This is a list of common contemporary
false etymologies for English words.
Profanity
Crap: The word "crap" did not originate as a
back-formation of British plumber
Thomas Crapper's surname, nor does his name originate from the word "crap", although the surname may have helped popularize the word.[1][2] The surname "Crapper" is a variant of "Cropper", which originally referred to someone who
harvestedcrops.[3][4] The word "crap" ultimately comes from
Medieval Latincrappa, meaning "
chaff".[5]
Fuck: The word "fuck" did not originate as an acronym of "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge", either as a sign posted above
adulterers in the
stocks, or as a
criminal charge against members of the
British Armed Forces; nor did it originate during the 15th-century
Battle of Agincourt as a corruption of "pluck
yew" (an idiom falsely attributed to the English for drawing a
longbow).[6][7][8] The word did not originate in
Christianized Anglo-Saxon England as an
acronym of "
Fornication Under Consent of King";
Modern English was not spoken until the 16th century, and words such as "fornication" and "consent" did not exist in any form in English until the
influence of Anglo-Norman in the late 12th century. The earliest recorded use of "fuck" in English comes from
c. 1475, in the poem Flen flyys, where it is spelled fuccant (conjugated as if a
Latin verb meaning "they fuck"). The word derived from
Proto-Germanic roots, and has cognates in many other Germanic languages.[9][10][11]
Shit: The word "shit" did not originate as an acronym for "Ship High in Transit", a label falsely said to have been used on shipments of
manure to prevent them from becoming waterlogged and releasing explosive
methane gas.[8][12] The word comes from
Old Englishscitte, and is of
Proto-Germanic origin.[13][14]
Ethnic slurs
Cracker: In the United States, the use of "cracker" as a pejorative term for a white person does not come from the use of
bullwhips by whites against slaves in the
Atlantic slave trade. The term comes from an old sense of "boaster" or "braggart"; alternatively, it may come from "corn-cracker".[15]
Gringo: The word "gringo" (a pejorative term for a white American) did not originate during the
Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the
Venezuelan War of Independence (1811–1823), the
Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), or in the
American Old West (
c. 1865–1899) as a corruption of the lyrics "green grow" in either "
Green Grow the Lilacs" or "
Green Grow the Rushes, O" sung by
American soldiers or
cowboys; nor did it originate during any of these times as a corruption of "Green go home!", falsely said to have been shouted at green-clad American troops, or of "green coats" as a description of their uniforms. The word originally simply meant "foreigner" and is probably a corruption of Spanish griego, "Greek".[16]
Redneck: A "sometimes disparaging" term for a "white member of the Southern rural laboring class."[17] Several sources[18][19] have reported an incorrect origin story for the term as used in this sense: that it was first used to describe striking miners who tied red bandanas around their necks during the
Battle of Blair Mountain in
1921. However, The Oxford English Dictionary attests to uses in the relevant sense at least as early as 1830.[20][21]
Spic: The word "spic" (a pejorative term for a
Latino) did not originate as an abbreviation of "
Hispanic"; nor as an acronym for "
Spanish,
Indian, and
Colored" (in reference to minority races in the United States); nor as an acronym for "Spanish, Polish, Italian, and Chinese", falsely said to have been used by
U.S. immigration officials in the 1940s, 1950s, or 1960s to categorize citizenship applications. The
American Heritage Dictionary claims that the word is derived from "spiggoty", possibly from the
Spanglish phrase "No speak the English".[22]
Wog: The
cacophemism "wog", for a foreigner or person of colour, is sometimes believed to be an acronym for "wily Oriental gentleman". It is more likely to be a shortening of "
golliwog".[23][24][25]
Wop: The word "wop" (a pejorative term for an
Italian) was not originally an acronym for "without passport"[8] or "working off passage". It is a corruption of dialectal Italian guappo, "thug".[26]
Acronyms
The use of acronyms to create new words was nearly non-existent in English until the middle of the 20th century. Nearly all older words were formed in other ways.[27]
[Military] Brat: Not an acronym for "British Regiment Attached Traveller". This is just a specific instance of the word brat, meaning child or offspring.
