcolm, Noel (1994). Bosnia A Short History. New York University Press.
ISBN0-8147-5520-8.
^
abcImamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka. Sarajevo: BZK Preporod.
ISBN9958-815-00-1
^
abFine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 578.
ISBN0-472-08260-4.
^Ripley, George & Dana, Charles A., Eds. "
Bechuana". The American Cyclopædia. (New York), 1879.
^Willoughby, W.C. "
Notes on the Totemism of the Becwana". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 35, Jul – Dec Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1905.
^
abcBueno, Eduardo. Brasil: uma História, p. 36. Ática (São Paulo), 2003.
ISBN85-08-08213-4. (in Portuguese)
^
abCentre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. "
Brésil". (in French)
^
ab"
Brasil". Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa. (in Portuguese)
^"Section 2.2". History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing Our Past. EPB Pan Pacific Curriculum Development Department. 2008. p. 26.
ISBN978-99917-2-545-1.
^Maura, Juan Francisco (2009). "Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de la toponimia ibérica en la América Septentrional en el siglo XVI". Bulletin of Spanish Studies (in Spanish). 86 (5): 577–603.
doi:
10.1080/14753820902969345.
S2CID192056139.
^
ab"CHILE." Encyclopædia Britannica. 11th ed. 1911. ("derived, it is said, from the Quichua chiri, cold, or tchili, snow")
^"Chile (república)". Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta Online. 2005. Archived from
the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2005. The region was then known to its native population as Tchili, a Native American word meaning "snow." 31 October 2009.
^Pearson, Neale J. (2004).
"Chile". Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Scholastic Library Publishing. Archived from
the original on 10 February 1999. Retrieved 2 March 2005. Chile's name comes from an Indian word, Tchili, meaning "the deepest point of the Earth."
^de Olivares y González SJ, Miguel (1864) [1736]. "Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en Chile". Colección de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. 4. Santiago: Imprenta del Ferrocarril.
^Yule, Henry (1913).
Cathay and the Way Thither. Asian Educational Services. pp. 2–3.
ISBN8120619668. "There are reasons however for believing the word China was bestowed at a much earlier date, for it occurs in the Laws of Manu, which assert the Chinas to be degenerate Kshatriyas, and the Mahabharat, compositions many centuries older that imperial dynasty of Ts'in ... And this name may have yet possibly been connected with the Ts'in, or some monarchy of the like title; for that Dynasty had reigned locally in Shen si from the ninth century before our era..."
^Liu, Lydia He, The clash of empires, p. 77.
ISBN9780674019959. "Scholars have dated the earliest mentions of Cīna to the Rāmāyana and the Mahābhārata and to other Sanskrit sources such as the Hindu Laws of Manu."
^Wade, Geoff (May 2009).
"The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'"(PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 188. Retrieved 4 October 2011. "This thesis also helps explain the existence of Cīna in the Indic Laws of Manu and the Mahabharata, likely dating well before Qin Shihuangdi."
^Vidēvdāt 1.12, as cited in Schmitt, Rüdiger. Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. 2, pp. 246 f. "
Arachosia". Routledge & Kegan Paul (New York), 1987. [dead link]
^Gołąb, Zbigniew. The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View. Slavica (Columbus), 1990.
^Barreto, Augusto Mascarenhas. O Português Cristóvão Colombo: Agente Secreto do Rei Dom João II. Lisbon, 1988. Translated edition: The Portuguese Columbus: Secret Agent of King John II. Palgrave Macmillan,
ISBN0-333-56315-8.
^Da Silva, Manuel L. and Silvia J. Christopher Columbus was Portuguese, pp. 396 ff. Express Printing (Fall River), 2008.
ISBN978-1-60702-824-6.
^Thorpe, B. The Life of Alfred The Great Translated from the German of Dr. R. Pauli To Which Is Appended Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of Orosius, p. 253. Bell, 1900.
^Calendarium Romanum, p. 100. Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969. (in Latin)
^Meinig, D.W. The Shaping of America: a Geographic Perspective on 500 Years of History. Vol. I — Atlantic America, 1492–1800. Yale University Press (New Haven), 1986.
ISBN0-300-03882-8.
^Presidential Public Relations Department (Departamento de Relaciones Públicas Casa Presidencial). El Salvador 1974–1975, p. 11. (San Salvador). (in Spanish)
^Mägi, Marika (2018). In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea.
BRILL. pp. 144–145.
ISBN9789004363816.
^Mägi, Marika (2018). In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea.
BRILL. p. 144.
ISBN9789004363816.
^Munro-Hay, Stuart. Aksum: A Civilization of Late Antiquity, p. 19. Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1991.
^Cadamosto, Alvise. Mondo Nuovo, Libro de la Prima Navigazione di Luigi di Cadamosto de la Bassa Ethiopia ed Altre Cosa. Op cit. Montalbado, Francanzano (ed.) Paesi Novamente Retrovati et Novo Mondo da Alberico Vesputio Florentino Intitulato. (Vicenza), 1507. (in Italian)
^Hermann Pálsson (2007). Landnamabok (reprint ed.). Univ. of Manitoba Press. p. 18.
ISBN978-0-88755-370-7. The spring was an extremely cold one. Floki climbed a certain high mountain, and north across the mountain range he could see a fjord full of drift ice. That's why they called the country Iceland, and so it's been called ever since.
^Einar Pálsson (1981). Arfur Kelta (in Icelandic). Reykjavík: Mímir. p. 36.
^The word Hindu (हिन्दु) entered Sanskrit from Persian in early medieval times and is attested – in the sense of dwellers of the Indian subcontinent – in some texts, such as
Bhavishya Purāna,
Kālikā Purāna, Merutantra, Rāmakosha, Hemantakavikosha and Adbhutarūpakosha.
^MacKenzie, David Niel (1998).
"Ērān, Ērānšahr". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 8. Costa Mesa: Mazda. Archived from
the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2019. [verification needed]
^Merriam-Webster Online. "
Basotho". Retrieved 11 May 2012.
^Room, Adrian (2004). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites. McFarland & Company. p. 221.
ISBN978-0-7864-1814-5.
^The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2013).
"Malay". Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc.
^Abdul Rashid, Melebek; Amat Juhari, Moain (2006), Sejarah Bahasa Melayu ("History of the Malay Language"), Utusan Publications & Distributors, pp. 9–10,
ISBN967-61-1809-5
^Milner, Anthony (2010), The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific), Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 18–19,
ISBN978-1-4443-3903-1
^Admon (1999). "2. Хүний үүсэл, Монголчуудын үүсэл гарвал" [2. Origins of Humanity; Origins of the Mongols]. Монгол улсын түүх [History of Mongolia] (in Mongolian).
National University of Mongolia, School of Social Sciences, Department of History. pp. 67–69.
^Г. Сүхбаатар (1992). "Монгол Нирун улс" [Mongol Nirun (
Rouran) state]. Монголын эртний түүх судлал, III боть [Historiography of Ancient Mongolia, Volume III] (in Mongolian). Vol. 3. pp. 330–550.
^
abSvantesson, Jan-Olov & al. The Phonology of Mongolian, pp. 103–105. Oxford Univ. Press (Oxford), 2005.
^see:
Online Etymology Dictionary on Nether However, the explanation given in this source about the origin of the word Nederlanden as used "by the Austrians" in contradistinction to their own mountainous country, is extremely implausible, if only because the use of the word antedates the
Austrian Netherlands by two centuries at least. Austria itself has a Niederösterreich region (
Lower Austria) that is quite mountainous, but derives its name from its downriver location.
^Duke, A. (2009). Dissident identities in the early modern Low Countries. Ashgate Publishing.
^Scott, William Henry. (1984). "Societies in Prehispanic Philippines". Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 70.
ISBN971-10-0226-4.
^Historia y geografía de España ilustradas por el idioma vascuence de Juan Antonio Moguel, reeditada en La gran enciclopedia vasca (1980), ISBN 84-248-0017-6.
^Mo'in, M. (1992). A Persian Dictionary. Six Volumes. Vol. 5–6. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications.
ISBN1-56859-031-8.
^จิตร ภูมิศักดิ์ 1976: "ความเป็นมาของคำสยาม ไทย ลาวและขอม และลักษณะทางสังคม ของชื่อชนชาติ" (Phumisak, Jid). "The Origin of the Siamese Words for Thai, Laotian and Khmer and Societal Characteristics for Nation-names." 1976.
^Eliot, Charles (1921). The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch, Vol. 3 (of 3) [EBook #16847]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. pp. Ch. xxxvii 1, citing in turn Footnote 189: The name is found on
Champan inscriptions of 1050 A.D. and according to Gerini appears in
Ptolemy's
Samarade = Sâmaraṭṭha. See Gerini, Ptolemy, p. 170. But Samarade is located near Bangkok and there can hardly have been Tais there in Ptolemy's time, and Footnote 190: So too in Central Asia Kustana appears to be a learned distortion of the name
Khotan, made to give it a meaning in Sanskrit.
^
abDawnay, Guy Payan (1926).
The Army Quarterly. William Clowes & Sons, Ltd. p. 315. In the Ewe language the name Togo means "Behind the Sea," and it was extended to the whole country by the Germans, owing to the fact that Dr.
Nachtigal's first treaty in 1884 was made with the Chief of Togo.
^Hart, Marie. The New Trinidad and Tobago, p. 13. Collins (London and Glasgow), 1972.
^Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites. McFarland. p. 385.
ISBN0-7864-2248-3.
^Taylor, Isaac (2008). Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 281.
ISBN978-0-559-29668-0.
^Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Brill. p. 838.
ISBN90-04-08265-4.
^Rossi, Peter M.; White, Wayne Edward (1980). Articles on the Middle East, 1947–1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal. Pierian Press,
University of Michigan. p. 132.
^Parliament of England. The
Acts of Union, paragraphs II, III, and IV. 1707, as cite in Kerney, Hugh F. The British Isles: A History of Four Nations, p. 215. 2006.
^If the Baiyue did in fact exist prior to the destruction of
Yue in 338 BC, this would disprove the folk etymology that connects the word to this event.
^The Annals of Lü Buwei, translated by John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel, Stanford University Press (2000), p. 510.
ISBN978-0-8047-3354-0. "For the most part, there are no rulers to the south of the Yang and Han Rivers, in the confederation of the Hundred Yue tribes."
^Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm. "
Sấm Trạng Trình". Việt Nam khởi tổ xây nền ("Vietnam is being created")
This list covers English-language country names with their etymologies. Some of these include notes on indigenous names and their etymologies. Countries in italics are
endonyms or no longer exist as sovereign political entities.
From
Classical Persian افغان (afğān, “Afghan”), from
Bactrian αβαγανο (abagano), first attested in the fourth century CE, most likely a compound of *apāka- (“distant, faraway”), from
Proto-Iranian*Hapá, from
Proto-Indo-Iranian*Hapá (“away”), from
Proto-Indo-European*h₂epó + *-āna (“ethnic group”), from
Proto-Indo-European*-nós, thus: "people from a distant land".[1] Various scholars have proposed Sanskrit etymologies since the nineteenth century (especially prior to the 2007 publication of earlier Bactrian attestations for the word), but linguist Johnny Cheung notes that these are "extremely difficult to reconcile" with recent evidence pointing to a Bactrian source.
Arbëri, its medieval endonym: "Land of the Albanians" in
Albanian, presumably from the same source as above by way of
rhotacism. An Arbanitai were mentioned in Attaliates's History as subjects of the
Duke of Dyrrachium, near modern
Durrës.[2]
Shqipëri, its modern endonym: "Land of the Understanding", from the Albanian adverb shqip, "understanding each other".[8][9] A popular
pseudoetymology ("Land of the Eagles") erroneously derives it instead from shqiponjë ("eagle").[6]
"Land of
Algiers", a
Latinization of French colonial name l'Algérie adopted in 1839.[10] The city's name derives from French Alger, itself from
CatalanAldjère,[11] from the
Ottoman TurkishCezayir and
Arabical-Jazāʼir (الجزائر, "the Islands"). This was a truncated form of the city's older name, Jazā’ir Banī Māzġānna (جزائر بني مازغان, "Islands of the
sons of Mazġannā"), which referred to four islands off the city's coast which were held by a local
Sanhaja tribe.[12][13] (These islands joined the mainland in 1525.) An alternate theory traces the Arabic further back to a transcription of the
BerberLdzayer in reference to
Ziri ibn Manad,[citation needed] founder of the
Zirid dynasty, whose son
Buluggin ibn Ziri resettled the city.[14] In Berber, ziri means "moonlight".[citation needed]
Algiers[15] or Algier,[16] former names: As above.
"Land of
Ndongo", from the Portuguese colonial name (Reino de Angola),[20] which erroneously derived a toponym from the
Mbundu title ngola a kiluanje ("conquering ngola", a priestly title originally denoting a "chief smith",[21][22] then eventually "king") held by Ndambi a Ngola (
Portuguese: Dambi Angola) as lord of
Ndongo, a state in the highlands between the
Kwanza and
Lukala Rivers.
Barbuda: "Bearded" in Spanish, corrected from earlier Barbado, Berbuda, Barbouthos, &c.[23][27] This may derive from the appearance of the island's
fig trees or from the beards of the
indigenous people.
The first description of the region by the word Argentina has been found on a
Venetian map in 1536.[28] The name "Argentina" comes from
Italian. Argentina (
masculineargentino) means in Italian "(made) of silver, silver coloured", derived from the Latin "argentum" for silver. La Argentina ("the silvery"), a 17th-century truncation of Tierra Argentina ("Land beside the Silvery River",
lit. "Silvery Land"), named via argento (either in Italian or poetic Spanish) in reference to the
Río de la Plata, so called by Italian explorer
Sebastian Cabot during his
expedition there in the 1520s after acquiring some silver trinkets from the
Guaraní along the
Paraná near modern-day
Asunción,
Paraguay.[29]
Etymology unknown.
Latinized from
GreekArmenía (Ἀρμενία), "Land of the Armenioi" (Αρμένιοι) attested in the 5th century BC,[30] from
Old PersianArmina () attested in the late 6th century BC,[31] of uncertain origin.
