From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate under different caliphs (632–661)

This is the list of battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate ranked chronologically from 632, with the first caliph Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, to the last caliph in 661, Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Here is a legend to facilitate the reading of the outcomes of the battles below:

  Muslim Victory
  Muslim Defeat
  Other result (For example a treaty or peace without a clear result, a status quo ante bellum, an unknown or undecided result)

Abu Bakr As-Siddiq (632–634)

Battle Date Enemies Result Sources
Start End
Wars of Apostasy
Battle of Zhu Qissa July 25, 632 July 30, 632 Rebel apostates Victory [1], [2][ self-published source?], [3]
Battle of Buzakha September 632 Rebel apostates Victory [4], [5], [3]
Battle of Zafar October 632 Rebel apostates Victory [6], [3], [7]
Battle of Ghamra 632 Rebel apostates Victory [8], [6], [9]
Battle of Daumat-ul-Jandal June 14, 633 September 10, 633 Rebel apostates Victory [10], [3], [11]
Battle of Dibba November 633 Rebel apostates Victory [4], [12], [13]
Battle of Al-Yamama 633 Rebel apostates Victory [14], [15], [16]
Battle of Nujair 633 Rebel apostates Victory [17], [14], [18]
Battle of Naqra 632 633 Rebel apostates Victory [19], [20], [9]
Muslim conquest of Persia
Battle of the Chains / Kazima April 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [21], [22], [23]
Battle of the River April 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [24], [25], [26]
Battle of Walaja May 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [24], [27], [26]
Battle of Husayd 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [28], [29], [30]
Battle of Ullais May 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [24], [31], [26]
Siege of Al-Hira May 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [32], [33], [26]
Siege of Al-Anbar July 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [34], [26], [31]
Siege of Ayn al-Tamr July 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [34], [26], [35]
Battle of Muzayyah November 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [34], [36], [37]
Battle of Muzieh November 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [38], [39], [40]
Battle of Sanni November 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [38], [40], [39]
Battle of Zumail November 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [37], [41], [39]
Battle of Firaz December 633 Sassanian Empire
Byzantine Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [40], [42], [37]
1st Battle of Babylon June 634 July 634 Sassanian Empire Victory [43], [44], [45]
Byzantine–Arab Wars
Expedition of Usama bin Zayd June 632 Byzantine Empire
Ghassanid Kingdom
Victory [46], [47], [48]
Battle of Dathin February 4, 634 Byzantine Empire Victory [49], [50], [51]
Battle of Marj Rahit April 24, 634 Ghassanid Kingdom
Byzantine Empire
Victory [52], [53], [54]
Battle of Ajnadayn July 30, 634 August 634 Byzantine Empire Victory [50], [55], [56]
Battle of Fahl December 634 January 635 Byzantine Empire Victory [57], [58], [59]

Umar ibn al-Khattab (634–644)