"Chav": see under "Other"
Coma: Some falsely believe that the word coma originates from "cessation of motor activity". Although this describes the condition of coma, this is not the true derivation. The word is actually derived from the
Greekkōma, meaning deep sleep.[28]
Fuck: see under "Profanity"
Golf: did not originate as an acronym of "gentlemen only, ladies forbidden".[29] The word's true origin is unknown, but it existed in the
Middle Scots period.[30][31]
News: The word news has been claimed to be an acronym of the four
cardinal directions (north, east, west, and south). However, old spellings of the word varied widely (e.g., newesse, newis, nevis, neus, newys, niewes, newis, nues, etc.). Additionally, an identical term exists in French, "les nouvelles", which translates as the plural of "the new". "News" also does not stand for "notable events, weather, and sports". The word "news" is simply a plural form of new.
Pom or pommy is an
Australian English,
New Zealand English, and
South African English term for a person of British descent or origin. The exact origins of the term remain obscure (
see here for further information). A legend persists that the term arises from the acronym P.O.M.E., for "prisoner of Mother England" (or P.O.H.M, "prisoners of His/Her Majesty"), although there is no evidence to support this assertion.
Posh was not an acronym for wealthy British passengers getting "port out, starboard home" cabins on ocean liners to India, in order to get ocean breeze. The actual origins of the word are unknown.citation needed
Rap was not an acronym for "random acts of poetry" used as speech-lyrics in contemporary music. The word means "to utter forcefully" and appeared as early as the year 1541.
Shit: see under "Profanity"
Swag is not an acronym for "stuff we all get," "secretly we are gay," or anything else. It comes from early-19th-century slang for a thief's booty or loot.[32][33]
Tip is not derived from the phrase "to insure promptness" (prompt service).[34] The word originated in the 17th century and is of uncertain origin.[35]
Wog and wop: see under "Ethnic slurs"
Idioms
Rule of thumb is not derived from a medieval constraint on the thickness of an object with which one might beat one's wife.[36][37] More likely it means that the thumb can be used to measure an approximate
inch.[38]
Whole nine yards: The actual origin of the phrase "the whole nine yards" is a mystery, and nearly all claimed explanations are easily proven false. Incorrect explanations include the length of machine gun belts, the capacity of concrete mixers (in cubic yards), various types of fabric, and many other explanations. All are probably false, since most rely on nine yards when evidence suggests that the phrase began as "the whole six yards". In addition, the phrase appeared in print as early as 1907, while many explanations require a much later date of origin.
Other
420 did not originate as the Los Angeles
police or
penal code for
marijuana use.[39] Police Code 420 is "juvenile disturbance",[40] and Penal Code 420 defines the prevention, hindrance, or obstruction of legal "entry, settlement, or residence" on "any tract of public land" as a misdemeanor.[41] Some LA police codes that do relate to
illegal drugs include 10-50 ("under influence of drugs"), 966 ("drug deal"), 11300 ("narcotics"), and 23105 ("driver under narcotics").[42][43] The number's association with marijuana originated with a group of students who would meet on the campus of
San Rafael High School at 4:20 pm to smoke.[44]
Adamant is often believed to have come from Latin adamare, meaning to love to excess. It is in fact derived from Greek
ἀδάμας, meaning indomitable. There was a further confusion about whether the substance referred to is
diamond or
lodestone.