It may be a continuation of the
AssyrianArmânum[32] which was conquered by
Naram-Sin in 2200 BC[33] and has been identified with an Akkadian colony in the
Diarbekr region.[32] The name has also been claimed as a variant of the Urmani or Urmenu appearing in an inscription of
Menuas of Urartu,[34] as a proposed tribe of the
Hayasa-Azzi known as the Armens (
Armenian: Արմեններ, Armenner)[35][36] or as a continuation of the
BiblicalMinni (
Hebrew: מנּי)[37] and Assyrian Minnai,[38] corresponding to the
Mannai. (Addition of the
SumerogramḪAR would make this name equivalent to "the mountainous region of the Minni".[39][40]) Diakonoff derived the name from a proposed
Urartian and
Aramaicamalgam*Armnaia ("inhabitant of Arme" or "Urme"),[41] a region held by Proto-Armenians in the
Sason mountains.[citation needed] Ultimately, the name has been connected to the
Proto-Indo-European root *ar- ("assemble", "create") also found in the word Ararat, Aryan, Arta, &c.[42][43]
Hayastan, the local endonym: Etymology unknown. The modern
ArmenianHayastan (Հայաստան) derives from earlier Armenian Hayk (Հայք) and
Persian-stān (ستان). Hayk' derives from
Old ArmenianHaykʿ (հայք), traditionally derived from a legendary patriarch named
Hayk (Հայկ).[49] Aram above was considered to be one of his descendants.
"Southern Land" in
Neo-Latin, adapted from the legendary pseudo-geographical Terra Australis Incognita ("Unknown Southern Land") dating back to the Roman era. First appearing as a corruption of the Spanish name for an island in
Vanuatu in 1625,[50] "Australia" was slowly popularized following the advocacy of the
British explorerMatthew Flinders in his 1814 description of his circumnavigation of the island.[51]Lachlan Macquarie, a
Governor of New South Wales, used the word in his dispatches to England and recommended it be formally adopted by the Colonial Office in 1817.[52] The Admiralty agreed seven years later and the continent became officially known as Australia in 1824.[53] In Flinders' book he published his rationale:
"There is no probability, that any other detached body of land, of nearly equal extent, will ever be found in a more southern latitude; the name Terra Australis will, therefore, remain descriptive of the geographical importance of this country, and of its situation on the globe: it has antiquity to recommend it; and, having no reference to either of the two claiming nations, appears to be less objectionable than any other which could have been selected."[54]
(Antarctica, the hypothesized land for which the name Terra Australis originally referred to, was sighted in 1820, and not explored until decades after Flinders' book had popularized this shift of the name.)
Oz, a colloquial endonym: Likely a contraction from above.
Folk etymology traces the name to the 1939 film, The Wizard of Oz, but the Oxford English Dictionary records the first occurrence as "Oss" in 1908.[55]Frank Baum's original
book predates this and may have inspired the name,[56] but it is also possible Baum himself was influenced by Australia in his development of Oz.[57]
Albania, a former name: From the
LatinAlbānia, from the
GreekAlbanía ([text?]),[68] related to the
Old ArmenianAłuankʿ (Աղուանք). The native
Lezgic name(s) for the country is unknown,[69] but Strabo reported its people to have 26 different languages and to have only been recently unified in his time. It is often referenced as "Caucasian Albania" in modern scholarship to distinguish it from the European country above.
"Large upper middle island", from the
Lucayan name Bahama used by the indigenous
Taíno people for the island of
Grand Bahama.[70][71] Tourist guides often state that the name comes the
Spanishbaja mar ('shallow sea'),[70] in reference to the reef-filled
Bahama Banks.[72]
"The Two Seas" in
Arabic (البحرين, al-Baḥrayn). However, the question of which two seas were originally intended remains in dispute.[73] A popular
folk etymology relates Bahrain to the "two seas" mentioned five times in the
Quran. The passages, however, do not refer to the modern island but rather to the
Saudi deserts opposite modern Bahrain.[73] It is possible Bahrain (previously known as
Awal) simply acquired its name when that region became known as
al-Hasa, but today the name is generally taken to refer to the island itself. The two seas are then the bay east and west of the island,[74] the seas north and south of the island,[citation needed] or the salt water surrounding the island and the fresh water beneath it which appears in wells and also bubbling up at places in the middle of the gulf.[75] An alternate theory offered by al-Ahsa was that the two seas were the
Great Green Ocean and a peaceful lake on the mainland;[which?] still another provided by
al-Jawahari is that the original formal name Bahri (lit. "belonging to the sea") would have been misunderstood and so was opted against.[75]
The etymology of Bangladesh (Country of Bengal) can be traced to the early 20th century, when Bengali patriotic songs, such as Namo Namo Namo Bangladesh Momo by
Kazi Nazrul Islam and Aaji Bangladesher Hridoy by
Rabindranath Tagore, used the term.[76] The term Bangladesh was often written as two words, Bangla Desh, in the past. Starting in the 1950s, Bengali nationalists used the term in political rallies in
East Pakistan.
The exact origin of the word Bangla is unknown, though it is believed to come from "Vanga", an ancient kingdom mentioned in world's largest Epic
Mahabharat even
Ramayan and geopolitical division on the Ganges delta in the Indian subcontinent. It was located in southern Bengal, with the core region including present-day southern West Bengal (India) and southwestern Bangladesh. The suffix "al" came to be added to it from the fact that the ancient rajas of this land raised mounds of earth 10 feet high and 20 in breadth in lowlands at the foot of the hills which were called "al". From this suffix added to the Bung, the name Bengal arose and gained currency".[77][78] Support to this view is found in
Ghulam Husain Salim's
Riyaz-us-Salatin.[79]
Other theories point to a
Bronze Ageproto-Dravidian tribe,[80] the
Austric word "Bonga" (Sun god),[81] and the Iron Age
Vanga Kingdom.[81] The Indo-Aryan suffix Desh is derived from the Sanskrit word deśha, which means "land" or "country". Hence, the name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal".[82]Sanskrit language influenced the name of Bangladesh. The term Vanga was used in the Sanskrit texts.
The term Bangla denotes both the
Bengal region and the
Bengali language. The earliest known usage of the term is the
Nesari plate in 805 AD. The term Vangaladesa is found in 11th-century South Indian records.[82][83] The term gained official status during the
Sultanate of Bengal in the 14th century.[84][85]Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah proclaimed himself as the first "
Shah of Bangala" in 1342.[84] The word Bangla became the most common name for the region during the Islamic period. The
Portuguese referred to the region as Bengala in the 16th century.[86]
"Bearded ones", from the Portuguese As Barbadas,[87] corrected from earlier Barbata, Barbuda, S. Barduda, Barbadoes, &c.[87] First attested by a 1519 map done by the
Genoese cartographer
Visconte Maggiolo.[88] As with
Barbuda, the name may derive from the appearance of the island's
fig trees or from the beards of the
indigenous people. (Isaac Taylor was of the opinion that Barbuda was named for its men, Barbados for its figs.[39])
"White Russia", a
compound of the
Belarusianbel- (бел-, "white") and Rus (Русь, Rus') adopted in 1991. The meaning is "Russian" in the cultural and historic (
Old East Slavic: рускъ, ruskʺ;
Old Belarusian: руски, ruski;
Russian: русский, russkiy) but not national sense (
Russian: россиянин, rossiyánin), a distinction sometimes made by translating the name as "White Ruthenia", although "Ruthenian" has
other meanings as well. The name is first attested in the 13th century as German Weissrussland and
LatinRussia Alba, first in reference to Russia's
White and then
Black Sea coasts.[89] The exonym was next applied to
Great Novgorod and then
Muscovy after its conquest of that region, finally being applied to its present region in the late 16th century to describe ethnically Russian regions being conquered from
Poland.[89] This last change was politically motivated, with
Russia employing the foreign term to justify its revanchism at
Poland's expense.[89] The original meaning of "white" in Belarus's name is unknown. It may simply have arisen from confusion with legends concerning
Caucasian Albania[89] or from a use of colors to distinguish cardinal directions as seen in "
Red Russia".[90] Other theories include its use to distinguish Belarus as "free" or "pure", particularly of
Mongolian control, or to distinguish the region from "
Black Russia", a region of productive soil.[citation needed] For the further etymology of Rus, see
Russia below.
Etymology unknown. Traditionally derived from a Spanish transcription of "Wallace", a Scottish buccaneer who established an eponymous settlement (on Spanish maps, Valize and Balize[39]) along the
Belize River (which he also named after himself) in the early 17th century.[97] Alternatively taken from the
Mayan word beliz ("muddy water"),[98] presumably in reference to the river, or from
Kongolese Africans who brought the name with them from
Cabinda. Adopted in 1973 while still a
self-governing colony of the United Kingdom.
"[Land beside] the
Bight of Benin", the stretch of the
Gulf of Guinea west of the
Niger delta, a purposefully neutral name chosen to replace
Dahomey (see below) in 1975. The Bight itself is named after a
city and a
kingdom in present-day
Nigeria having no relation to the modern Benin. The English name comes from a Portuguese transcription (Benin) of a local corruption (Bini) of the
Itsekiri form (Ubinu) of the
YorubaIle-Ibinu ("Home of Vexation"), a name bestowed on the
Edo capital by the irate
IfeobaOranyan in the 12th century.[citation needed]
An alternate theory derives Bini from the
Arabicbani (بني, "sons" or "tribe").[citation needed]
Dahomey or Dahomy, a former name: "Belly of Dã" in
Fon (Dã Homè),[39] from the palace of the
ahosuAkaba, traditionally built over the entrails of a local ruler.[99] In Fon, the name "Dã" or "Dan" can also mean "snake" or the snake-god
Damballa. Upon the restoration of independence, the name was deemed no longer appropriate since the historic kingdom comprised only the southern regions and ethnicities of the modern state.
Etymology unknown. Names similar to Bhutan—including Bottanthis, Bottan, Bottanter—began to appear in Europe around the 1580s.
Jean-Baptiste Tavernier's 1676 Six Voyages is the first to record the name Boutan. However, in every case, these seem to have been describing not modern Bhutan but the
Kingdom of Tibet.[100] The modern distinction between the two did not begin until well into
George Bogle's 1774 expedition—realizing the differences between the two regions, cultures, and states, his final report to the
East India Company formally proposed labeling the
Druk Desi's kingdom as "Boutan" and the
Panchen Lama's as "Tibet". Subsequently, the EIC's surveyor general
James Rennell first anglicized the French name as Bootan and then popularized the distinction between it and greater Tibet.[100] The name is traditionally taken to be a transcription of the
SanskritBhoṭa-anta (भोट-अन्त, "end of
Tibet"), in reference to Bhutan's position as the southern extremity of the Tibetan plateau and culture.[39][101] "Bhutan" may have been truncated from this or been taken from the
Nepali name Bhutān (भूटान). It may also come from a truncation of Bodo Hathan ("Tibetan place").[citation needed] All of these ultimately derive from the
Tibetan endonym Bod. An alternate theory derives it from the
SanskritBhu-Utthan (भू-उत्थान, "highlands").[101]
Druk Yul, the local endonym: "Land of the Thunder Dragon" in
Bhutanese (འབྲུག་ཡུལ་). Variations of this were known and used as early as 1730. The first time a Kingdom of Bhutan separate from Tibet did appear on a western map, it did so under its local name as "Broukpa".[100]
"Country of the
Tswana" in
Setswana, after the country's dominant ethnic group. The etymology of "Tswana" is uncertain.
Livingstone derived it from the Setswana tshwana ("alike", "equal"),[109] others from a word for "free".[110] However, other early sources suggest that while the Tswana adopted the name, it was an exonym they learned from the Germans and British.[111]
Bechuanaland, a former name: from "Bechuana", an alternate spelling of "Botswana".
brazilwood, from the Portuguese Terra do Brasil, from the tree pau-brasil ("brazilwood", lit. "wood of ember", "wood in ember"),[112] a name derived from its similarity to red-hot embers (
Portuguese: brasa).[113][114][115] The name may have been a translation of the
Tupiibirapitanga, also meaning "red-wood".[citation needed] The ending -il derives from the diminutive
Latin suffix -ilus.[113][114]
The appearance of
islands named "Bracile", "Hy-Brazil", or "Ilha da Brasil" on maps as early as the c. 1330
portolan chart of
Angelino Dulcert[112] sometimes leads etymologists to question the standard etymology. While most of these islands of Brazil are found off the coast of Ireland and may be taken to stem from a
Celtic rendering of the legendary
Isle of the Blessed,[112] the 1351
Medici Atlas places one Brazil near Ireland and a second one off the
Azores near
Terceira Island. That use may derive from its
four volcanoes or reference its
dragon's blood, a red resin dye. Regardless, the initial names of present-day Brazil were Ilha de Vera Cruz ("Island of the True Cross") and then – after it was discovered to be a new mainland – Terra de Santa Cruz ("Land of the Holy Cross"); this only changed after a
Lisbon-based merchant consortium led by
Fernão de Loronha leased the new colony for massive exploitation of the costly dyewood which had previously been available only from India.
Pindorama, a former name: "Land of the Palm Trees" in
Guarani, the language of the
Guarani people of Paraguay and southwest Brazil.[citation needed]
Full name of Brunei is Brunei Darussalam, Darussalam is in Arabic which mean the Abode of Peace.
Etymology unknown. Modern
folk etymology derives the name Brunei from a
Malay exclamation Barunah! ("There!"), supposedly exclaimed by
Awang Alak Betatar, the legendary 14th-century
sultan, upon landing on
Borneo or upon moving from
Garang to the
Brunei river delta.[116][117] An earlier folk etymology traced it to his alleged membership in an Arabian tribe called the
Buranun.[citation needed] Chinese sources recording a mission from the king of "Boni" (渤泥, Bóní) as early as 978[118][119] and a later "P'o-li" (婆利, Pólì) seem to contradict these but may refer to
Borneo as a whole.[119] It is mentioned in the 15th-century history of
Java as a country conquered by
Adaya Mingrat, general of
Angka Wijaya,[120] and around 1550 by the Italian
Ludovico di Varthema under the name "island of Bornei". Other derivations include an Indian word for "seafarers" (from
Sanskrit: वरुण, varunai),[121] another for "land" (from
Sanskrit: bhumi),[122] or the
Kelabit for the
Limbang River.[123] It is also said that the word 'Brunei' is said to have come from the Sanskrit word Bhūrṇi (भूर्णि) which means "land" or "earth" and Brunei could have been called Karpūradvīpa (कर्पूरद्वीप) which means "camphor island" as camphor was one export Brunei was well known for in ancient times.[124]
From the
Bulgars, the extinct tribe of
Turkic origin, which created the country. Their name is possibly derived from the
Proto-Turkic word bulģha ("to mix", "shake", "stir") and its derivative bulgak ("revolt", "disorder")[125] Alternate etymologies include derivation from a
Mongolic cognate bulğarak ("to separate", "split off")[citation needed] or from a compound of
proto-Turkicbel ("five") and gur ("arrow" in the sense of "
tribe"), a proposed division within the
Utigurs or
Onogurs ("ten tribes").[126]
Within Bulgaria, some historians question the identification of the Bulgars as a Turkic tribe, citing certain linguistic evidence (such as Asparukh's name) in favor of a
North Iranian or
Pamiri origin.[127][128]
"Land of Honest Men", from an
amalgam of
Moreburkina ("honest", "upright", or "incorruptible men") and
Dioulafaso ("homeland"; literally "father's house"), selected by President
Thomas Sankara following his 1983 coup to replace
Upper Volta.