Battle Date Enemies Result Sources
Start End
Muslim conquest of Persia
Battle of Namaraq 634 Sassanian Empire Victory [60], [61], [62]
Battle of Kaskar 634 Sassanian Empire Victory [63], [64], [65]
Battle of Saqatia 634 Sassanian Empire Victory [66], [67], [68]
Battle of the Bridge October 13, 634 Sassanian Empire Defeat [69], [70], [71]
Battle of Buwaib November 635 Sassanian Empire Victory [70], [72], [73]
Battle of al-Qadisiyya November 16, 636 November 19, 636 Sassanian Empire Victory [74], [75], [76]
Battle of Burs 636 Sassanian Empire Victory [77], [78], [79]
2nd Battle of Babylon December 636 Sassanian Empire Victory [78], [80], [81]
Battle of Sura 636 637 Sassanian Empire Victory [78], [34], [82]
Battle of Deir Kab 636 637 Sassanian Empire Victory [78], [34], [82]
Battle of Kusa January 637 Sassanian Empire Victory [78], [34], [83]
Siege of Ctesiphon January 637 March 637 Sassanian Empire Victory [78], [84], [85]
Battle of Jalula April 637 Sassanian Empire Victory [86], [87], [88]
Battle of Nahavand 642 Sassanian Empire Victory [89], [90], [91]
Siege of Shushtar 641 642 Sassanian Empire Victory [92], [93], [94]
Battle of Ispahan 642 Sassanian Empire Victory [95], [96], [97]
Battle of Waj Rudh 643 Sassanian Empire Victory [97], [98], [99]
Byzantine–Arab Wars
Siege of Damascus September 634 September 4, 635 Byzantine Empire Victory [100], [101], [102]
Battle of Marj al-Saffar January 23, 635 Byzantine Empire Victory [103], [104], [105]
Battle of Marj Al-Rum March 635 Byzantine Empire Victory [59], [106], [107]
1st Siege of Emesa / Homs December 635 January 636 Byzantine Empire Victory [59], [108], [109]
Battle of Yarmouk August 15, 636 August 20, 636 Byzantine Empire
Ghassanid Kingdom
Victory [110], [111], [112]
Siege of Jerusalem January 637 End of April 637 Byzantine Empire Victory [113], [114], [115]
Battle of Qinnasrin 637 Byzantine Empire Victory [41], [116], [117]
Siege of Aleppo June 637 October 637 Byzantine Empire Victory [118], [119],[ citation needed]
Battle of the Iron Bridge October 30, 637 Byzantine Empire Victory [120], [121], [122]
2nd Siege of Emesa / Homs 638 Byzantine Empire Victory [123], [124], [125]
Siege of Latakia / Laodicea 638 Byzantine Empire Victory [126], [127], [128]
Siege of Marash Autumn 638 Byzantine Empire Victory [129], [130], [24]
Siege of Pelusium End of 639 Early 640 Byzantine Empire Victory [131], [132], [133]
Siege of Bilbeis March 640 Byzantine Empire Victory [134], [135], [136]
Bataille de Héliopolis July 640 Byzantine Empire Victory [137], [138], [139]
Siege of Babylon Fortress October 640 April 6, 641 Byzantine Empire Victory [140], [141], [142]
Siege of Alexandria June 641 November 641 Byzantine Empire Victory [143], [144], [54]
Indo-Muslim Wars
Battle of Rasil Early 644 Rai Dynasty Victory [145], [146], [147]
Muslim-Makurian Wars
First Battle of Dongola 642 Kingdom of Makuria Defeat [148], [149], [150]

Uthman ibn Affan (644–656)

Battle Date Enemies Result Sources
Start End
Muslim conquest of Persia
Battle of Nishapur 652 Rebels of the House of Karen Victory [151], [152], [153]
Siege of Herat 652 Rebels of the House of Karen
Hephthalites
Victory [154], [155], [156]
Byzantine–Arab Wars
Battle of Nikiou 646 Byzantine Empire Victory [157], [158], [159]
Battle of Sufetula 647 Byzantine Empire Victory [160], [161], [162]
Battle of the Masts 655 Byzantine Empire Victory [163], [164], [165]
Muslim-Makurian Wars
Second Battle of Dongola 651 652 Kingdom of Makuria Defeat [148], [149], [166]

Ali ibn Abi Talib (656–661)

Battle Date Enemies Result Sources
Start End
First Fitna
Battle of the Camel 4 December 656 Forces of Muʿawiya & Aisha Victory [167], [168], [169]
Battle of Siffin July 657 Forces of Muʿawiya Indecisive [170], [171], [172]
Battle of Nahrawan 17 July 658 Kharijites Victory [173], [174], [175]