Buck: The use of "buck" to mean "
dollar" did not originate from a practice of referring to
African slaves as "bucks" (male deer) when trading.[45] "Buck" was originally short for "
buckskin", as buckskins were used in trade.[46]
Butterfly: The word "butterfly" did not originate from "flutterby". It is, as it appears, a compound of "butter" and "fly", first formed in Old English: it comes from the
Middle English word butterflye, which in turn comes from the Old English word butorflēoge.[47][48][49]
Chav: This pejorative UK term for a person of low social class or graces does not originate from "
Chatham-" or "
Cheltenham Average", nor is it an acronym for "
Council Housed And Violent". It comes from a word meaning "boy" in the
Romani language.[50][51][52][53]
Crowbar: A "crowbar" is not so named for its use by
Black menial workers,[54] but rather for its forked end, which resembles a crow's foot.[55]
Emoji: These pictographic characters are often mistakenly believed to be a simplified form of the word
emoticon, itself a portmanteau of "emotion icon".[citation needed] However, emoji is a Japanese term composed from "e" (image) and "moji" (character).[56]
Faggot: The origin of the slur usage of the word "faggot" (originally referring to a bundle of firewood) may be from the term for women used in a similar way to "baggage", i.e. something heavy to be dealt with.[citation needed] The usage may also have been influenced by the British term "
fag", meaning a younger schoolboy who acts as an older schoolboy's servant.[57]
Female and male: the terms have different etymologies. Male originates from Old French masle, a shortened form of Latin masculus. Female originates from Medieval Latin femella, a diminutive of femina.
Handicap: The word "handicap" did not originate as a
metathetic corruption of "cap in hand" in reference to
disabledbeggars.[58] The word originally referred to the game
hand-i'-cap, in which forfeits were placed in a cap to equalize the game.[59][60]
Hiccough, an alternate spelling still encountered for
hiccup, originates in an assumption that the second syllable was originally cough. The word is in fact
onomatopoeic in origin.
History does not derive from "His story" (that is, a version of the past from which the acts of women and girls are systemically excluded) but from the Greek word ἱστορία, historia, meaning "inquiry."
Innocent: often wrongly believed to have the original meaning of "not knowing", as if it came from Latin noscere (to know); in fact it comes from nocere (to harm), and the primary sense is "harmless".
Isle and island: The word "isle" is not short for "island", nor is the word "island" an extension of "isle"; the words are unrelated.[61][62] "Isle" comes ultimately from
Latinīnsula, meaning "island"; "island" comes ultimately from
Old Englishīegland, also meaning "island", or technically "island land" (cf. Icelandic ey "island"). The spelling island with an S, however, is indeed due to the influence of isle.
Marmalade: there is an apocryphal story that
Mary, Queen of Scots, ate it when she had a headache, and that the name is derived from her maids' whisper of "Marie est malade" (Mary is ill). In fact it is derived from Portuguese marmelada, meaning
quince jam, and then expanded from quince jam to other fruit preserves. It is found in English-language sources written before Mary was even born.[63]
Nasty: The term nasty was not derived from the surname of
Thomas Nast as a reference to his biting, vitriolic cartoons. The word may be related to the Dutch word nestig, or "dirty".[64] It predates Nast by several centuries, appearing in the most famous sentence of
Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan, that in the state of nature, the life of man is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". That work was published in 1651, whereas Nast was born in 1840.
Niggardly: The word "niggardly", meaning stingy or miserly, is not actually related to the racial slur "
nigger", despite the similar sound. Like "niggle", it may derive from Old Norse nigla, meaning "to fuss about small matters";[65] alternatively, it may derive from another Germanic root meaning "exact" or "careful".[66] Meanwhile, "nigger", like "Negro", traces back to Latin niger, meaning "black".[67]
Picnic: The word "picnic" did not originate as an abbreviation of "pick a
nigger", a phrase falsely claimed to have been used by white families at community
lynchings in the 19th century.[68] "Picnic" comes from 17th-century French piquenique, which is of uncertain origin.[69][70]
Pumpernickel is said to have been given the name by a French man (sometimes
Napoleon) referring to his horse, Nicole—"Il étoit bon pour Nicole" ("It was good enough for Nicole"), or "C'est une pomme pour Nicole" ("It's an apple for Nicole") or "C'est du pain pour Nicole" ("It's bread for Nicole"). Some dictionaries claim a derivation from the German vernacular Pumpern (
fart) and "Nick" (demon or devil), though others disagree.[71]
Sincere does not originate from Latin sine cera ("without wax"), but from sincerus ("true, genuine"), which combines roots meaning "single" and "grow".[72]
Snob does not originate from Latin sine nobilitate ("without nobility").[73]
Till is not an abbreviation of "until",[74] though the increasingly common spelling 'til is a result of this misconception. In fact, "till" is the older word; "until" is a compound of "till" and the Old Norse prefix "und-" ("up to", "as far as"[75]), just as "unto" is a compound of that prefix and "to".[76]
Welsh rarebit has been claimed to be the original spelling of the savoury dish "Welsh rabbit". Both forms now have currency, though the form with "rabbit" is in fact the original. Furthermore, the word "Welsh" in this context was used in a pejorative sense, meaning "foreign" or "substandard", and does not indicate that the dish originated in Wales.[77]
Wi-Fi is not short-form for 'Wireless Fidelity,'[78] although it was likely co-opting the similar phrase of the time,
Hi-Fi, referring to High Fidelity audio systems.