Upper Volta, a former name: "Land of the Upper
Volta River", whose main tributaries originate in the country. The Volta itself (
Portuguese: "twist", "turn") was named by Portuguese gold traders exploring the region.[citation needed]
Named for the
Burmans, the nation's largest ethnic group, a correction of 18th-century "Bermah" and "Birma", from Portuguese Birmania, probably from Barma in various
Indian languages, ultimately from
BurmeseBama (), a colloquial oral version of the literary Myanma (),[129] the eventual pronunciation of the
Old BurmeseMranma,[130] first attested in an 1102
Mon inscription as Mirma,[131] of uncertain etymology. It was not until the mid-19th century that King
Mindon referred to his position as "king of the Myanma people",[132] as it was only during the
Konbaung Dynasty that Burmans fully displaced the Mon within the
Irrawaddy valley.
Myanmar, the present endonym: As above. The terminal r included in the official English translation arose from the nation's status as a
former British colony and reflects
non-rhotic accents such as
Oxford English.
"Land of the
Kambojas". Anglicised from French Cambodge via an intermediate Khmer form Kampuchea, from
SanskritKambujadeśa (कम्बोजदेश). The AD 947
Baksei Chamkrong inscription explains (and probably invented) the Sanskrit name from Kambu, a legendary Indian sage who journeyed to
Indochina and married a
naga princess named Mera, plus (-ja) meaning "descendants of".[134] In informal usage Cambodians refer to their country as Srok Khmer, "Land of the Khmers".
"
Shrimp", from the singular French Cameroun derived from the German Kamerun, from the
anglicized "Cameroons" derived from the Portuguese Rio deCamarões[135] ("Shrimp River") bestowed in 1472 on account of a massive swarm of the
Wouri River's
ghost shrimp.[135]
Kamerun, a former name: The German name for their colony there between 1884 and the end of
World War I, as above. Formerly also known simply as German Cameroon.
Cameroun, a former name: The French name for their colony there between
World War I and 1960, as above. Formerly also known simply as French Cameroons.
A prominent theory is that the word Canada means "Village", from
IroquoianKanada,[136] adopted for the entire
Canadian Confederation in 1867, from name of the
BritishProvince of Canada formed by the 1841 reunification of
Upper and
Lower Canada, previously established by a division of
Quebec, the British renaming of the French territory of
Canada. French Canada had received its name when its administrators adopted the name used by the
explorerJacques Cartier to refer to
St. Lawrence River and the territory along it belonging to the
Iroquoian chief
Donnacona. In 1535, he had misunderstood the Laurentian Kanada as the name of Donnacona's capital
Stadacona.[137]
Another popular theory is that it
folk etymology derived the name from Spanish or Portuguese acá or cá nada ("nothing here") in reference to the region's lack of gold or silver.[138][139]
Quebec, a former name: "Where the river narrows", from
Algonquinkébec via French, in reference to the St. Lawrence River near modern
Quebec City.
Samuel de Champlain chose the name in 1608 for the new town there,[140] which gave its name to a section of French Canada and then the British province of Quebec, which eventually became modern Canada and even briefly included the entire Ohio River valley between the enactment of the
Quebec Act in 1774 and the surrender of the region to the United States in 1783. (Modern Quebec was formed from
Canada East during the Canadian Confederation in 1867.)
"Green
Cape", from the Portuguese Cabo Verde, from its position across from the mainland cape of that name since its discovery in 1444. The cape is located beside
Gorée Island in the modern nation of
Senegal and is now known by its French form "
Cap-Vert". [citation needed]
Etymology unknown. The name dates to the "men of Chilli",[141] the survivors of the first Spanish expedition into the region in 1535 under
Diego de Almagro. Almagro applied the name to the
Mapocho valley,[142] but its further etymology is debated. The 17th-century Spanish chronicler
Diego de Rosales derived it from the
QuechuaChili, a toponym for the
Aconcagua valley, which he considered a corruption of Tili, the name of a
Picunchechief who ruled the area at the time of its conquest by the
Inca.[143][144] Modern theories derive it from the similarly named Incan settlement and valley of Chili in
Peru's
Casma Valley,[142] the Quechua chiri ("cold"),[145] the
Aymaratchili ("snow"[145][146] or "depths"[147]), the
Mapuchechilli ("where the land ends" or "runs out"),[141] or the Mapuche cheele-cheele ("
yellow-winged blackbird").[141][148]
"China" is the conventional name for the People's Republic of China, even though the term was also used to refer to the Republic of China internationally in some contexts as late as the 1970s.
Derived from
Middle PersianChīnīچینی, derived from
SanskritCīnāh (चीन).[150] Often said that the word "China" and its related terms are derived from the
Qin state which existed on the furthest west of
China proper since the 9th century BC, and which later
unified China to form the
Qin dynasty (秦,
Old Chinese: *dzin).[151][152][153] This is still the most commonly held theory, although many other suggestions have been mooted.[154][155] The existence of the word Cīna in ancient Hindu texts was noted by the Sanskrit scholar
Hermann Jacobi who pointed out its use in the work Arthashastra with reference to silk and woven cloth produced by the country of Cīna. The word is also found in other texts including the Mahābhārata and the Laws of Manu.[156] The Indologist
Patrick Olivelle however argued that the word Cīnā may not have been known in India before the first century BC, nevertheless he agreed that it probably referred to Qin but thought that the word itself was derived from a Central Asian language.[157] Some Chinese and Indian scholars argued for the state of
Jing (荆) as the likely origin of the name.[155] Another suggestion, made by Geoff Wade, is that the Cīnāh in Sanskrit texts refers to an ancient kingdom centered in present-day
Guizhou, called
Yelang, in the south Tibeto-Burman highlands.[156] The inhabitants referred to themselves as Zina according to Wade.[158] The word in Europe is first recorded in 1516 in the journal of Portuguese explorer
Duarte Barbosa.[159] The word is first recorded in English in a translation published in 1555.[160]
Cathay, a former & literary name: "
Khitai", from Marco Polo's Italian Catai, used for northern but not southern China, ultimately from the
Khitan endonym Kitai Gur ("Kingdom of the
Khitai"),[161] possibly via
PersianKhitan (ختن) or Chinese Qìdān (契丹).
Seres and Serica, former names: "Land of Silk" in
Greek (Σηρες, Sēres) and
Latin, respectively. The further etymology is typically derived from the Chinese for silk (
simplified Chinese: 丝;
traditional Chinese: 絲;
pinyin: sī), but the modern correspondence belies the Old Chinese pronunciation *sə.[162]
"[Land beside] the
Congo River", adopted by the country upon independence in 1960 from the previous
French autonomous colony Republic of the Congo (
French: République du Congo) established in 1958, ultimately from the name of the original
FrenchcolonyFrench Congo (Congo français) established in 1882. The river itself derived its name from
Kongo, a
Bantu kingdom which occupied its mouth around the time of its discovery by the
Portuguese in 1483[165] or 1484[166] and whose name derived from its people, the
Bakongo, an endonym said to mean "hunters" (
Kongo: mukongo, nkongo).[167]
French Congo, a former name: As above, with the inclusion of its occupier to distinguish it from the
Belgian-controlled
Congo to its south. For further etymology of "France", see
below.
Middle Congo, a former name: From its position along the river, a translation of the French Moyen-Congo, adopted as the colony's name between 1906 and 1958.
Congo (Brazzaville): As above, with the inclusion of the country's capital to distinguish it from
Congo (Léopoldville) or (Kinshasa) to its south.
Brazzaville itself derives from the colony's founder,
Pierre Savorgnan de Brazzà, an Italian nobleman whose title referred to the town of Brazzacco, in the
comune of
Moruzzo, whose name derived from the
LatinBrattius or Braccius, both meaning "arm".[168]
Belgian Congo, a former name: As above, following the Free State's union with
Belgium in 1908, whose name was often included to distinguish the colony from the
French-controlled
Congo to its north. For further etymology of "Belgium", see
above.
Congo (Léopoldville) and Congo-Léopoldville, former names: As above, with the inclusion of the country's capital to distinguish it from
Congo (Brazzaville) to its north. This usage was especially common when both countries shared identical official names prior to Congo-Léopoldville's adoption of the name "Democratic Republic of the Congo" (République démocratique du Congo) in 1964.[169]Léopoldville itself was named for
Leopold II of Belgium upon its founding in 1881. Leopold's own name derives from
Latinleo ("lion") or
Old High Germanliut ("people") and OHG bald ("brave").
Congo (Kinshasa) and Congo-Kinshasa, alternate names: As above, following the renaming of Léopoldville after the nearby native settlement of
Kinshasa or Kinchassa[170] to its east[171] as part of the
MobutistAuthenticity movement.
Zaire or Zaïre, a former name: "[Land beside] the Congo River", a French form of a Portuguese corruption of the
KongoNzere ("river"), a truncation of Nzadi o Nzere ("river swallowing rivers"),[172] adopted for the river and the country between 1971 and 1997 as part of the
Authenticity movement.
"Ivory Coast" in French, from its previous involvement in the
ivory trade. Similar names for Côte d'Ivoire and other nearby countries include the "
Grain Coast", the "
Gold Coast", and the "
Slave Coast".
Ivory Coast, an alternate name: Self-descriptive, the English translation of the above.
Alternate theories include
Zbigniew Gołąb's proposal that it is a borrowing from
Proto-Germanic*C(h)rovati, presumed to mean "warriors clad with horn-armor"[175] or chrawat, "mountaineers".[39]
The most common
folk etymology derives its name from "copper", since the island's extensive supply gave Greek and Latin words for the metal.[181] Although these words derived from Cyprus rather than the other way around, the name has more recently been derived from an
Eteocypriot word for "copper" and even from the
Sumerianzubar ("copper") or kubar ("bronze").[citation needed]
Self-descriptive, adopted upon the
Velvet Divorce in 1993. The name "Czech" derives from the archaic
Czech endonym Czech or Cžech,[182] a member of the
West Slavic tribe whose
Přemyslid dynasty subdued its neighbors in
Bohemia around AD 900. Its further etymology is disputed. The
traditional etymology derives it from an eponymous leader
Čech who led the tribe into
Bohemia. Modern theories consider it an obscure derivative, e.g. from četa, a medieval military unit.[183]
Czechia, a less common alternate name: A
Latinized version of the Czech endonym Czechy.
Bohemia, a former name:[184] "Land of the
Boii", a
Celtic tribe of the region. The ultimate etymology of Boii is uncertain, but has been connected to
Proto-Indo-European roots meaning "cow" and "warrior". Now refers only to the area of Bohemia proper.
Czechy or Čechy, a former endonym: "Land of the
Czechs" in archaic
Czech. Now typically considered to refer only to the area of
Bohemia proper, excluding
Moravia and other areas.
Česko, a current endonym: "Land of the
Czechs" in modern
Czech. Although it appeared as early as the 18th century, Česko remained uncommon enough that most Czechs only associated it with its appearance in the Czech name for Czechoslovakia (Česko-Slovensko or Československo) so many resisted the use of it following the division of the country. Given the inability to use the former name Čechy either, government campaigns have tried to make Česko more common.[185]
Etymology uncertain, but probably "The
Danish forest" or "
march" in reference to the forests of southern
Schleswig.[186] First attested in
Old English as Denamearc in
Alfred's translation of
Paulus Orosius's Seven Books of History against the Pagans.[187] The etymology of "
Danes" is uncertain, but has been derived from the proposed
Proto-Indo-European root *dhen ("low, flat"); -mark from the proposed
Proto-Indo-European root *mereg- ("edge, boundary") via
Old Norsemerki ("boundary") or more probably mǫrk ("borderland, forest").
The former
folk etymology derived the name from an eponymous king
Dan of the region.
"Sunday Island" in
Latin, feminized from diēs Dominicus ("Sunday",
lit. "Lordly Day"), possibly via Spanish Domingo, for the day of the island's sighting by
Christopher Columbus on 3 November 1493. At the time of Dominica's discovery, there was no special
saint's day on that date and Columbus's own father had been named
Domenego.
Wai'tu Kubuli, a former endonym: "Tall is her body" in the local
Carib dialect.[188]
"Republic of
Santo Domingo", the capital city of the
Spanish-held region of
Hispaniola since its incorporation by
Bartholomew Columbus on 5 August 1498 as La Nueva Isabela, Santo Domingo del Puerto de la Isla de la Española ("New
Isabela, Saint Dominic of the Port of
Hispaniola") either in honor of Sunday (see
Dominica above),[39] his father
Domenego, or
Saint Dominic's feast day[189] on 4 August.[190]Nicolás de Ovando shortened the name to Santo Domingo de Guzmán upon the city's refounding at a new site after a major hurricane in 1502.[191] Dominic himself was named for Saint
Dominic of Silos, the monk at whose shrine his mother was said to have prayed.[citation needed] Dominic (from the
LatinDominicus, "lordly" or "belonging to
the Lord") was a common name for children born on Sunday (see "Dominica"
above) and for
religious names.[citation needed]
Spanish Haiti, a former name: Self-descriptive, translated from the Spanish name República del Haití Español chosen upon independence in 1821. The "Spanish" distinguished it from the adjacent French-speaking
Haiti. For further etymology of "Haiti", see
below.