References

  1. ^ Aziz, Abdul (1978). Abu Bakr: The Caliph. Ghazanfar Academy.
  2. ^ Shams, Iftekhar Ahmed (2023-03-17). THE KINGDOM OF HAZRAT ABU BAKR (R.A): The First Muslim Caliph. Dr. Iftekhar Ahmed Shams. ISBN  979-8-7938-1960-2.
  3. ^ a b c d Hasan, Masudul (1998). History of Islam: Classical period, 571-1258 C.E. Islamic Publications.
  4. ^ a b Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  5. ^ Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003-08-30). Islam at War: A History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN  978-0-275-98101-3.
  6. ^ a b Islam, Misbah (2008-05-01). Decline of Muslim States and Societies: The Real Root Causes and What Can Be Done Next. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN  978-1-4500-9821-2.
  7. ^ Akram, A. I. (2006). The Sword of Allah: Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. Mr. Books.
  8. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011-07-22). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-59884-336-1.
  9. ^ a b Tormey, Natacha (2017-05-17). Cults: A Bloodstained History. Fonthill Media.
  10. ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011-09-14). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN  978-93-82573-47-0.
  11. ^ Sudayrī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1995). The Desert Frontier of Arabia: Al-Jawf Through the Ages. Stacey International. ISBN  978-0-905743-86-8.
  12. ^ Krane, Jim (2009-12-01). Dubai: The Story of the World's Fastest City. Atlantic Books. ISBN  978-1-84887-394-0.
  13. ^ Miles, Samuel Barrett (2020-07-26). The Countries And Tribes Of The Persian Gulf: Volume 1. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-000-16049-9.
  14. ^ a b Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011-07-22). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-59884-336-1.
  15. ^ Akram, A. I. (2006). The Sword of Allah: Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. Mr. Books.
  16. ^ RIDA, MOHAMMAD (2008-01-01). ABU BAKR AL -SEDDEQ THE FIRST CALIPH: ابو بكر الصديق [انكليزي] 22×15. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN  978-2-7451-5559-7.
  17. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  18. ^ Kramer, Howard (2015-12-08). "BATTLE OF NUJAIR (NUJAIR BATTLEFIELD)". The Complete Pilgrim - Religious Travel Sites. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  19. ^ Islam, Misbah (2008-05-01). Decline of Muslim States and Societies: The Real Root Causes and What Can Be Done Next. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN  978-1-4500-9821-2.
  20. ^ Hasan, Masudul (1998). History of Islam: Classical period, 571-1258 C.E. Islamic Publications.
  21. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  22. ^ PhD, Rocky M. Mirza (2016-04-14). How the West Was Won and Lost: Athenian Democracy to the Brics: 5Th Century Bce to 2016. Trafford Publishing. ISBN  978-1-4907-7193-9.
  23. ^ Mirwaisi, Hamma (2020-02-22). The History of White People: Caucasus - America. Hamma Mirwaisi.
  24. ^ a b c d Krause, Stanford Mc; Galbinst, Yuri; Brownstok, Willem. Histoire de l'islam (in French). Cambridge Stanford Books.
  25. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  26. ^ a b c d e f Mirwaisi, Hamma (2020-02-22). The History of White People: Caucasus - America. Hamma Mirwaisi.
  27. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  28. ^ M.D, Andrew G. Bostom (2010-12-29). The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Prometheus Books. ISBN  978-1-61592-017-4.
  29. ^ The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 11: The Challenge to the Empires A.D. 633-635/A.H. 12-13. State University of New York Press. 2015-06-15. ISBN  978-0-7914-9684-8.
  30. ^ Intagliata, Emanuele E. (2018-05-16). Palmyra after Zenobia AD 273-750: An Archaeological and Historical Reappraisal. Oxbow Books. ISBN  978-1-78570-945-6.
  31. ^ a b The War of the Three Gods by Peter Crawford - 2013 / Page 105
  32. ^ Chamakhi, Mustapha K. (pour Kameleddine) (2021-06-07). L'Islam dans tous ses Etats (in French). BoD - Books on Demand. ISBN  978-2-322-25142-1.
  33. ^ Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003-08-30). Islam at War: A History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN  978-0-275-98101-3.
  34. ^ a b c d e f Qayyum, Abdul (2021-10-06). Understanding Afghanistan: History, Politics and the Economy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN  978-1-000-42650-2.
  35. ^ The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History by Touraj Daryaee - 2012 / Page 208
  36. ^ Pinzelli, Eric G. L. (2022-12-02). Masters of Warfare: Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War. Pen and Sword Military. ISBN  978-1-3990-7015-7.
  37. ^ a b c Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  38. ^ a b ABDULLAH OCALAN by Hamma Mirwaisi - 2020 / Page 189
  39. ^ a b c The History of the Kurdish People by Hamma Mirwaisi - 2020 / Page 277