Woman does not originate from "woven from man", nor from "womb". It came from the Old English wifmann ("woman human"), a compound of wif ("woman" – cf. "wife") + man ("human being"). Adult human males were called wer (as in
weregeld and
world, and also the first element in "werwolf", man-wolf). Mann, the word for "person", eventually came to be used for adult human males specifically.[79] Both "wer" and "wyf" may be used to qualify "man", as in this
Old English example:
God gesceop ða æt fruman twegen men, wer and wif (then at the beginning, God created two human beings, man and woman)[80]
Yankee does not originate from the Cherokee word eankke meaning "coward". The word does not exist in the Cherokee language. It also does not come from a native tribe called the Yankoo meaning "invincible". No tribe has existed under that name. The word actually probably has Dutch origins.[81]
^"Cropper". Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press. 2003. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^"Crap". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from
the original on October 21, 2005. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^Barbara Mikkelson (July 8, 2007).
"What the Fuck?". Snopes.com. Urban Legends Reference Pages. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^"Golf". Merriam–Webster. Merriam–Webster, Inc. 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^"Golf". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from
the original on May 1, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^"Handicap". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from
the original on October 13, 2005. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^"Handicap". Merriam–Webster. Merriam–Webster, Inc. 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^"Island". Merriam–Webster. Merriam–Webster, Inc. 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^"Island". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from
the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
This is a list of common contemporary
false etymologies for English words.
Profanity
Crap: The word "crap" did not originate as a
back-formation of British plumber
Thomas Crapper's surname, nor does his name originate from the word "crap", although the surname may have helped popularize the word.[1][2] The surname "Crapper" is a variant of "Cropper", which originally referred to someone who
harvestedcrops.[3][4] The word "crap" ultimately comes from
Medieval Latincrappa, meaning "
chaff".[5]
Fuck: The word "fuck" did not originate as an acronym of "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge", either as a sign posted above
adulterers in the
stocks, or as a
criminal charge against members of the
British Armed Forces; nor did it originate during the 15th-century
Battle of Agincourt as a corruption of "pluck
yew" (an idiom falsely attributed to the English for drawing a
longbow).[6][7][8] The word did not originate in
Christianized Anglo-Saxon England as an
acronym of "
Fornication Under Consent of King";
Modern English was not spoken until the 16th century, and words such as "fornication" and "consent" did not exist in any form in English until the
influence of Anglo-Norman in the late 12th century. The earliest recorded use of "fuck" in English comes from
c. 1475, in the poem Flen flyys, where it is spelled fuccant (conjugated as if a
Latin verb meaning "they fuck"). The word derived from
Proto-Germanic roots, and has cognates in many other Germanic languages.[9][10][11]
Shit: The word "shit" did not originate as an acronym for "Ship High in Transit", a label falsely said to have been used on shipments of
manure to prevent them from becoming waterlogged and releasing explosive
methane gas.[8][12] The word comes from
Old Englishscitte, and is of
Proto-Germanic origin.[13][14]
Ethnic slurs
Cracker: In the United States, the use of "cracker" as a pejorative term for a white person does not come from the use of
bullwhips by whites against slaves in the
Atlantic slave trade. The term comes from an old sense of "boaster" or "braggart"; alternatively, it may come from "corn-cracker".[15]
Gringo: The word "gringo" (a pejorative term for a white American) did not originate during the
Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the
Venezuelan War of Independence (1811–1823), the
Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), or in the
American Old West (
c. 1865–1899) as a corruption of the lyrics "green grow" in either "
Green Grow the Lilacs" or "
Green Grow the Rushes, O" sung by
American soldiers or
cowboys; nor did it originate during any of these times as a corruption of "Green go home!", falsely said to have been shouted at green-clad American troops, or of "green coats" as a description of their uniforms. The word originally simply meant "foreigner" and is probably a corruption of Spanish griego, "Greek".[16]