Ozama and Cibao, a former name: From the French Départements de l'Ozama et du Cibao, from the
Taínocibao ("abounding in rocks", referring to the island's
Central Range) and the
Ozama River, from Taíno ozama ("wetlands", "navigable waters").[citation needed]
"Eastern East [Island]", from the Portuguese Timor-Leste ("East Timor"), in reference to the state's position on the eastern half of the island of
Timor, whose name derives from the
Malaytimur ("east"), from its position in the
Lesser Sundas.[193]
Portuguese Timor, a former name: As above, with the addition of its colonizer to distinguish it from
Dutch and later
Indonesian Timor on the western half of the island. For further etymology of Portugal, see
below.
Timor-Leste, an alternate name: "East Timor" in Portuguese. In the official name, Republica Democratica de Timor-Leste (Democratic Republic of East Timor).
"
Equator" in Spanish, truncated from the Spanish República del Ecuador (
lit. "Republic of the Equator"), from the former
Ecuador Department of
Gran Colombia established in 1824 as a division of the former territory of the
Royal Audience of Quito. Quito, which remained the capital of the department and republic, is located only about 40 kilometres (25 mi), ¼ of a
degree, south of the equator.
Strabo recorded the Greek
folk etymology that it derived from the Greek Aigaíou hyptíōs (Αἰγαίου ὑπτίως, "[land] below the
Aegean").
Kumat, a former endonym: "Black Land", reconstructed from
Egyptiankmt, distinguishing the Nile flood plain from the "Red Land" of the desert, later becoming
CopticKīmi (Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ). A previous folk etymology related the name to the Biblical
Ham.
Self-descriptive. Although the country's territory does not touch the
equator, it straddles the line: the island
Annobón lies to the south while the mainland is to the north. For further etymology of "Guinea", see
below.
"Land of the
Aesti", a correction of earlier Esthonia, a re-
Latinization of the
Old EnglishEstland, a development of the
Old High GermanAestland, a combination of the
LatinAestia and the German -land ("-land"). The name Aestia was a combination of the Latin Aesti and the locative suffix -ia, meaning "Land of the
Aesti" (a people first mentioned by Ancient Roman historian
Tacitus around 98 AD). Some historians have hypothesized that he was referring to speakers of Baltic languages and, not their then
Finnic-speaking neighbours to the north, while others have suggested that the name Aesti may have been at earlier times applied to the entire Eastern Baltic region.[197] The
Scandinavian sagas' references to Eistland are the earliest known sources using the toponym indisputably for a geographic area overlapping with modern Estonia.[198] The word Estland/Eistland has been linked to Old Norse eist, austr meaning "the east".[199]
The Estonian endonym Eesti was first attested in writing as Estimah in 1638, as a combination of the name Est- and the word -mah ("land"), which is still used as an alternative name Eestimaa in modern Standard Estonian.
The Finnish name Viro is derived from the northeast Estonian
Viru County, which was closest to Finns along the shore. Similar names can be found in other Northern Finnic languages.
The Latvian name Igaunija and
Latgallian name Igauneja are derived from the Southeastern Estonian
Ugandi County.
Dʿmt or Damot, a former name: Unknown etymology, reconstructed from the
proto-Ge'ez and
Ge'ezDmt (
Ge'ez: ዳሞት).
Kingdom of Aksum or Axum, a former name: Uncertain meaning, from the capital
Axum (
Ge'ez: አክሱም) of unknown etymology.
Abyssinia, a former name: Uncertain meaning.
Latinized in 1735 from a Portuguese corruption Abassia[39] of the
Arabical-Ḥabašah (الحبشة),[200] from Ge'ez Ḥabbaśā (ሐበሻ) or Ḥabaśā (ሐበሣ), first attested in 2nd- or 3rd-century engravings as Ḥbś or Ḥbštm (ሐበሠ),[201] of unknown origin. Possibly related to the 15th-century-BC
EgyptianḪbstjw, a foreign people of the
incense-producing regions.
Possibly "look-out".[202] Adapted from Fisi, the
Tongan form of Viti, referring to the island of
Viti Levu (
Fijian for "Great Viti"). Popularized by British explorer
James Cook.[203]
Suomi, the endonym and exonym in some other
Finnic and
Baltic languages: Uncertain etymology. Possibly derived from the proposed
proto-Balto-Slavic*zeme "land"[205] or from the Finnish suomaa ("
fen land").[39]
"Land of the
Franks", Anglicized from
Late LatinFrancia, from
Old FrankishFranko. The name "Frank" itself has been derived from the historic framea ("javelin"),[39] proposed
Proto-Germanic *frankon ("spear", "javelin"), – although the characteristic weapons of the Franks were the sword and the
Frankish axe – and from the
Proto-Germanic *frankisc ("free") from *frank ("free")[39] – although they were not masters until after their conquest of
Gaul.
Gallia, a former name: "Land of the
Celts", from
LatinGallia, of uncertain etymology. Possible derivations include an eponymous river[citation needed] or a minor tribe reconstructed as *Gal(a)-to- whose name was cognate with the
Proto-Celtic *galno- ("power", "strength").[citation needed]
Gaul, a former name: "Land of Foreigners", from French Gaule, from
Proto-Germanic *Walhaz, originally meaning "
Volcae" but eventually simply "foreigner".
"Cloak",
Anglicized from the Portuguese Gabão, bestowed on the
Komo River estuary for its supposed resemblance to a gabão, a kind of pointy-hooded overcoat whose name derives from the
Arabicqabā' (قباء).
"
Kaabu", selected upon independence in 1965 from the name of the former
British colony, named for the
Gambia River, from a corruption of the Portuguese Gambra and Cambra first recorded in 1455 by
Alvise Cadamosto,[206] a corruption of a local name Kambra or Kambaa (
Mandinkan: "Kaabu river") or Gambura, an
amalgam of
Mandinkan Kaabu and
Wolofbur ("king").[207]
A
folk etymology traces the word from the Portuguese câmbio ("trade", "exchange"), from the region's extensive involvement in the
slave trade.
Etymology uncertain. The terms "Georgia" and "Georgian" appeared in Western Europe in numerous early medieval annals. At the time, the name was
folk etymologized – for instance, by the French chronicler
Jacques de Vitry and the "English" fraudster
John Mandeville – from a supposed especial reverence of the
Saint George. According to several modern scholars, "Georgia" seems to have been borrowed in the 11th or 12th century from the
SyriacGurz-ān or -iyān and
ArabicĴurĵan or Ĵurzan, derived from the
New PersianGurğ or Gurğān, itself stemming from the
Ancient Iranian and
Middle PersianVrkān or Waručān of uncertain origin, but resembling the eastern trans-Caspian toponym Gorgan, from the Middle Persian Varkâna ("land of the wolves"). This might have been of the same etymology as the
ArmenianVirk' (Վիրք) and a source of the classical
Iberi (
Ancient Greek: Ἴβηρες, Ibēres).[208][209]
Another theory semantically links "Georgia" to Greek geōrgós (γεωργός, "tiller of the land") and
Latingeorgicus ("agricultural"). The Georgi mentioned by
Pliny the Elder[210] and
Pomponius Mela.[211] were agricultural tribes distinguished as such from their pastoral neighbors across the
Panticapaeum in
Taurica.[212]
"Warrior King",[217] adopted at
J. B. Danquah's suggestion upon the union of Gold Coast with British Togoland in 1956 or upon independence on 6 March 1957, in homage to the earlier
MalianGhana Empire, named for the title of its ruler.[citation needed] Despite the empire never holding territory near the current nation, traditional stories connect the northern
Mande of Ghana – the
Soninke,
Dyula,
Ligby, and
Bissa – to peoples displaced following the collapse of the old Ghana.[citation needed]
Hellás, the local endonym: Etymology unknown.
Modern GreekElláda (Ελλάδα) and
classicalHellás (Ἑλλάς) both derive from
GreekHellēn (Ἓλλην), which Aristotle traced the name to a region in Epirus between
Dodona and the
Achelous, where the
Selloi (possibly "sacrificers"[citation needed]) were said to be priests of
Dodonian Zeus and operators of the first
oracle.
"
Granada", from its French name La Grenade, from earlier Spanish Granada, whose own name derived from the
Emirate and
Taifa of Granada, named for their capital Gharnāṭah (
Arabic: غَرْنَاطَة), originally a
Jewish suburb (Garnata al-Yahud) of
Elvira which became the principal settlement after the latter was destroyed in 1010.
Concepción, a former name: "
Conception", bestowed by
Christopher Columbus upon his discovery of the island in 1498. Its hostile
Carib natives, however, limited colonization until the name had fallen from use.
Etymology uncertain.
Anglicized from Portuguese Guiné, traditionally derived from a corruption of
Ghana above, originally in reference to the interior and applied to the coast only after 1481.[227] Alternate theories include a corruption of
Djenné[228] and the
Berberghinawen, aginaw, or aguinaou ("burnt one", i.e. "black").[227]
French Guinea, a former name: As above, from the French Guinée française, a renaming of Rivières du Sud in 1894. For further etymology of "France", see
above.
Rivières du Sud, a former name: "Southern Rivers" in French.
From
Taíno/
Arawak, Hayiti or Hayti, meaning "mountainous land", originally Hayiti. The name derives from the mountainous and hilly landscape of the western half of the island of
Hispaniola.
Turkic:on-ogur, "(people of the) ten arrows" – in other words, "alliance of the ten tribes".
Byzantine chronicles gave this name to the
Hungarians; the chroniclers mistakenly assumed that the Hungarians had Turkic origins, based on their Turkic-nomadic customs and appearance, despite the
Uralic language of the people. The Hungarian tribes later actually formed an alliance of the seven Hungarian and three
Khazarian tribes, but the name is from before then, and first applied to the original seven Hungarian tribes. The ethnonym Hunni (referring to the
Huns) has influenced the Latin (and English) spelling.
Ugry (Угры,
Old East Slavic), Uhorshchyna (Угорщина,
Ukrainian), Vengrija (
Lithuanian), Vengry, Vengriya (Венгры, Венгрия, Russian), Vuhorščyna (Вугоршчына,
Belarusian), Wędżierskô (
Kashubian), and Węgry (Polish): also from Turkic "on-ogur", see above. The same root emerges in the ethnonym
Yugra in
Siberia, inhabited by
Khanty and
Mansi people, the closest relatives to Hungarians in the Uralic language family.
Magyarország (native name – "land of the
Magyars"), and derivatives, e.g.
CzechMaďarsko,
Serbo-CroatianMađarska,
TurkishMacaristan: magyar 'Hungarian' + ország 'land, country'. Magyar is likely a compound of parts either extinct, or extant for long back only as components of compounds: the antecedent may have been an ancient
Ugric*mańćɜ, cf.
Mansimäńćī 'Manshi; unchristened child', måńś 'joint
endonym for the
Khanty and the
Mansi',
Khantymańt 'the name of one of the Khanty alliances of tribes'. The posterior constituent is the independently not used word er, going back to ancient
Finno-Ugric*irkä 'man, boy', found in modern Hungarian ember 'man', férj 'husband', némber 'woman without respectable qualities'; cf.
Marierγe 'boy',
Finnishyrkö 'man'. In Hungarian, after the dimming of it having been made up of constituent parts, and due to the action of wovel harmony present in Hungarian, magyeri, magyer became magyar.[232]Ország comes from the old uru form of úr 'lord, master', affixed with derivational suffix '-szág' (alternative of '-ság').[233] According to unsubstantiated legend, recounted in the chronicle of
Simon of Kéza (Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum, 1282), Magyar (Magor), the forefather of all Hungarians, had a brother named Hunor (the ancestor of the Huns); their father king Menrot, equates to the
Nimrod, builder of the tower of
Babel, of the Hebrew
Bible.
"Land of Ice", from
Old NorseÍsland, from íss ("ice"). Owing to the reports on the origin of the name
Greenland, Iceland has been
folk etymologized to have arisen as an attempt to dissuade outsiders from attempting to settle the land. However, according to the
Landnámabók, the early explorer and settler
Flóki Vilgerðarson gave the island the name after spotting "a
firth [or
fjord] full of drift ice" to the north.[234] According to various alternative but not widely accepted theories, such as those advanced by
pyramidologist Adam Rutherford or writer
Einar Pálsson (in his book The Celtic Heritage,[235]) the origin of the name Ís-land lies either with the ancient Egyptian goddess
Isis or with
Jesus.
"Land of the
Indus River" in Latin, from Greek Ινδία, from Old Persian Hindu (𐎢𐎯𐎴𐎡𐏃), the Old Persian name of the
Sind Province, ultimately derived from Sanskrit Sindhu (सिन्धु), the original name of the
Indus River
Hindustan (हिंदुस्तान), a native & former name: "Land of
Sind", from
Hindi,[236] from
PersianHindustān (هندوستان), a compound of Hind (هند, "Sind") and -stan ("land", see
Afghanistan above). The terms "Hind" and "Hindustan" were used interchangeably from the 11th century by Muslim rulers such as the
Mughal Emperors and used by the Government of India during the Raj era alongside "India" to refer to the entire subcontinent including modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and for specifically the northern region surrounding the
Ganges valley since the 19th century.[citation needed]
"Indian Islands" in Greek (Ινδονησία), apparently invented in the mid-19th century to mean "Indies Islands", from the islands' previous name "East Indies".
"Land of the
Aryans" or "land of the free". The term "Arya" is from a
Proto Indo-Iranian root, generally meaning "noble" or "free", cognate with the Greek-derived word "aristocrat".
Persia (former name): from Latin, via Greek ΠερσίςPersis, from Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿Pārsa, originally the name of
Persis (modern-day Fars or Pars), a place name of a central district within the region. A common Hellenic folk-etymology derives "Persia" from "Land of
Perseus".[citation needed]
The prevailing theory is that it is derived from the city of Erech/
Uruk (also known as "Warka") near the river
Euphrates. Some archaeologists regard Uruk as the first major
Sumerian city. However, it is more plausible that name is derived from the Middle Persian word Erak, meaning "lowlands". The natives of the southwestern part of today's Iran called their land "the Persian Iraq" for many centuries (for Arabs: Iraq ajemi: non-Arabic-speaking Iraq). Before the constitution of the state of Iraq, the term "Iraq arabi" referred to the region around Baghdad and Basra.[238]
Mesopotamia (ancient name and Greek variant): a loan-translation (Greek meso- (between) and potamos (river), meaning "Between the Rivers") of the ancient Semitic Bein-Al Nahrein, "Land of two Rivers", referring to the
Tigris and
Euphrates rivers.