  40. ^ a b c Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J. (2017-03-27). War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-61069-517-6.
  41. ^ a b Showalter, Professor Dennis (2013-09-16). Medieval Wars 500–1500. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN  978-1-78274-119-0.
  42. ^ Mirwaisi, Hamma (2020-03-24). The History of the Kurdish People. Hamma Mirwaisi.
  43. ^ Qayyum, Abdul (2021-10-06). Understanding Afghanistan: History, Politics and the Economy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN  978-1-000-42650-2.
  44. ^ First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. BRILL. 1993. ISBN  978-90-04-09796-4.
  45. ^ Simons, Geoff (2016-01-20). Saudi Arabia: The Shape of a Client Feudalism. Springer. ISBN  978-0-333-99467-2.
  46. ^ Najib-ur-Rehmn, Sultan-ul-Ashiqeen Sultan Mohammad (2022-10-09). The Rashidun Caliphate. Sultan ul Faqr Publications. ISBN  978-969-2220-24-8.
  47. ^ Khalil, Thami J. (2016-04-08). Faith, Growth and Success. AuthorHouse. ISBN  978-1-5246-2856-7.
  48. ^ Jr, Pedro C. Arceno (2020-09-10). Seventy Weeks Prophecy: How the Bible Foretold the Year Jesus(As) and Muhammad(Saw) Will Come on Earth: Volume 2: the Correct Computation - Jesus(As) and Muhammad(Saw) Fulfilled the 70 Weeks Prophecy of Daniel(As). Partridge Publishing Singapore. ISBN  978-1-5437-5944-0.
  49. ^ Gil, Moshe (1997-02-27). A History of Palestine, 634-1099. Cambridge University Press. ISBN  978-0-521-59984-9.
  50. ^ a b Hosler, John D. (2022-11-15). Jerusalem Falls: Seven Centuries of War and Peace. Yale University Press. ISBN  978-0-300-26869-0.
  51. ^ Kaldellis, Anthony (2024). The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN  978-0-19-754932-2.
  52. ^ Chamakhi, Mustapha Kameleddine (2021). L'Islam dans tous ses Etats (in French). BoD - Books on Demand. p. 39. ISBN  978-2-322-25142-1.
  53. ^ Meri, Josef W. (2005-10-31). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-135-45603-0.
  54. ^ a b Bukay, David (2017-07-28). From Muhammad to Bin Laden: Religious and Ideological Sources of the Homicide Bombers Phenomenon. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-351-51858-1.
  55. ^ Sahas, Daniel J. (2021-11-22). Byzantium and Islam: Collected Studies on Byzantine-Muslim Encounters. BRILL. ISBN  978-90-04-47047-7.
  56. ^ Albert, Jean-Marc (2018-05-23). Petit atlas historique du Moyen Âge - 2e éd. Armand Colin. ISBN  978-2-200-62269-5.
  57. ^ Burns, Ross (2019-01-16). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-351-05520-8.
  58. ^ Shoup, John A. (2018-10-25). The History of Syria. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  978-1-4408-5835-2.
  59. ^ a b c Syvänne, Ilkka (2022-12-29). Military History of Late Rome 602–641. Pen and Sword Military. ISBN  978-1-3990-7570-1.
  60. ^ Hasan, Masudul (1998). History of Islam: Classical period, 571-1258 C.E. Islamic Publications.
  61. ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011-09-14). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN  978-93-82573-47-0.
  62. ^ Amine, Ahmed (2020-11-03). L'islam de Pétra Réponse à la thèse de Dan Gibson: Présentation & Revue critique (in French). Books on Demand. ISBN  978-2-322-24620-5.
  63. ^ En terre d'Islam (in French). 1948.
  64. ^ Mazhar-ul-Haq (1960). A History of Early Islam: Study of the Rise, Expansion, and Development of the Islamic Society, State and Culture from 570 A.D. to 661 A.D. University Book Agency.
  65. ^ Udovitch, Abraham L. (1981). The Islamic Middle East, 700-1900: Studies in Economic and Social History. Darwin Press. ISBN  978-0-87850-030-7.
  66. ^ Qayyum, Abdul (2021-10-06). Understanding Afghanistan: History, Politics and the Economy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN  978-1-000-42650-2.
  67. ^ Jr, Albert L. Masler (2002-10-21). Aren't You Sorry You Asked: . . . for My Opinion. AuthorHouse. ISBN  978-1-4033-8288-7.
  68. ^ Hasan, Masudul (1998). History of Islam: Classical period, 571-1258 C.E. Islamic Publications.
  69. ^ Madʼaj, Abd al-Muhsin Madʼaj M. (1988). The Yemen in Early Islam (9-233/630-847): A Political History. Ithaca Press. ISBN  978-0-86372-102-1.
  70. ^ a b Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003-08-30). Islam at War: A History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN  978-0-275-98101-3.
  71. ^ Islam, Misbah (2008-05-01). Decline of Muslim States and Societies: The Real Root Causes and What Can Be Done Next. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN  978-1-4500-9821-2.
  72. ^ Fisher, William Bayne; Frye, R. N. (1975-06-26). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN  978-0-521-20093-6.
  73. ^ Din, Haji Waheed U. (2017-10-24). Muhammad the Prophet of Peace & Reconciliation: Followed by His Khulifa-E-Rashdun Abubakr - Umar - Uthman - Ali. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN  978-1-5434-5795-7.
  74. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2019-08-27). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-4408-5353-1.