Redneck: A "sometimes disparaging" term for a "white member of the Southern rural laboring class."[17] Several sources[18][19] have reported an incorrect origin story for the term as used in this sense: that it was first used to describe striking miners who tied red bandanas around their necks during the
Battle of Blair Mountain in
1921. However, The Oxford English Dictionary attests to uses in the relevant sense at least as early as 1830.[20][21]
Spic: The word "spic" (a pejorative term for a
Latino) did not originate as an abbreviation of "
Hispanic"; nor as an acronym for "
Spanish,
Indian, and
Colored" (in reference to minority races in the United States); nor as an acronym for "Spanish, Polish, Italian, and Chinese", falsely said to have been used by
U.S. immigration officials in the 1940s, 1950s, or 1960s to categorize citizenship applications. The
American Heritage Dictionary claims that the word is derived from "spiggoty", possibly from the
Spanglish phrase "No speak the English".[22]
Wog: The
cacophemism "wog", for a foreigner or person of colour, is sometimes believed to be an acronym for "wily Oriental gentleman". It is more likely to be a shortening of "
golliwog".[23][24][25]
Wop: The word "wop" (a pejorative term for an
Italian) was not originally an acronym for "without passport"[8] or "working off passage". It is a corruption of dialectal Italian guappo, "thug".[26]
Acronyms
The use of acronyms to create new words was nearly non-existent in English until the middle of the 20th century. Nearly all older words were formed in other ways.[27]
[Military] Brat: Not an acronym for "British Regiment Attached Traveller". This is just a specific instance of the word brat, meaning child or offspring.
"Chav": see under "Other"
Coma: Some falsely believe that the word coma originates from "cessation of motor activity". Although this describes the condition of coma, this is not the true derivation. The word is actually derived from the
Greekkōma, meaning deep sleep.[28]
Fuck: see under "Profanity"
Golf: did not originate as an acronym of "gentlemen only, ladies forbidden".[29] The word's true origin is unknown, but it existed in the
Middle Scots period.[30][31]
News: The word news has been claimed to be an acronym of the four
cardinal directions (north, east, west, and south). However, old spellings of the word varied widely (e.g., newesse, newis, nevis, neus, newys, niewes, newis, nues, etc.). Additionally, an identical term exists in French, "les nouvelles", which translates as the plural of "the new". "News" also does not stand for "notable events, weather, and sports". The word "news" is simply a plural form of new.
Pom or pommy is an
Australian English,
New Zealand English, and
South African English term for a person of British descent or origin. The exact origins of the term remain obscure (
see here for further information). A legend persists that the term arises from the acronym P.O.M.E., for "prisoner of Mother England" (or P.O.H.M, "prisoners of His/Her Majesty"), although there is no evidence to support this assertion.
Posh was not an acronym for wealthy British passengers getting "port out, starboard home" cabins on ocean liners to India, in order to get ocean breeze. The actual origins of the word are unknown.citation needed
Rap was not an acronym for "random acts of poetry" used as speech-lyrics in contemporary music. The word means "to utter forcefully" and appeared as early as the year 1541.
Shit: see under "Profanity"
Swag is not an acronym for "stuff we all get," "secretly we are gay," or anything else. It comes from early-19th-century slang for a thief's booty or loot.[32][33]
Tip is not derived from the phrase "to insure promptness" (prompt service).[34] The word originated in the 17th century and is of uncertain origin.[35]
Wog and wop: see under "Ethnic slurs"
Idioms
Rule of thumb is not derived from a medieval constraint on the thickness of an object with which one might beat one's wife.[36][37] More likely it means that the thumb can be used to measure an approximate
inch.[38]
Whole nine yards: The actual origin of the phrase "the whole nine yards" is a mystery, and nearly all claimed explanations are easily proven false. Incorrect explanations include the length of machine gun belts, the capacity of concrete mixers (in cubic yards), various types of fabric, and many other explanations. All are probably false, since most rely on nine yards when evidence suggests that the phrase began as "the whole six yards". In addition, the phrase appeared in print as early as 1907, while many explanations require a much later date of origin.