After "
Éire" from
Proto-Celtic*Φīweriyū, "the fertile place" or "Place of Éire (
Ériu)", a Celtic fertility goddess. Often mistakenly derived as "Land of Iron"; may come from a reflex of
Proto-Indo-European*arya, or from variations of the Irish word for "west" (Modern Irish iar, iarthar).
Hibernia (ancient name and Latin variant): apparently assimilated to Latin hibernus ("wintry") from earlier Ivernia (given in
Ptolemy's Geographia as Ἰουερνία), from the above Celtic name.
Ireland is known as Èirinn in
Scottish Gaelic, from the dative case of Old Irish Ériu. In the fellow Celtic languages: in Welsh it is Iwerddon; in
Cornish it is Ywerdhon or Worthen; and in
Breton it is Iwerzhon.
In Gaelic bardic tradition Ireland is also known by the poetical names of Banbha and Fódhla. In Gaelic myth,
Ériu,
Banba and
Fódla were three goddesses who greeted the
Milesians upon their arrival in Ireland, and who granted them custody of the island.
"Israel" and related terms "the people of Israel" ('Am Isra'elעם יִשְׂרָאֵל) and "the Children of Israel" (Benei Isra'elבני יִשְׂרָאֵל) have referred to the
Jewish People in its literature from antiquity. The name Isra'el (יִשְׂרָאֵל – literally: "will Struggle with God"), originates from the
Hebrew Bible as an appellation given to the biblical patriarch
Jacob. According to the account in the
Book of Genesis, Jacob wrestled with an angel at a river ford and won – through perseverance. God then changed his name to Israel, signifying that he had deliberated with God and won, as he had wrestled and won with men.
From
LatinĪtalia, itself from Greek Ἰταλία, from the ethnic name Ἰταλός, plural Ἰταλοί, originally referring to an early population in the southern part of
Calabria. That ethnic name probably directly relates to a word ἰταλός (italós, "bull"), quoted in an
ancient Greek gloss by
Hesychius (from his collection of 51,000 unusual, obscure and foreign words). This "Greek" word is assumed to be a cognate of Latin vitulus ("calf"), although the different
length of the i is a problem. The Latin vitulus is presumably derived from the
Proto-Indo-European root *wet- meaning "year" (hence, a "yearling": a "one-year-old calf"), although the change of e to i is unexplained. The "Greek" word, however, is glossed as "bull", not "calf". Speakers of ancient
Oscan called Italy Víteliú, a cognate of Greek Ἰταλία and Latin Ītalia.
Varro wrote that the region got its name from the excellence and abundance of its cattle. Some disagree with that etymology. Compare
Italus.
From Geppun,
Marco Polo's Italian rendition of the islands'
Shanghainese name 日本 (Mandarin
pinyin: rìběn, Shanghainese pronunciation: Nyih4 Pen2, at the time approximately jitpun), or "sun-origin", i.e. "
Land of the Rising Sun", indicating Japan as lying to the east of China (where the sun rises). Also formerly known as the "Empire of the Sun".
Nihon / Nippon: Japanese name, from the
Onyomi (Sino-Japanese) pronunciation of the same characters as above.
From the Kikuyu word Kirinyaga a contraction of Kirima nyaga "Ostrich mountain", so called because the dark shadows and snow-capped peak resemble the plumage of a male Ostrich. The neighbouring Kamba tribe do not have the "R" and "G" sound in their language and called it "Keinya" when acting as guides to a German explorer. It is often erroneously believed it comes from Kirima Ngai "Mountain of God"
From "Gaoli",
Marco Polo's Italian rendition of Gāo Lí (
Chinese: 高麗), the Chinese name for
Goryeo (918–1392), which had named itself after the earlier
Goguryeo (37 BC–AD 668). The original name was a combination of the adjective go (고; 高) meaning "lofty" and a local
Yemaek tribe, whose original name is thought to have been either Guru (구루, "walled city") or Gauri (가우리, "center").
South Koreans call Korea Hanguk (한국), an early 20th century neologism derived from the name "
Samhan", referring to the
Three Kingdoms of Korea.
North Koreans as well as ethnic Koreans living in China and Japan call it Chosŏn (조선) from
Gojoseon (?–108 BC).
From the Serbian word Kosovo, derived from Kosovo Polje, the central Kosovo plain, and literally means "Field of Blackbird", since "kos" is "a blackbird" and "-ovo" is regular Serbian suffix for possessive adjectives.[citation needed]
In Hungarian it is Rigómező, which means "field of the thrush"
"Land of the forty tribes", from three words: kyrg (kırk) meaning "forty", yz (uz) meaning "tribes" in East-Turkic, and -stan meaning "land" in Persian.
Coined under
French rule, derived from
Laolao (ລາວ), meaning "a Laotian" or "Laotian", possibly originally from an ancient Indian word lava (लव). (Lava is the name of one of the twin sons of the god
Rama; see
History of Lahore.) The name might also be from Ai-Lao (Lao: ອ້າຽລາວ, Isan: อ้ายลาว,
Chinese: 哀牢;
pinyin: Āiláo, Vietnamese: ai lao), the old Chinese name for the
Tai ethnic groups to which the
Lao people belong.[240] Formerly known as Lan Xang (ລ້ານຊ້າງ) or "land of a million elephants".
Lao: ເມືອງລາວMuang Lao,
lit. "Lao Country". The official name: Lao Democratic People's Republic; Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວSathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao
Emerged in the 19th century by combining ethnonym with finale -ija. The meaning and origin of name of Latvian people is unclear, however the root lat-/let- is associated with several Baltic
hydronyms and might share common origin with the Liet- part of neighbouring
Lithuania (Lietuva, see below) and name of
Latgalians – one of the Baltic tribes that are considered ancestors of modern Latvian people.
The name Lebanon (لُبْنَانLubnān in standard
Arabic; Lebnan or Lebnèn in local dialect) is derived from the
Semitic root "LBN", which is linked to several closely related meanings in various languages, such as "white" and "milk". This is regarded as a reference to the snow-capped
Mount Lebanon, which is actually what the country was named after as it had previously been called
Phoenicia, a prosperous ancient semitic
civilization that hailed from the land in Modern day
Lebanon. Occurrences of the name have been found in three of the twelve tablets of the Epic of
Gilgamesh (2900 BC), the texts of the library of
Ebla (2400 BC), and the
Bible (71 times in the Bible's
Old Testament).
"Land of the
Basotho" or "of the
Sesotho-speakers".[241] Basotho itself is formed from the plural prefix ba- and Sotho of uncertain etymology, although possibly related to the word motho ("human being").[242]
After an ancient
Berber tribe called Libyans by the Greeks and Rbw by the Egyptians. Until the country's independence, the term "Libya" generally applied only to the vast desert between the Tripolitanian Lowland and the
Fazzan plateau (to the west) and Egypt's
Nile river valley (to the east). With "
Tripoli" the name of new country's capital, and the old northeastern regional name "
Cyrenaica" having passed into obsolescence, "Libya" became a convenient name for the country.
From the German "light stone" ("light" as in "bright"). The country took its name from the Liechtenstein dynasty, which purchased and united the counties of
Schellenberg and
Vaduz. The
Holy Roman Emperor allowed the dynasty to rename the new property after itself.
Liechtenstein and
Luxembourg are the only *German-speaking former member monarchies of the de facto confederal "Holy Roman Empire" (961–1806) that were not assimilated or annexed by Germany, Austria or Switzerland.
(* In the case of Luxembourg, German is – for historical reasons – one of the three official administrative languages, after Luxembourgish and French. German is not the national mother tongue of the Luxembourgish people.)
Multiple theories: Some link it to the word lieti ("to consolidate" or "to unite"), referring to the first union of tribes in ethnic Lithuanian lands (not lands of
Balts, but lands of ancient tribes of Lithuanians including Prussians, nowadays Latvians and Belarusians).
Alternatively, could be a
hydronym, possibly from a small river Lietava in central Lithuania. That hydronym has been associated with Lithuanian lieti (root lie- "pour" or "spill"). Compare to Old Slavic liyati (лыиати "pour"), Greek a-lei-son (α-λει-σον "cup"), Latin litus ("seashore"),
Tocharian Alyjäm ("lake").
Historically, attempts have been made to suggest a direct descendance from the
Latinlitus (see
littoral). Litva (
genitive: Litvae), an early Latin variant of the
toponym, appears in a 1009 chronicle describing an archbishop "struck over the head by pagans on the border of Russia/Prussia and Litvae". A 16th-century scholar associated the word with the Latin word litus ("tubes") – a possible reference to wooden trumpets played by Lithuanian tribesmen.
A
folkloric explanation is that the country's name in the Lithuanian language (Lietuva) is derived from a word lietus ("rain") and means "a rainy place".
The country which was initially called (County of the) Ardennes named itself after its homonym capital city founded in 963.
From Celtic Lucilem "small", German lützel, OHG luc(c)il, luz(z)il (cognate to English "little") and Germanic Burg: "castle" or "fortress", thus Lucilemburg: "little castle" or "little fortress".
Later forms of the name were: Lütze(l)burg, Lëtzelburg (cf. Luxembourgish: Lëtzebuerg)
The evolution towards the originally French versions of the name using the letter X instead of C, TZ or TS (Luxembourg, Luxemburg), which were adopted by most languages (but not by Luxembourgish itself), was the result of the French cultural influence throughout Europe since the 17th century.
Luxembourg and
Liechtenstein are the only *German-speaking former member monarchies of the de facto confederal "Holy Roman Empire" (961–1806) which were not assimilated or annexed by Germany, Austria or Switzerland.
(* In the case of Luxembourg, German is – for historical reasons – one of the three official administrative languages, after Luxembourgish and French. German and French are not the national mother tongue of the Luxembourgish people.)
Possibly based on a native word meaning "flaming water" or "tongues of fire", believed to have derived from the sun's dazzling reflections on
Lake Malawi. But President
Hastings Banda, the founding President of Malawi, reported in interviews that in the 1940s he saw a "Lac Maravi" shown in "Bororo" country on an antique French map titled "La Basse Guinee Con[t]enant Les Royaumes de Loango, de Congo, d'Angola et de Benguela" and he liked the name "Malawi" better than "Nyasa" (or "Maravi"). "Lac Marawi" does not necessarily correspond to today's
Lake Malawi. Banda had such influence at the time of independence in 1964 that he named the former
Nyasaland "Malawi", and the name stuck.
Nyasaland (former name): Nyasa literally means "lake" in the local indigenous languages. The name applied to
Lake Malawi, formerly
Lake Nyasa (Niassa).
"Land of the Malays": a combination of Malay and the Latin/Greek suffix -sia/-σία.[243]malayadvīpa (
Sanskrit: मलयद्वीप) was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. In modern terminology, "Malay" is the name of an
ethnoreligious group of
Austronesian people predominantly inhabiting the
Malay Peninsula and portions of adjacent islands of
Southeast Asia, including the east coast of
Sumatra, the coast of
Borneo, and smaller islands that lie between these areas.[244] A theory suggests that the word Melayu ('Malay') is derived from the
Malay/
Javanese terms melayu or mlayu (to steadily accelerate or to run), to describe the strong current of a river in
Sumatra that today bore the name Sungai Melayu.[245] The name was later possibly adopted by the
Melayu Kingdom that existed in the 7th century on Sumatra.[246] The continental part of the country bore the name Tanah Melayu (literally 'Malay Land') or Malaya until 1963, when Federation of Malaysia was formed together with the territories of
Sabah,
Sarawak and
Singapore (the latter withdrew in 1965). The name change indicated the change of the country's boundaries beyond
Malay Peninsula. Malaysian refers to its citizens of
all races includes the native aboriginal people, while Malay refers to the
Malay people, which makes up about half of the population.
Scholars believe that the name "Maldives" derives from the
Sanskritmaladvipa (मालद्वीप), meaning "garland of islands". Some sources say that the
Tamilmaalai (மாலை) or
Malayalammala (മാല): "
Tamiltheevu (தீவு)" "mountain(s)", and Sanskrit dvīp (द्वीप): "island", thus, "Mountain Islands".
Dhivehi Raajje (ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ) (Maldivian name): "Kingdom of Maldivians". Dhivehi is a noun describing the Dhives people (Maldivians) and their language "Dhivehi" simultaneously.
Maladwipa (मालद्वीप): Sanskrit for "garland (malaमाला, Sanskrit pronunciation:[/maːlaː/]) of islands"; or, more likely, "small islands", from mala (मल) (Sanskrit pronunciation:[/mala/]) meaning "small".
After the ancient West African kingdom of the same name, where a large part of the modern country is. The word mali means "
hippopotamus" in
Malinké and
Bamana.
French Sudan (former colonial name). In French Soudan français. The term Sudan (see below) stems from the
Arabicbilad as-sudan (البلاد السودان) ("land of the Blacks").
From either Greek or
Phoenician. Of the two cultures, available evidence suggests that the Greeks had an earlier presence on the island, from as far back as 700 BC.[247] The Greeks are known to have called the island Melita (Μελίτη) meaning "
honey", as did the Romans; solid evidence for this is Malta's domination by the
Byzantine Empire from 395 through to 870. It is still nicknamed the "land of honey".[247][248] The theory for a Phoenician origin of the word is via 𐤈𐤄𐤋𐤀𐤌 Maleth meaning "a haven".[249] The modern-day name comes from the
Maltese language, through an evolution of one of the earlier names.
Named after British captain
John Marshall, who first documented the existence of the islands in 1788. The family name is rendered Majeļ in
Marshallese.
Latin for "land of the Moors" (from
Greekmáuros, μαύρος (black). Not to be confused with the classical
Mauretania in northern
Morocco, itself named after the Berber
Mauri or
Moor tribe.
There is also a well-known Romanian legend about a young man named Dragoș Vodă who went hunting for an
aurochs or a
wisent, followed by a bunch of dogs. During the hunting expedition, all the dogs got tired and fell down, except for a female dog named Molda which ran to the wild animal all the time. After the wisent entered into a river, the female dog did the same thing, but unfortunately it got drowned and died in that way. Thanks to Molda, Dragoș finally killed the wisent and cut its head off, and in memory of his dog's sacrifice, he named the river and the land after MOLda – MOLdovA. That legend, which is a fictional story, explains the name of the territory and country's etymology and also explains why the symbol of Moldova is the wisent head.