  75. ^ Mirwaisi, Hamma (2020-03-24). The History of the Kurdish People. Hamma Mirwaisi.
  76. ^ Hasan, Masudul; Waheed, Abdul (1974). Outline History of the Islamic World. Ferozsons.
  77. ^ RIDA, MOHAMMAD (2007-01-01). AL FAROUK OMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB THE SECOND CALIPH: عمر بن الخطاب [انكليزي] 22×15. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN  978-2-7451-5561-0.
  78. ^ a b c d e f Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  79. ^ Kreckel, Reinhard. Politische Soziologie der sozialen Ungleichheit (in German). Campus Verlag. ISBN  978-3-593-37598-4.
  80. ^ King, L. W. (2018-10-22). A History of Babylon. Books on Demand. ISBN  978-3-7481-2977-6.
  81. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  82. ^ a b Hasan, Masudul (1997). Hadrat Umar Farooq: Allahʻs Blessings be Upon Him. Kitab Bhavan. ISBN  978-81-7151-229-4.
  83. ^ Hasan, Masudul (1997). Hadrat Umar Farooq: Allahʻs Blessings be Upon Him. Kitab Bhavan. ISBN  978-81-7151-229-4.
  84. ^ Pellicciari, Angela; Barbier, Esther (2016-10-03). Une histoire de l'Eglise: Papes et saints, empereurs et rois, gnose et persécution (in French). Artège Editions. ISBN  979-10-336-0299-6.
  85. ^ Qazi, Moin. Umar Al Farooq: Man and Caliph. Notion Press. ISBN  978-93-5206-171-6.
  86. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  87. ^ Farrokh, Kaveh (2014-02-28). The Armies of Ancient Persia: The Sassanians. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-4738-8318-5.
  88. ^ Boulos, Jawad (2021-06-21). De l'expansion Arabo-Islamique à la conquête turco-ottomane (640–1517) (in French). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN  978-3-11-241484-2.
  89. ^ Testot, Laurent (2019-11-14). La Nouvelle Histoire du Monde (in French). Sciences Humaines. ISBN  978-2-36106-574-4.
  90. ^ Bomati, Yves; Nahavandi, Houchang (2019-09-12). Iran, une histoire de 4000 ans (in French). Place des éditeurs. ISBN  978-2-262-08159-1.
  91. ^ Wunn, Ina; Grojnowski, Davina (2019-02-07). Religious Speciation: How Religions Evolve. Springer. ISBN  978-3-030-04435-0.
  92. ^ Hosseini, S. Behnaz (2023-07-19). Religious Minorities' Migration from Iran: A Human Rights Perspective. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN  978-1-5275-1068-5.
  93. ^ Ouardi, Hela (2021-09-15). Meurtre à la mosquée: Les califes maudits - volume 3 (in French). ALBIN MICHEL. ISBN  978-2-226-46763-8.
  94. ^ Daryaee, Touraj (2012-02-16). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN  978-0-19-973215-9.
  95. ^ Encyclopédie des gens du monde: répertoire universel des sciences, des lettres et des arts; avec des notices sur les principales familles historiques et sur les personnages célèbres, morts et vivans (in French). Librairie de Treuttel et Würtz. 1841.
  96. ^ Maulik, Debabrata (2020-03-17). The Forgotten Church: Remembering Armenians of Saidabad. Notion Press. ISBN  978-1-64805-725-0.
  97. ^ a b Nahavandi, Houchang; Bomati, Yves (2015-11-09). Les grandes figures de l'Iran (in French). Place des éditeurs. ISBN  978-2-262-06488-4.
  98. ^ The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 14: The Conquest of Iran A.D. 641-643/A.H. 21-23. State University of New York Press. 2015-06-16. ISBN  978-1-4384-2039-4.
  99. ^ Islam, Misbah (2008-05-01). Decline of Muslim States and Societies: The Real Root Causes and What Can Be Done Next. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN  978-1-4500-9821-2.
  100. ^ Chamakhi, Mustapha K. (pour Kameleddine) (2021-06-07). L'Islam dans tous ses Etats (in French). BoD - Books on Demand. ISBN  978-2-322-25142-1.
  101. ^ Eggenberger, David (1985-01-01). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. Courier Corporation. ISBN  978-0-486-24913-1.
  102. ^ DK (2021-10-21). Masters of War: A Visual History of Military Personnel from Commanders to Frontline Fighters. Dorling Kindersley Limited. ISBN  978-0-241-55624-5.
  103. ^ Eggenberger, David (1985-01-01). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. Courier Corporation. ISBN  978-0-486-24913-1.
  104. ^ Rihan, Mohammad (2014-06-04). The Politics and Culture of an Umayyad Tribe: Conflict and Factionalism in the Early Islamic Period. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN  978-0-85773-620-8.
  105. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2019-08-27). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-4408-5353-1.
  106. ^ al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr (1992-01-01). The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 12: The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine A.D. 635-637/A.H. 14-15. SUNY Press. ISBN  978-0-7914-0733-2.
  107. ^ Donner, Fred M. (2014-07-14). The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton University Press. ISBN  978-1-4008-4787-7.
  108. ^ Mayeur, Jean-Marie; Pietri, Luce; Vauchez, André; Venard, Marc (2000-02-01). Évêques, moines et empereurs (610-1054): Histoire du christianisme (in French). Fleurus. ISBN  978-2-7189-0725-3.