Other
420 did not originate as the Los Angeles
police or
penal code for
marijuana use.[39] Police Code 420 is "juvenile disturbance",[40] and Penal Code 420 defines the prevention, hindrance, or obstruction of legal "entry, settlement, or residence" on "any tract of public land" as a misdemeanor.[41] Some LA police codes that do relate to
illegal drugs include 10-50 ("under influence of drugs"), 966 ("drug deal"), 11300 ("narcotics"), and 23105 ("driver under narcotics").[42][43] The number's association with marijuana originated with a group of students who would meet on the campus of
San Rafael High School at 4:20 pm to smoke.[44]
Adamant is often believed to have come from Latin adamare, meaning to love to excess. It is in fact derived from Greek
ἀδάμας, meaning indomitable. There was a further confusion about whether the substance referred to is
diamond or
lodestone.
Buck: The use of "buck" to mean "
dollar" did not originate from a practice of referring to
African slaves as "bucks" (male deer) when trading.[45] "Buck" was originally short for "
buckskin", as buckskins were used in trade.[46]
Butterfly: The word "butterfly" did not originate from "flutterby". It is, as it appears, a compound of "butter" and "fly", first formed in Old English: it comes from the
Middle English word butterflye, which in turn comes from the Old English word butorflēoge.[47][48][49]
Chav: This pejorative UK term for a person of low social class or graces does not originate from "
Chatham-" or "
Cheltenham Average", nor is it an acronym for "
Council Housed And Violent". It comes from a word meaning "boy" in the
Romani language.[50][51][52][53]
Crowbar: A "crowbar" is not so named for its use by
Black menial workers,[54] but rather for its forked end, which resembles a crow's foot.[55]
Emoji: These pictographic characters are often mistakenly believed to be a simplified form of the word
emoticon, itself a portmanteau of "emotion icon".[citation needed] However, emoji is a Japanese term composed from "e" (image) and "moji" (character).[56]
Faggot: The origin of the slur usage of the word "faggot" (originally referring to a bundle of firewood) may be from the term for women used in a similar way to "baggage", i.e. something heavy to be dealt with.[citation needed] The usage may also have been influenced by the British term "
fag", meaning a younger schoolboy who acts as an older schoolboy's servant.[57]
Female and male: the terms have different etymologies. Male originates from Old French masle, a shortened form of Latin masculus. Female originates from Medieval Latin femella, a diminutive of femina.
Handicap: The word "handicap" did not originate as a
metathetic corruption of "cap in hand" in reference to
disabledbeggars.[58] The word originally referred to the game
hand-i'-cap, in which forfeits were placed in a cap to equalize the game.[59][60]
Hiccough, an alternate spelling still encountered for
hiccup, originates in an assumption that the second syllable was originally cough. The word is in fact
onomatopoeic in origin.
History does not derive from "His story" (that is, a version of the past from which the acts of women and girls are systemically excluded) but from the Greek word ἱστορία, historia, meaning "inquiry."
Innocent: often wrongly believed to have the original meaning of "not knowing", as if it came from Latin noscere (to know); in fact it comes from nocere (to harm), and the primary sense is "harmless".
Isle and island: The word "isle" is not short for "island", nor is the word "island" an extension of "isle"; the words are unrelated.[61][62] "Isle" comes ultimately from
Latinīnsula, meaning "island"; "island" comes ultimately from
Old Englishīegland, also meaning "island", or technically "island land" (cf. Icelandic ey "island"). The spelling island with an S, however, is indeed due to the influence of isle.