From the ancient Greek monoikos (μόνοικος) 'single-dwelling', through Latin Monoecus. Originally the name of an ancient colony founded in the 6th century B.C. by
Phocian Greeks, and a by-name of the demigod
Hercules worshiped there. (The association of Monaco with monks (Italian monaci) dates from the
Grimaldi conquest of 1297: see
coat of arms of Monaco.)
from "
Marrakesh", the south region's former capital, from Portuguese Marrocos. Form of the
Berber name Mərrakəš (ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ), probably from mur [n] akush (ⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, "Land of God").
Al-Maghrib, a native name:
Arabic for "the West" (المغرب), although note that in English use, the
Maghreb typically refers to all of northwest Africa, not Morocco in particular. Also, Maghreb means "The Land of Sunset".
The name "Nepal" is derived from "Nepa" as mentioned in the historical maps of South Asia. "Nepa" literally means "those who domesticate cattle" in the Tibeto-Burman languages. The land was known by its people the Nepa or Nepar, Newar, Newa, Newal etc., who still inhabit the area i.e. the valley of Kathmandu and its surroundings. The Newa people use "Ra" and "La" or "Wa" and "Pa" interchangeably, hence the different names mentioned above.
Some say it derives from the
Sanskrit word nīpālaya (Sanskrit: नीपालय), which means "abode at the foot of mountain', referring to its proximity to the
Himalayas. (Compare the analogous European toponym "
Piedmont".) Others suggest that it derives from the
Tibetanniyampal, which means "holy land".
Netherlands literally means Low countries or Lowlands. Dutch neder and its English
cognatenether both mean 'down(ward), below'. The English word is now uncommon, mostly replaced by lower in English.[256]Neder or nether may simply have denoted the geographical characteristics of the land, both flat and down river. This may have applied to the singular form Nederland, or Niderland. It was a geographical description of low regions in the Germanic lands. Thus it was also used to refer specifically to the
estuaries of the
Scheldt,
Meuse and
Rhine, including the Lower Rhineland.[257]: 37
Holland, a former name: From the region of Holland within the Netherlands, often used by
metonymy for the country as a whole. "Holland" from the Germanic holt-land ("wooded land"),[258] although often
pseudoetymologized as "hollow" or "marsh land").
Batavia, a former and poetic name: From the
Latin name of the Germanic
Batavii tribe.
After the province of
Zeeland in the Netherlands, which means "sea land", referring to the large number of islands it contains.
Abel Tasman referred to New Zealand as Staten Landt, but later Dutch cartographers used Nova Zeelandia, in
Latin, followed by Nieuw Zeeland in
Dutch, which
Captain James Cook later
anglicised to New Zealand.
Aotearoa has become the most common name for the country in the
indigenousMāori language, supplanting the loan-phrase Niu Tireni. Aotearoa conventionally means "land of the long white cloud".
Nua Shealtainn in both Irish and
Scottish Gaelic, meaning "New
Shetland" (Sealtainn), itself from a
metathesised form of
ScotsShetland. Gaelic speakers seem to have folk-etymologised Zeeland when translating New Zealand's name from English.
A merger coined by the Spanish explorer
Gil González Dávila after
Nicarao, a leader of an indigenous community inhabiting the shores of
Lake Nicaragua and agua, the Spanish word for "water"; subsequently, the ethnonym of that native community.
Self-descriptive, from its location in the northern portion of
Macedonia.
Macedonia: The country name (
Macedonian: Македонија/ Makedonija) is from the Greek word Μακεδονία (Makedonía),[260][261] a
kingdom (later,
region) named after the
ancient Macedonians. Their name, Μακεδόνες (Makedónes), derives ultimately from the
ancient Greek adjective
μακεδνός (makednós), meaning "tall, taper",[262] which shares the same root as the noun μάκρος (mákros), meaning "length" in both ancient and
modern Greek.[263] The name is originally believed to have meant either "highlanders" or "the tall ones".[264] The provisional term "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" was used in many international contexts in acknowledgment of a
political dispute with Greece over the historical legitimacy of the country's use of the name. In February 2019, the country renamed itself to the Republic of North Macedonia.
From the
Old Norsenorðr and vegr, "northern way". Norðrvegr refers to long coastal passages from the western tip of Norway to its northernmost lands in the Arctic.
Natively called Norge in
Bokmål and Noreg in
Nynorsk.
Urmane, or Murmane (урмане; Му́рмане) in
Old East Slavic: from the Old Norse pronunciation of the word Normans: "Northmen". (This word survives in the name of the Russian city
Murmansk.)
An Iorua (
Irish) seems to derive from a misinterpretation of Old Norse Norðrvegr as beginning the Irish definite article an, common to most country names in Irish. The rest of the word was then taken as the country name. (A similar process took place in the development of the English word "adder": originally "a nadder".)
Etymology uncertain. It seems to be related to
Pliny the Elder's Omana[265] and
Ptolemy's Omanon (Όμανον εμπόριον),[266] both probably the ancient
Sohar.[267] The city or region is typically etymologized in Arabic from aamen or amoun ("settled" people, as opposed to the
bedouin),[267] although a number of eponymous founders have been proposed (
Oman bin Ibrahim al-Khalil,
Oman bin Siba' bin Yaghthan bin Ibrahim,
Oman bin Qahtan, and the Biblical
Lot) and others derive it from the name of a valley in Yemen at
Ma'rib presumed to have been the origin of the city's founders, the
Azd, a tribe migrating from Yemen.[268]
From the native name Belau ("Palau"), traditionally derived from
Palauanaidebelau ("indirect replies"), in reference to the island's
creation story involving the destruction of the giant
Chuab.[274]
Belau, the local endonym: As above.
Los Palos, a former name: A Spanish adaptation of the above.
Pelew, a former name: From the transcription of Belau above by the British captain
Henry Wilson, whose ship was wrecked off
Ulong Island in 1783.
The English word Palestine is derived from the Latin Palestina ("Roman Province of Palestine"), which is derived from the Ancient Greek Παλαιστίνη (Palaistine, "Philistia and surrounding regions"), which is in turn derived from the Hebrew פלשת (Pelesheth, "land of the
Philistines")[275]
After a former village near the modern capital,
Panama City. From the
Cueva language meaning "place of abundance of fish" or "place of many fish", possibly from the Caribe "abundance of butterflies", or possibly from another native term referring to the
Panama tree.
The country acquired its name in the 19th century. The word "Papua" derives from
Malaypapuah describing the hair styles found in Papuan cultures. "New Guinea" comes from the Spanish explorer
Yñigo Ortiz de Retez, who noted the resemblance of the local people to those he had earlier seen along the
Guinea coast of Africa.
The exact meaning of the word "Paraguay" is unknown, though it seems to derive from the river of the same name. One of the most common explanations is that it means "water of the
Payagua (a native tribe)". Another meaning links the
Guarani words para ("river") and guai ("crown"), meaning "crowned river". A third meaning may be para ("river"), gua ("from"), y ("water") meaning "water that comes from the river", referring to the bog in the north of the country, which is actually in Brazil.
The exact meaning behind the word "Peru" is obscure. The most popular theory derives it from the native word biru, meaning "river" (compare with the
River Biru in modern
Ecuador). Another explanation claims that it comes from the name of the Indigenous chieftain Beru. Spanish explorers asked him the name of the land, but not understanding their language, he assumed they wanted his own name, which he gave them. Another possible origin is pelu, presumptively an old native name of the region.
Islands of the West, a former name: from the Spanish name Las islas de Poniente, adopted in order to assert their ownership by Spain under the terms of the
Treaty of Tordesillas; the
Portuguese, who (correctly, as it happens) felt the islands fell within their sphere, instead called them Ilhas do oriente ("Islands of the East"). As the
problem of longitude had not been solved, and as the islands had no
spice to attract conflict,
López de Legazpi successfully colonized the islands for Philip II in 1565.
"Land of
Polans", the territory of the tribe of Polans (Polanie). When the Polans formed a united Poland in the 10th century, this name also came into use for the whole Polish country. The name "Poland" (Polska) expressed both meanings until, in the 13th/14th century, the original territory of the Polans became known as
Greater Poland (Wielkopolska) instead. The name of the tribe comes probably from Polish pole: "field" or "open field".
Lengyelország (Hungarian), Lenkija (
Lithuanian), لهستان Lahestân (
Persian) all derive from the Old Ruthenian or Old Polish ethnonym lęděnin (possibly "man ploughing virgin soil", "pioneer") and its
augmentativelęch.
From medieval
RomancePortucale, from Latin
Portus Cale (modern
Porto and
Gaia). Portus is the Latin for "port", but the meaning of Cale is debated. Some derive it from the Greek kallis (καλλἰς, "beautiful") or the Latin calēre ("to heat"). It likely was related to the
Gallaeci, a
Celtic people who lived nearby north of the
Douro River in pre-Roman times. The etymology of their name is also unknown, but may have been related to the divine hag
Cailleach.
Lusitania (ancient predecessor and literary variant): after the
Lusitanians, probably of
Celtic origin, as Lus and Tanus, "tribe of Lusus".
Derives from Qatara, believed to refer to the
Qatari town of
Zubara, an important trading port and town in the region in ancient times. The word "Qatara" first appeared on
Ptolemy's map of the
Arab world. In the early 20th century, English speakers often pronounced Qatar as "Cutter", close to the local pronunciation in Qatar. However, the traditional English pronunciation ("Kuh-tahr") has prevailed.
"Roman Realm". The
Roman Empire conquered a large part of the country, and the inhabitants became Romanized (
Romanians). Older variants of the name include Rumania and (in a French-influenced spelling) Roumania. The term român (the ethnic group of Romanians) comes from the Latin term romanus, which means
Roman, so the name Romania was adopted to accentuate the Latin origin of Romanian people and language. The term was first used during the leadership of
Carol I, whose 1866 constitution declared Romania the country's official name.
Dacia, older name and
Latin variant: named after the ancient people the
Dacians.
Wallachia, Slavic and Germanic name for the country, from the
Gothic word for
Celts: walh. Later also used for the Romanized tribes. This Germanic form derives from the name of the Celtic tribe of
Volcae. Compare with the etymologies of Wales and Wallonia.
English and Russian: from Rosia or Rossiya, from the
Byzantine GreekRōsía (Ρωσία), meaning "Land of the Rōs" (Ρως).[284] Generally agreed to be from a
Varangian group known as the
Rus', named after the
Roslagen region in Sweden, ultimately from
Old Norserods-, "row" or "rower". Within Russia,
Soviet scholarship depreciated
Kievan Rus's Scandinavian origin in favor of Slavic ones, offering a variety of other
pseudoetymologies. See also
Sweden below.
"Large or big", from the
Kinyarwandakwanda ("expand"),[285] as eventually applied to the
TutsiNyiginyamwamis descended from Ruganzu Ndori[286] or the speakers of Kinyarwanda. Rwanda means a big country. Historically Rwanda expanded from Gasabo (a tiny locality near
Lake Muhazi) to the entire territory as it was known before the Berlin conference. Rwanda's zone of influence expanded to southern parts of Uganda, western parts of Tanzania and eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
Western Sahara, the name of the territory it claims: After its geographic position. "Sahara" derives from the Arabic aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' (الصحراء), meaning "desert".
St. Kitts took its name in honour of
Saint Christopher, the patron saint of travelling.
Christopher Columbus probably named the island for Saint Christopher, though this remains uncertain. British sailors later shortened the name to St. Kitts.
Nevis derives from the Spanish phrase Nuestra Señora de las Nieves, which means "Our Lady of the Snows", after the permanent halo of white clouds that surrounded mountains on the island.
The name is alternatively derived from a local chieftain named Samoa[citation needed] or an indigenous word meaning "place of the
moa", a now-extinct bird.[citation needed]
"
Saint Marinus" in Italian, for the (possibly legendary) stonemason who fled to the area's
Mount Titano around AD 301 or 305 from his home on the island of
Arbe in modern-day
Croatia to order to escape Roman persecution.
São Tomé: "
Saint Thomas" in Portuguese, for its discovery on St. Thomas Day, 21 December 1470 or 1471.
Príncipe: "Prince" in Portuguese, from shortening its original name Ilha do Principe ("Isle of the Prince") in reference to the
Prince of Portugal to whom duties on the island's sugar crop were paid.[citation needed]
Named after
House of Saud, the ruling dynasty of the country. The dynasty itself took its name from its patriarch
Saud (
Arabic: Sa`ûd), whose name means “Happiness”.
Arabia itself from the
Latin name, of uncertain though probably
Semitic etymology, although as early as
Ancient Egypt the region was known as Ar Rabi.[287]
"Land of the Scots", from the Latin "
Scoti" as recorded by the Romans to refer to the
Gaels of then Ireland and western Scotland, the later of which were later conquered by but then assimilated the
Picts to form the medieval Kingdom. The use of Scot- to refer to Gaels of Ireland gradually stopped.
From the Senegal river. After a Portuguese variant of the name of the Berber
Zenaga (Arabic
Senhaja) tribe, which dominated much of the area to the north of modern Senegal, i.e. present-day
Mauritania.
"Lion Mountains". (Terra Leone) Adapted from Sierra Leona, the Spanish version of the Portuguese Serra Leoa. The Portuguese explorer
Pedro de Sintra named the country after the striking mountains that he saw in 1462 while sailing the West African coast. It remains unclear what exactly made the mountains look like lions. Three main explanations exist: that the mountains resembled the
teeth of a
lion, that they looked like sleeping lions, or that thunder which broke out around the mountains sounded like a lion's roar.
"Lion City", from Singapura (in
Malay) derives from
Sanskrit word simhapura (Sanskrit: सिंहपुर). Singapore is the
anglicized form of the Malay name, which is still in use today,[288] along with variants in Chinese and
Tamil. The lion, or what became the legendary
Merlion, usually depicts
Sang Nila Utama's discovery of the island Temasek, from Malay or
Javanese root tasik, meaning lake.[289]
"Land of the
Slavs" in
Slovene and other
South Slavic languages. The etymology of Slav itself remains uncertain. Some etymologists believe that the part -ven refers to the ancient Germanic tribes of the
Venetii who supposedly also gave their name to the city of
Venice.[citation needed]
"Land of the
Somali". Somali itself is of uncertain etymology, although some have proposed a derivation from sac maal ("cattle herders") or a legendary
patriarch named
Samaale.