  109. ^ Çapan, Ergün (2014-05-09). Terrorısme Et Attentats Suıcıdes: Une Perspectıve Islamıque (in Arabic). Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret. ISBN  978-975-278-780-3.
  110. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2019-08-27). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-4408-5353-1.
  111. ^ Illahi, Mahboob (2020-01-01). Citadel of Shia Imams: Persecution & Resistance. FriesenPress. ISBN  978-1-5255-4221-3.
  112. ^ Luttwak, Edward N. (2010-09-30). La Grande Stratégie de l'empire byzantin (in French). Odile Jacob. ISBN  978-2-7381-9861-7.
  113. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  114. ^ Michels, Chrysanthe-Ovide Des (1823). Tableau chronologique de l'histoire du moyen âge: pour servir à l'étude et à l'enseignement de l'Histoire générale, et particulièrement de l'Histoire de France... (in French). chez Louis Colas.
  115. ^ Gantrelle, Joseph (1838). Manuel de l'histoire générale du monde, destiné a l'enseignement moyen (in French). Chez Leroux.
  116. ^ al-Baladhuri, Ahmad b Yahya (2022-11-17). History of the Arab Invasions: The Conquest of the Lands: A New Translation of al-Baladhuri's Futuh al-Buldan. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN  978-0-7556-3741-6.
  117. ^ Kaegi, Walter Emil (1995-03-30). Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge University Press. ISBN  978-0-521-48455-8.
  118. ^ "Google Livres". books.google.com. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  119. ^ Mirwaisi, Hamma (2020-02-22). The History of White People: Caucasus - America. Hamma Mirwaisi.
  120. ^ Mirwaisi, Hamma (2020-07-07). ABDULLAH OCALAN. Hamma Mirwaisi.
  121. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  122. ^ R, Ballabio; F.G, Comair; M, Scalet; M, Scoullos (2015-07-13). Science diplomacy and transboundary water management: the Orontes River case. UNESCO Publishing. ISBN  978-92-3-000017-2.
  123. ^ Eggenberger, David (1985-01-01). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. Courier Corporation. ISBN  978-0-486-24913-1.
  124. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2019-08-27). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-4408-5353-1.
  125. ^ Chowdhury, Fazle (2018-11-26). Promises of Betrayals: The History That Shaped the Iranian Shia Clerics. Archway Publishing. ISBN  978-1-4808-6989-9.
  126. ^ Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Boda, Sharon La (1995). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. Taylor & Francis. ISBN  978-1-884964-03-9.
  127. ^ Hariri-Rifai, Wahbi; Hariri-Rifai, Mokhless (1990). The Heritage of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. GDG Exhibits Trust. ISBN  978-0-9624483-0-0.
  128. ^ Kerr, Robert M. (2020-02-24). Syrian Civil War: The Essential Reference Guide. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  978-1-4408-5922-9.
  129. ^ Akram, A. I. (2006). The Sword of Allah: Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. Mr. Books.
  130. ^ Essai sur l'histoire des arabes avant l'islamisme, pendant l'epoque de Mahomet, et jusqu'a la reduction de toutes les tribus sous la loi musulmane par A. P. Caussin De Perceval (in French). Firmin Didot. 1848.
  131. ^ Morgan, Robert (2016-09-21). History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt. FriesenPress. ISBN  978-1-4602-8027-0.
  132. ^ The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1-5. Plantagenet Publishing.
  133. ^ Scott, John C. (2013-05-22). Battle of Tours. eBookIt.com. ISBN  978-1-4566-0148-5.
  134. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  135. ^ Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013-10-21). A Military History of Africa [3 volumes]: [3 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  979-8-216-11762-9.
  136. ^ Stratos, Andreas Nikolaou (1972). Byzantium in the Seventh Century: 634-641. Adolf M. Hakkert. ISBN  978-90-256-0748-7.
  137. ^ Morgan, Robert (2016-09-21). History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt. FriesenPress. ISBN  978-1-4602-8027-0.
  138. ^ Pierre, PINTA (2006-02-01). La Libye (in French). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN  978-2-8111-4024-3.
  139. ^ Jaques, Tony (2006-11-30). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges [3 volumes]: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  978-0-313-02799-4.
  140. ^ Simaika, Samir; Henein, Nevine (2017). Marcus Simaika: Father of Coptic Archaeology. Oxford University Press. ISBN  978-977-416-823-9.
  141. ^ Kościelniak, Krzysztof (2022-03-01). Between Constantinople, the Papacy, and the Caliphate: The Melkite Church in the Islamicate World, 634-969. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-000-56800-4.
  142. ^ Bowman, Alan K. (1996-01-01). Egypt After the Pharaohs, 332 BC-AD 642: From Alexander to the Arab Conquest. University of California Press. ISBN  978-0-520-20531-4.