Marmalade: there is an apocryphal story that
Mary, Queen of Scots, ate it when she had a headache, and that the name is derived from her maids' whisper of "Marie est malade" (Mary is ill). In fact it is derived from Portuguese marmelada, meaning
quince jam, and then expanded from quince jam to other fruit preserves. It is found in English-language sources written before Mary was even born.[63]
Nasty: The term nasty was not derived from the surname of
Thomas Nast as a reference to his biting, vitriolic cartoons. The word may be related to the Dutch word nestig, or "dirty".[64] It predates Nast by several centuries, appearing in the most famous sentence of
Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan, that in the state of nature, the life of man is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short". That work was published in 1651, whereas Nast was born in 1840.
Niggardly: The word "niggardly", meaning stingy or miserly, is not actually related to the racial slur "
nigger", despite the similar sound. Like "niggle", it may derive from Old Norse nigla, meaning "to fuss about small matters";[65] alternatively, it may derive from another Germanic root meaning "exact" or "careful".[66] Meanwhile, "nigger", like "Negro", traces back to Latin niger, meaning "black".[67]
Picnic: The word "picnic" did not originate as an abbreviation of "pick a
nigger", a phrase falsely claimed to have been used by white families at community
lynchings in the 19th century.[68] "Picnic" comes from 17th-century French piquenique, which is of uncertain origin.[69][70]
Pumpernickel is said to have been given the name by a French man (sometimes
Napoleon) referring to his horse, Nicole—"Il étoit bon pour Nicole" ("It was good enough for Nicole"), or "C'est une pomme pour Nicole" ("It's an apple for Nicole") or "C'est du pain pour Nicole" ("It's bread for Nicole"). Some dictionaries claim a derivation from the German vernacular Pumpern (
fart) and "Nick" (demon or devil), though others disagree.[71]
Sincere does not originate from Latin sine cera ("without wax"), but from sincerus ("true, genuine"), which combines roots meaning "single" and "grow".[72]
Snob does not originate from Latin sine nobilitate ("without nobility").[73]
Till is not an abbreviation of "until",[74] though the increasingly common spelling 'til is a result of this misconception. In fact, "till" is the older word; "until" is a compound of "till" and the Old Norse prefix "und-" ("up to", "as far as"[75]), just as "unto" is a compound of that prefix and "to".[76]
Welsh rarebit has been claimed to be the original spelling of the savoury dish "Welsh rabbit". Both forms now have currency, though the form with "rabbit" is in fact the original. Furthermore, the word "Welsh" in this context was used in a pejorative sense, meaning "foreign" or "substandard", and does not indicate that the dish originated in Wales.[77]
Wi-Fi is not short-form for 'Wireless Fidelity,'[78] although it was likely co-opting the similar phrase of the time,
Hi-Fi, referring to High Fidelity audio systems.
Woman does not originate from "woven from man", nor from "womb". It came from the Old English wifmann ("woman human"), a compound of wif ("woman" – cf. "wife") + man ("human being"). Adult human males were called wer (as in
weregeld and
world, and also the first element in "werwolf", man-wolf). Mann, the word for "person", eventually came to be used for adult human males specifically.[79] Both "wer" and "wyf" may be used to qualify "man", as in this
Old English example:
God gesceop ða æt fruman twegen men, wer and wif (then at the beginning, God created two human beings, man and woman)[80]
Yankee does not originate from the Cherokee word eankke meaning "coward". The word does not exist in the Cherokee language. It also does not come from a native tribe called the Yankoo meaning "invincible". No tribe has existed under that name. The word actually probably has Dutch origins.[81]
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^"Crap". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from
the original on October 21, 2005. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^Barbara Mikkelson (July 8, 2007).
"What the Fuck?". Snopes.com. Urban Legends Reference Pages. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^"Golf". Merriam–Webster. Merriam–Webster, Inc. 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^"Golf". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from
the original on May 1, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^"Handicap". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from
the original on October 13, 2005. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^"Handicap". Merriam–Webster. Merriam–Webster, Inc. 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^"Island". Merriam–Webster. Merriam–Webster, Inc. 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2011.
^"Island". American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Houghton Mifflin. 2001. Archived from
the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved June 17, 2011.