Azania (alternative name): some opponents of the
white-minority rule of the country used the name Azania in place of "South Africa" . The origin of this name remains uncertain, but the name has referred to various parts of sub-Saharan East-Africa. Recently, two suggestions for the origin of the word have emerged. The first cites the Arabic 'ajam ("foreigner, non-Arab"). The second references the Greek verb azainein ("to dry, parch"), which fits the identification of Azania with arid sub-Saharan Africa.
Mzansi, an alternative endonym: a popular, widespread nickname among locals, used often in parlance but never officially adopted. (uMzantsi in
isiXhosa means "south".)
"Island of
Hyraxes", from
Norman FrenchSpagne, from the Latin Hispania, from the
PunicʾÎ-šəpānîm (אי שפנים), probably from mistaking
rabbits for the African hyrax. Others have proposed that it may derive from the terms "iz", meaning sea, and "bania" or "pania", meaning divide, giving the meaning "the land that divides the Sea", or, simply, "the land".[290]
Ceylon, a former name: From Ceilão (Portuguese), Seilan (former names), from the
Pali शिन्हल Sinhalana meaning "land of the lions".
Helanka, its name in
Sinhala: "Lanka of Hela's", "Heladiva" (Sinhala) meaning the "Island of Hela's", since original natives of the island was called "Hela".
Serendip, a former name: derived from the sihalan-dip, meaning "the island of sihala's or originally "Hela's" Or from "swaran-dip", meaning "golden island".
Taproben, a former name: changed from dip-Raawan, meaning "the island of King Rawana"
"Swedes", an old English plural form of Swede.[citation needed] From the
Old EnglishSweoðeod, the
Old NorseSviþjoð. The etymology of the first element, Svi, links to the
PIE *suos ("one's own", "of one's own kin"). The last element, þjoð, means "people", cognate with deut in
Deutsch and teut in
Teutons.
Sverige, a local endonym: "Swedish Realm" (modern
Swedish: Svea Rike).
Rootsi (
Estonian) and Ruotsi (Finnish): named after the
Roslagen region in Sweden, ultimately from
Old Norserods-, "row" or "rower". See also
Russia above.
Meaning unknown. From the
Ancient GreekSyria (Συρία). Probably related to syriac. Syriac people descend from big old "Syria" which involved modern Syria, Lebanon, south of modern Turkey and north of current Iraq.
Not to be confused with Assyria (Assyrians: Arabic: "ashouriyin" آشوريين / Syriac: Arabic: "sourian" سريان
Not to be confused with Syrians: Arabic "souriyin" سوريين which stands for the people of current Syria
"Taiwan" is the shorthand common name for the Republic of China since 1949, even though it was also referred internationally in some contexts as "China" as late as the 1970s.
Tayowan was the name of a coastal sandbank (now
Anping in the city of
Tainan) where the
Dutch East India Company built
Fort Zeelandia, the headquarters of their colony on the island.[291] The name may have originally referred to an aboriginal tribe in the area. The present Chinese name (臺灣,
pinyin: Táiwān) conveys the meaning "Terraced Bay", but older versions such as 臺員 have entirely different meanings and suggest that the Chinese is merely a transcription of the older name.[292]
Formosa ("beautiful" in Portuguese), a poetic and former name.
"Home of the
Tajiks", a
Persian-speaking ethnic group, with the suffix -stan.
SogdianTājīk (j pronounced /
ʒ/) was the local pronunciation of
New PersianTāzī, from
Sassanian PersianTāzīg, derived from the
Tayy tribe and meaning "Arab". The Tajiks were New Persian–speaking
Muslims, although not necessarily Arabs.[293] (An alternate etymology[citation needed] is via
TibetanTag Dzig, meaning "Persian" and "tiger" or "leopard".)
"Land of
Tanganyika and
Zanzibar", a
blend and simplification of the original name – "United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar" – assumed upon independence in 1964
Tanganyika was named for its
lake, of uncertain etymology. Sir
Richard Francis Burton derived it from the local tou tanganyka, "to join" in the sense "where waters meet."
Henry Stanley derived it from tonga ("island") and hika ("flat").
"Land of the Thai" (
Thai: ไทย), an ethnic group from the central plains (see
Tai peoples). The name Tai itself (ไท) is of uncertain etymology, although it has been argued to have originally meant "people" or "human being" since some rural areas use the word in this way as opposed to the normal Thai word khon (คน).[296] A more common
pseudoetymology derives the demonym from the word thai (ไท) meaning "freedom".
Siam (สยาม, Sayam), a former name, of uncertain etymology. One theory holds it derives from the
Pāli toponym Suvarnabhumi (शुभर्नभुमि, "Land of Gold").[citation needed] Another traces it – along with the
Shan and
A-hom – from
SanskritŚyâma (श्याम, "dark").[297]
"By the water"[298] or "behind the sea",[299] derived from
Eweto ("water") and go ("shore"). Originally it just referred to the town of Togo (now
Togoville), later the Germans extended the name to the whole nation.[299]
"South" or "Southern" in
Samoan, in reference to their position relative to
Samoa.
Friendly Islands, a former name, bestowed by
British Captain
James Cook in 1773 after the friendliness and hospitality of the people he met on the islands.
Trinidad, from Spanish La Isla de la Trinidad ("Island of the
Holy Trinity"). The name was bestowed by
Christopher Columbus to fulfill a vow he had made before setting out on his
third voyage.[300]
Tobago, of uncertain etymology, but probably from the tobacco grown and smoked by the natives.
Iere, the former
Arawak name for Trinidad according to historian E.L. Joseph, who derived it from ierèttê or yerettê, meaning "hummingbird".[citation needed] Others have claimed the Arawak word for hummingbird was tukusi or tucuchi[citation needed] and that iere or kairi simply means "island".[citation needed]
The
Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its contemporaries.[308]
The medieval
Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the northern shores of the
Black and
Caspian seas, was referred to as Tourkia ("land of the Turks") in Byzantine sources.[309]
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) is known in local language as "Sulṭanat Misr al-Mamālīk Dawla al-Turkiyya"
"Home (stān) of the
Turkmens", an ethnic group whose name derives from the
SogdianTürkmen ("Turk-like"), in reference to their status outside the Turkic dynastic mythological system.[310] However, modern scholars sometimes prefer to see the suffix as an
intensifier, changing the meaning to "pure Turk" or "most Turk-like of the Turks".[311] Muslim chroniclers such as
Ibn-Kathir advocated a
pseudoetymology from Türk and iman (
Arabic: إيمان, "faith, belief") in reference to a mass conversion of two hundred thousand households in 971 (AH 349).[312]
"Eight Islands" or "eight standing with each other" in
Tuvaluan. (Tuvalu consists of nine islands, but only eight of them were traditionally inhabited before Niulakita was settled in 1949.)
Ellice Islands, a former name, in honor of
Edward Ellice, Sr., a British politician and merchant, who owned the cargo of the ship Rebecca which sighted the islands in 1819. The name was abandoned for the endonym Tuvalu upon separation from the
Gilbert Islands (modern
Kiribati) in 1975.
Uganda is named after the Buganda Kingdom which occupies the central region of the country. The word "Buganda" is derived from "muganda" which means "a bundle" or "united as in a bundle" in the Buganda language. The "Bu-" prefix in Buganda means "land" pronounced with a soft "b" sound. In Swahili it became "Uganda" as Swahili does not have a soft "b" sound. The final pronunciation of Uganda is the English pronunciation. So "Uganda" actually means "land of the united peoples".
Great Britain, an alternate name: "Larger Britain", from
Mediaeval LatinBritannia Maior, first recorded by
Geoffrey of Monmouth, who employed it to distinguish the
island from Britannia Minor ("Little Britain"), or
Brittany in modern France. In classical times, the
Graeco-Roman geographer
Ptolemy in his Almagest also called the island megale Brettania (great Britain), contrasting it at that time to the smaller island of Ireland, which he called mikra Brettania (little Britain).[313]
Kingdom of Great Britain, a former name: Self-descriptive, employed following the union of the English and Scottish crowns (1707) and prior to the union with Ireland (1801).
United Kingdom, an alternate name: a shortened form of the realm's official names above and below, although note that "united kingdom" was used as a description but not the name of the kingdom formed by legally joining the
Kingdoms of England and
Scotland previously held in
personal union by the
House of Stuart.[314]
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, a previous name: Adopted in 1801 from the previous names of the two kingdoms,
Great Britain and
Ireland, following British and Irish legislation converting the
personal union of the British and Irish crowns into a single sovereign state. The name was emended to its present form in 1927, five years after the creation of the
Irish Free State (present-day Ireland).
Self-descriptive, although note that – similar to the original "united Kingdom of Great Britain" above – the
U.S. Declaration of Independence described the new nation as the (lower-case) "united States of America". The adjective had become a part of the name by the time of the adoption of the
United States Constitution, however, whose preamble describes the "United States". Similarly, the grammatical number of the name has changed over time: common usage before the
American Civil War was to reference "these United States"[citation needed] whereas modern usage has "the United States".
"Land beside the
Uruguay River", a shortened form of the Spanish Republica Oriental del Uruguay ("Eastern Republic of Uruguay"). The word Uruguay itself derives from
Guaraní, although the precise meaning is unknown. Some derive it from urugua ("shellfish") and i ("water"), others from uru (a kind of bird in the region), gua ("proceed from"), and i.
"City on
Vatican Hill", translated from the Italian Città del Vaticano and
LatinCivitas Vaticana, from the site of the territory remaining to the state after the mid-19th-century
Unification of Italy and upon its 1929 reestablishment. The name of the hill itself came from the Latin Mons Vaticanus, from the name of the surrounding lands ager vaticanus, from the verb vaticinari ("to prophesy"), in reference to the fortune-tellers and soothsayers who used the streets in the area during Roman times.
Papal States, a former name: loosely translated from the Italian Stati Pontifici and Latin Status Pontificius ("Pontifical States"). The name is usually plural both to denote its various holdings – the former
Duchies of Rome and
Pontecorvo, the former
Principality of Benevento, the
March of Ancona,
Bologna,
Romagna, and the
Campagne and Maritime Province continued to be administered separately despite forming a unified state – and to distinguish this realm from the current country. "Papal" from
Latinpapa ("father"), borrowed by the
Bishop of Rome from the
Pope of Alexandria to denote his leadership over the church. "State" distinguished this realm and its administration from the church and papacy's lands in other realms and from the administration of the church itself.
Pontifical States, a former name: a less common but more precise variation of the above. The title "pontiff", from
Latinpontifex, was carried over from the Romans' pontifex maximus, a high priest whose name is generally understood to mean "bridge-maker" (pons + -fex, "builder", "maker", from facio, "build", "make").
States of the Church, a former name: translated from the Italian Stati della Chiesa. The name was plural to denote the various holdings united under the Papacy and distinguish it from the modern state. Chiesa derives from the
Latinecclesia, from the
Ancient Greekékklēsía (έκκλησία, "church", originally "assembly"), from ekklētos ("called out") from ekkalein (ἐκκαλεῖν, a
compound of ek-, "out", and kalein, "call").
"Viet South" (
Vietnamese: Việt Nam), an inversion of
Nam Việt (南越), the name of the 2nd-century BC kingdom.[315] The qualifier nam (south) was added to distinguish this kingdom from other Viet, or Yue, kingdoms, such as
Minyue. The word "Viet" is a shortened form of Bách Việt (
Chinese: 百越;
pinyin: Bǎiyuè), which in early usage applied to a people in
Guangdong.[316] Ancient historian
Sima Qian wrote that
Wu Qi of
Chu went "south to suppress the Bai Yue" in 368 B.C.[316][317] The first recorded usage is in the Chinese encyclopedia Lüshi Chunqiu, compiled around 239 B.C.[318] After Vietnam gained independence in 938, several variations on the word Viet, including "Nam Viet" and "
Dai Viet" (Great Viet), were used officially. The name "Vietnam" is first recorded in a 16th-century poem by
Nguyen Binh Khiem.[319] In the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was usually referred to as Annam ("Pacified South", 南). "Vietnam" was revived by
Phan Bội Châu's book Việt Nam vong quốc sử (History of the Loss of Vietnam), published in 1905, and later by the
Viet Quoc, a nationalist party which organized the
Yen Bai mutiny against the French colonial authorities in 1930.[320] In 1945, the name was adopted officially by both
Bao Dai's imperial government in Hue and by
Ho Chi Minh's
Viet Minh government in Hanoi.[320]
Uncertain etymology, most probably from
Arabicymn (يمن). Some claim[citation needed] it comes from yamīn (يَمين, "right-hand side" in the sense of "south"[321]). Others[citation needed] that it comes from the form yumn (يُمْن, "happiness") and is related to the region's classical name
Arabia Felix.
^Akademia e Shkencave e RPSH. Instituti Gjuhësisë dhe i Letersisë (1982).
"Studime filologjike". Studime Filologjike (in Albanian) (36). Tirana: 44.
^Kristo Frasheri. History of Albania (A Brief Overview). Tirana, 1964.
^Lloshi, Xhevat.
"The Albanian Language"(PDF). United Nations Development Programme. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
^Scheiner, Virgile. "Le pays occupé par les Français dans le nord de l'Afrique sera, à l'avenir, désigné sous le nom d'Algérie." 14 October 1839. (in French)
^Leschi, Louis. Origins of Algiers. 1941 - as cited in El Djezair Sheets. July 1941 - as cited in "
History of Algeria". (in French)
^Gaston, L. L. (1912). Andorra, the Hidden Republic: Its Origin and Institutions, and the Record of a Journey Thither. New York, USA: McBridge, Nast & Co. p. 9.
^Online Etymology Dictionary. "
Andorra." Accessed 16 September 2011.
^Freedman, Paul (1999). Images of the Medieval Peasant. CA, USA: Stanford University Press. p. 189.
ISBN9780804733731.
^Wheatcroft, Geoffrey. "Oh, to Be in Antigua: This Caribbean Island Makes an Englishman Feel Right at Home." The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 274, October 1994.
^
abRigg Jr., Horace A. "A Note on the Names Armânum and Urartu", pp. 416 – 418. Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 57, No. 4. December 1937.
^Babylonian copy of c. 2200 BC. URI 275, lines I.7 & 13, II.4, III.3 & 30.