  143. ^ Hoyland, Robert G. (2014-01-10). Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. eBooks2go, Inc. ISBN  978-1-61813-131-7.
  144. ^ AlSayyad, Nezar (2013-05-13). Cairo: Histories of a City. Harvard University Press. ISBN  978-0-674-07245-9.
  145. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  146. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2014-01-15). Faiths across Time [4 volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  978-1-61069-026-3.
  147. ^ Gipson, Therlee (2019-04-17). India's Struggle. Lulu.com. ISBN  978-0-359-59732-1.
  148. ^ a b The Twilight Of Egypt. Tehuti Research Foundation. ISBN  978-1-931446-24-2.
  149. ^ a b Martin, J. P. (2016-11-21). African Empires: Volume 1: Your Guide to the Historical Record of Africa. Trafford Publishing. ISBN  978-1-4907-7799-3.
  150. ^ Jennings, Anne M. (1995). The Nubians of West Aswan: Village Women in the Midst of Change. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN  978-1-55587-592-3.
  151. ^ Vaissière, Étienne de La (2008). Islamisation de l'Asie Centrale: processus locaux d'acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle. Association pour l'avancement des études iraniennes. ISBN  978-2-910640-25-5.
  152. ^ Rante, Rocco (2015-03-10). Greater Khorasan: History, Geography, Archaeology and Material Culture. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN  978-3-11-039001-8.
  153. ^ Samavaki, Sheila (2021-01-08). Les Céramiques Buff de Nishapur: L'étude iconographique des céramiques polychromes à décor figuratif, IXe-Xe siècles (in French). Sheila Samavaki. ISBN  979-8-5900-5416-9.
  154. ^ Netton, Ian Richard (2013-12-19). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-135-17960-1.
  155. ^ First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. BRILL. 1993. ISBN  978-90-04-09796-4.
  156. ^ Drissner, Gerald (2016-11-30). Islam for Nerds: 500 Questions and Answers. pochemuchka (Gerald Drissner). ISBN  978-3-9819848-4-2.
  157. ^ Trawinski, Allan (2017-05-26). The Clash of Civilizations. Page Publishing Inc. ISBN  978-1-63568-712-5.
  158. ^ Castleden, Rodney (2008). Conflicts that Changed the World. Canary Press eBooks. ISBN  978-1-907795-63-3.
  159. ^ économiques, Université de Dakar Faculté de droit et des sciences (1959). Annales africaines (in French). Impr. Guillemot et de Lamothe.
  160. ^ Riza, Salah (2008-07-04). Tunisie (in French). Editions Marcus. ISBN  978-2-7131-0264-6.
  161. ^ Cahiers du centenaire de l'Algérie. [no.] 1-12 (in French). Comité national métropolitain du centenaire de l'Algérie. 1930.
  162. ^ Guizani, Samir; Ghodhbane, Mohamed; Delestre, Xvier (2018-06-29). La Tunisie antique et islamique: Patrimoine archéologique tunisien (in French). Éditions Nirvana. ISBN  978-9938-940-86-2.
  163. ^ Ph.D, Jeffrey M. Shaw; Demy, Timothy J. (2017-03-27). War and Religion [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  979-8-216-16317-6.
  164. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2017-09-21). Enduring Controversies in Military History [2 volumes]: Critical Analyses and Context [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  978-1-4408-4120-0.
  165. ^ Stein, Stephen K. (2017-04-24). The Sea in World History [2 volumes]: Exploration, Travel, and Trade [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  979-8-216-14271-3.
  166. ^ Jennings, Anne M. (1995). The Nubians of West Aswan: Village Women in the Midst of Change. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN  978-1-55587-592-3.
  167. ^ Cornell, Rkia Elaroui (2019-01-03). Rabi'a From Narrative to Myth: The Many Faces of Islam's Most Famous Woman Saint, Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya. Simon and Schuster. ISBN  978-1-78607-522-2.
  168. ^ Nursi (2008-11-01). Letters. Tughra Books. ISBN  978-1-59784-653-0.
  169. ^ Holmes, Richard; Evans, Martin Marix (2006-09-14). A Guide to Battles: Decisive Conflicts in History. OUP Oxford. ISBN  978-0-19-150117-3.
  170. ^ Dubois, Claude-Gilbert (2011-07-02). L'Orient islamique face à l'Occident: Histoire d'une coexistence tumultueuse (in French). Presses universitaires de Bordeaux. ISBN  978-2-86781-982-7.
  171. ^ Martinez-Gros, Gabriel (1992). L'idéologie omeyyade: La construction de la légitimité du Califat de Cordoue (Xe-XIe siècles) (in French). Casa de Velázquez. ISBN  978-84-86839-29-1.
  172. ^ Nachi, Mohamed (2011-11-29). Les figures du compromis dans les sociétés islamiques (in French). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN  978-2-8111-2345-1.
  173. ^ Aillet, Cyrille (2018-09-24). L'ibadisme dans les sociétés de l'Islam médiéval: Modèles et interactions (in French). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN  978-3-11-058439-4.
  174. ^ Zwilling, Anne-Laure (2013). Lire et interpréter: les religions et leurs rapports aux textes fondateurs (in French). Labor et Fides. ISBN  978-2-8309-1465-8.
  175. ^ Meri, Josef W. (2005-10-31). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-135-45603-0.