^Chamich, Michael. History of Armenia from B.C. 2247 to the Year of Christ 1780, or 1229 of the Armenian era, p. 19. Bishop's College Press (Calcutta), 1827.
^Ačaṙean, H. "Արամ". Hayocʿ Anjnanunneri Baṙaran, 2d Ed. Yerevan State University (Yerevan), 1942–62. (in Armenian)
^As cited in Letter of 12 December 1817. Weekend Australian, 30–31 December 2000, p. 16.
^Department of Immigration and Citizenship (2007).
Life in Australia(PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. p. 11.
ISBN978-1-921446-30-6. Archived from
the original(PDF) on 17 October 2009. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
^"Originally, Media Atropatene was the northern part of greater Media. To the north, it was separated from
Armenia by the
R. Araxes. To the east, it extended as far as the mountains along the
Caspian Sea, and to the west as far as
Lake Urmia (ancient
Matiane Limne) and the mountains of present-day Kurdistan. The
R. Amardos may have been the southern border." from Kroll, S.E. "Media Atropatene". 1994. in Talbert, J.A. Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World: Map-by-map Directory. Princeton University Press, 2000.
^Robert H. Hewsen. "Ethno-History and the Armenian Influence upon the Caucasian Albanians". in Samuelian, Thomas J. (Ed.) Classical Armenian Culture. Influences and Creativity, pp. 27–40. Chicago: 1982.
^Granberry, Julian; Vescelius, Gary (2004). Languages of the Pre-Columbian Antilles. University of Alabama Press. p. 85.
ISBN0-8173-1416-4.
^Allsopp, Richard, ed. (2003). Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage. Kingston, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press. p. 70.
ISBN976-640-145-4.
^
abEncyclopedia of Islam, Vol. I. "Bahrayn", p. 941. E.J. Brill (Leiden), 1960.
^
abFaroughy, Abbas. The Bahrein Islands (750–1951): A Contribution to the Study of Power Politics in the Persian Gulf. Verry, Fisher & Co. (New York), 1951.
^"Bangladesh: early history, 1000 B.C.–A.D. 1202". Bangladesh: A country study. Washington, DC:
Library of Congress. September 1988.
Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2014. Historians believe that Bengal, the area comprising present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of
West Bengal, was settled in about 1000 B.C. by Dravidian-speaking peoples who were later known as the Bang. Their homeland bore various titles that reflected earlier tribal names, such as Vanga, Banga, Bangala, Bangal, and Bengal.
^
abSenGupta, Amitabh (2012). Scroll Paintings of Bengal: Art in the Village. AuthorHouse UK. p. 14.
ISBN978-1-4678-9663-4.
^Keay, John (2000). India: A History. Atlantic Monthly Press. p.
220.
ISBN978-0-87113-800-2. In C1020 ... launched Rajendra's great northern escapade ... peoples he defeated have been tentatively identified ... 'Vangala-desa where the rain water never stopped' sounds like a fair description of Bengal in the monsoon.
^
abcdБелы, А. Хроніка "Белай Русі": нарыс гісторыі адной геаграфічнай назвы. Энцыклапедыкс (Мінск), 2000.
ISBN985-6599-12-1. (in Russian) as cited in Biely, Ales. "
Why is the Russia White?Archived 13 September 2012 at
archive.today". Retrieved 28 September 2011.
^Maire, Victor-Louis. Dahomey : Abomey, décembre 1893 – Hyères, décembre 1903. "
Oueckbadia (1650–1680)", p. 19. A. Cariage (Besançon), 1905. Retrieved 28 September 2011. (in French))
^Euskaltzaindia.
"Ziortza". Retrieved 10 September 2011.
^Malcolm, Noel (1994). Bosnia A Short History. New York University Press.
ISBN0-8147-5520-8.
^
abcImamović, Mustafa (1996). Historija Bošnjaka. Sarajevo: BZK Preporod.
ISBN9958-815-00-1
^
abFine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 578.
ISBN0-472-08260-4.
^Ripley, George & Dana, Charles A., Eds. "
Bechuana". The American Cyclopædia. (New York), 1879.
^Willoughby, W.C. "
Notes on the Totemism of the Becwana". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 35, Jul – Dec Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 1905.
^
abcBueno, Eduardo. Brasil: uma História, p. 36. Ática (São Paulo), 2003.
ISBN85-08-08213-4. (in Portuguese)
^
abCentre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. "
Brésil". (in French)
^
ab"
Brasil". Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa. (in Portuguese)
^"Section 2.2". History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing Our Past. EPB Pan Pacific Curriculum Development Department. 2008. p. 26.
ISBN978-99917-2-545-1.
^Maura, Juan Francisco (2009). "Nuevas aportaciones al estudio de la toponimia ibérica en la América Septentrional en el siglo XVI". Bulletin of Spanish Studies (in Spanish). 86 (5): 577–603.
doi:
10.1080/14753820902969345.
S2CID192056139.
^
ab"CHILE." Encyclopædia Britannica. 11th ed. 1911. ("derived, it is said, from the Quichua chiri, cold, or tchili, snow")
^"Chile (república)". Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta Online. 2005. Archived from
the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2005. The region was then known to its native population as Tchili, a Native American word meaning "snow." 31 October 2009.
^Pearson, Neale J. (2004).
"Chile". Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Scholastic Library Publishing. Archived from
the original on 10 February 1999. Retrieved 2 March 2005. Chile's name comes from an Indian word, Tchili, meaning "the deepest point of the Earth."
^de Olivares y González SJ, Miguel (1864) [1736]. "Historia de la Compañía de Jesús en Chile". Colección de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional (in Spanish). Vol. 4. Santiago: Imprenta del Ferrocarril.
^Yule, Henry (1913).
Cathay and the Way Thither. Asian Educational Services. pp. 2–3.
ISBN8120619668. "There are reasons however for believing the word China was bestowed at a much earlier date, for it occurs in the Laws of Manu, which assert the Chinas to be degenerate Kshatriyas, and the Mahabharat, compositions many centuries older that imperial dynasty of Ts'in ... And this name may have yet possibly been connected with the Ts'in, or some monarchy of the like title; for that Dynasty had reigned locally in Shen si from the ninth century before our era..."
^Liu, Lydia He, The clash of empires, p. 77.
ISBN9780674019959. "Scholars have dated the earliest mentions of Cīna to the Rāmāyana and the Mahābhārata and to other Sanskrit sources such as the Hindu Laws of Manu."
^Wade, Geoff (May 2009).
"The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'"(PDF). Sino-Platonic Papers. 188. Retrieved 4 October 2011. "This thesis also helps explain the existence of Cīna in the Indic Laws of Manu and the Mahabharata, likely dating well before Qin Shihuangdi."
^Vidēvdāt 1.12, as cited in Schmitt, Rüdiger. Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. 2, pp. 246 f. "
Arachosia". Routledge & Kegan Paul (New York), 1987. [dead link]
^Gołąb, Zbigniew. The Origins of the Slavs: A Linguist's View. Slavica (Columbus), 1990.
^Barreto, Augusto Mascarenhas. O Português Cristóvão Colombo: Agente Secreto do Rei Dom João II. Lisbon, 1988. Translated edition: The Portuguese Columbus: Secret Agent of King John II. Palgrave Macmillan,
ISBN0-333-56315-8.
^Da Silva, Manuel L. and Silvia J. Christopher Columbus was Portuguese, pp. 396 ff. Express Printing (Fall River), 2008.
ISBN978-1-60702-824-6.
^Thorpe, B. The Life of Alfred The Great Translated from the German of Dr. R. Pauli To Which Is Appended Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of Orosius, p. 253. Bell, 1900.
^Calendarium Romanum, p. 100. Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969. (in Latin)
^Meinig, D.W. The Shaping of America: a Geographic Perspective on 500 Years of History. Vol. I — Atlantic America, 1492–1800. Yale University Press (New Haven), 1986.
ISBN0-300-03882-8.
^Presidential Public Relations Department (Departamento de Relaciones Públicas Casa Presidencial). El Salvador 1974–1975, p. 11. (San Salvador). (in Spanish)
^Mägi, Marika (2018). In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea.
BRILL. pp. 144–145.
ISBN9789004363816.
^Mägi, Marika (2018). In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication across the Baltic Sea.
BRILL. p. 144.
ISBN9789004363816.
^Munro-Hay, Stuart. Aksum: A Civilization of Late Antiquity, p. 19. Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1991.
^Cadamosto, Alvise. Mondo Nuovo, Libro de la Prima Navigazione di Luigi di Cadamosto de la Bassa Ethiopia ed Altre Cosa. Op cit. Montalbado, Francanzano (ed.) Paesi Novamente Retrovati et Novo Mondo da Alberico Vesputio Florentino Intitulato. (Vicenza), 1507. (in Italian)
^Hermann Pálsson (2007). Landnamabok (reprint ed.). Univ. of Manitoba Press. p. 18.
ISBN978-0-88755-370-7. The spring was an extremely cold one. Floki climbed a certain high mountain, and north across the mountain range he could see a fjord full of drift ice. That's why they called the country Iceland, and so it's been called ever since.
^Einar Pálsson (1981). Arfur Kelta (in Icelandic). Reykjavík: Mímir. p. 36.
^The word Hindu (हिन्दु) entered Sanskrit from Persian in early medieval times and is attested – in the sense of dwellers of the Indian subcontinent – in some texts, such as
Bhavishya Purāna,
Kālikā Purāna, Merutantra, Rāmakosha, Hemantakavikosha and Adbhutarūpakosha.
^MacKenzie, David Niel (1998).
"Ērān, Ērānšahr". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 8. Costa Mesa: Mazda. Archived from
the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2019. [verification needed]
^Merriam-Webster Online. "
Basotho". Retrieved 11 May 2012.
^Room, Adrian (2004). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sites. McFarland & Company. p. 221.
ISBN978-0-7864-1814-5.
^The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2013).
"Malay". Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc.
^Abdul Rashid, Melebek; Amat Juhari, Moain (2006), Sejarah Bahasa Melayu ("History of the Malay Language"), Utusan Publications & Distributors, pp. 9–10,
ISBN967-61-1809-5
^Milner, Anthony (2010), The Malays (The Peoples of South-East Asia and the Pacific), Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 18–19,
ISBN978-1-4443-3903-1
^Admon (1999). "2. Хүний үүсэл, Монголчуудын үүсэл гарвал" [2. Origins of Humanity; Origins of the Mongols]. Монгол улсын түүх [History of Mongolia] (in Mongolian).
National University of Mongolia, School of Social Sciences, Department of History. pp. 67–69.
^Г. Сүхбаатар (1992). "Монгол Нирун улс" [Mongol Nirun (
Rouran) state]. Монголын эртний түүх судлал, III боть [Historiography of Ancient Mongolia, Volume III] (in Mongolian). Vol. 3. pp. 330–550.
^
abSvantesson, Jan-Olov & al. The Phonology of Mongolian, pp. 103–105. Oxford Univ. Press (Oxford), 2005.
^see:
Online Etymology Dictionary on Nether However, the explanation given in this source about the origin of the word Nederlanden as used "by the Austrians" in contradistinction to their own mountainous country, is extremely implausible, if only because the use of the word antedates the
Austrian Netherlands by two centuries at least. Austria itself has a Niederösterreich region (
Lower Austria) that is quite mountainous, but derives its name from its downriver location.
^Duke, A. (2009). Dissident identities in the early modern Low Countries. Ashgate Publishing.
^Scott, William Henry. (1984). "Societies in Prehispanic Philippines". Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 70.
ISBN971-10-0226-4.
^Historia y geografía de España ilustradas por el idioma vascuence de Juan Antonio Moguel, reeditada en La gran enciclopedia vasca (1980), ISBN 84-248-0017-6.
^Mo'in, M. (1992). A Persian Dictionary. Six Volumes. Vol. 5–6. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications.
ISBN1-56859-031-8.
^จิตร ภูมิศักดิ์ 1976: "ความเป็นมาของคำสยาม ไทย ลาวและขอม และลักษณะทางสังคม ของชื่อชนชาติ" (Phumisak, Jid). "The Origin of the Siamese Words for Thai, Laotian and Khmer and Societal Characteristics for Nation-names." 1976.
^Eliot, Charles (1921). The Project Gutenberg EBook of Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch, Vol. 3 (of 3) [EBook #16847]. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. pp. Ch. xxxvii 1, citing in turn Footnote 189: The name is found on
Champan inscriptions of 1050 A.D. and according to Gerini appears in
Ptolemy's
Samarade = Sâmaraṭṭha. See Gerini, Ptolemy, p. 170. But Samarade is located near Bangkok and there can hardly have been Tais there in Ptolemy's time, and Footnote 190: So too in Central Asia Kustana appears to be a learned distortion of the name
Khotan, made to give it a meaning in Sanskrit.
^
abDawnay, Guy Payan (1926).
The Army Quarterly. William Clowes & Sons, Ltd. p. 315. In the Ewe language the name Togo means "Behind the Sea," and it was extended to the whole country by the Germans, owing to the fact that Dr.
Nachtigal's first treaty in 1884 was made with the Chief of Togo.
^Hart, Marie. The New Trinidad and Tobago, p. 13. Collins (London and Glasgow), 1972.
^Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features, and Historic Sites. McFarland. p. 385.
ISBN0-7864-2248-3.
^Taylor, Isaac (2008). Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 281.
ISBN978-0-559-29668-0.
^Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936. Brill. p. 838.
ISBN90-04-08265-4.
^Rossi, Peter M.; White, Wayne Edward (1980). Articles on the Middle East, 1947–1971: A Cumulation of the Bibliographies from the Middle East Journal. Pierian Press,
University of Michigan. p. 132.
^Parliament of England. The
Acts of Union, paragraphs II, III, and IV. 1707, as cite in Kerney, Hugh F. The British Isles: A History of Four Nations, p. 215. 2006.
^If the Baiyue did in fact exist prior to the destruction of
Yue in 338 BC, this would disprove the folk etymology that connects the word to this event.
^The Annals of Lü Buwei, translated by John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel, Stanford University Press (2000), p. 510.
ISBN978-0-8047-3354-0. "For the most part, there are no rulers to the south of the Yang and Han Rivers, in the confederation of the Hundred Yue tribes."
^Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm. "
Sấm Trạng Trình". Việt Nam khởi tổ xây nền ("Vietnam is being created")