Sources

All sources
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate under different caliphs (632–661)

This is the list of battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate ranked chronologically from 632, with the first caliph Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, to the last caliph in 661, Ali ibn Abi Talib.

Here is a legend to facilitate the reading of the outcomes of the battles below:

  Muslim Victory
  Muslim Defeat
  Other result (For example a treaty or peace without a clear result, a status quo ante bellum, an unknown or undecided result)

Abu Bakr As-Siddiq (632–634)

Battle Date Enemies Result Sources
Start End
Wars of Apostasy
Battle of Zhu Qissa July 25, 632 July 30, 632 Rebel apostates Victory [1], [2][ self-published source?], [3]
Battle of Buzakha September 632 Rebel apostates Victory [4], [5], [3]
Battle of Zafar October 632 Rebel apostates Victory [6], [3], [7]
Battle of Ghamra 632 Rebel apostates Victory [8], [6], [9]
Battle of Daumat-ul-Jandal June 14, 633 September 10, 633 Rebel apostates Victory [10], [3], [11]
Battle of Dibba November 633 Rebel apostates Victory [4], [12], [13]
Battle of Al-Yamama 633 Rebel apostates Victory [14], [15], [16]
Battle of Nujair 633 Rebel apostates Victory [17], [14], [18]
Battle of Naqra 632 633 Rebel apostates Victory [19], [20], [9]
Muslim conquest of Persia
Battle of the Chains / Kazima April 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [21], [22], [23]
Battle of the River April 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [24], [25], [26]
Battle of Walaja May 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [24], [27], [26]
Battle of Husayd 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [28], [29], [30]
Battle of Ullais May 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [24], [31], [26]
Siege of Al-Hira May 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [32], [33], [26]
Siege of Al-Anbar July 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [34], [26], [31]
Siege of Ayn al-Tamr July 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [34], [26], [35]
Battle of Muzayyah November 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [34], [36], [37]
Battle of Muzieh November 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [38], [39], [40]
Battle of Sanni November 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [38], [40], [39]
Battle of Zumail November 633 Sassanian Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [37], [41], [39]
Battle of Firaz December 633 Sassanian Empire
Byzantine Empire
Arab Christians
Victory [40], [42], [37]
1st Battle of Babylon June 634 July 634 Sassanian Empire Victory [43], [44], [45]
Byzantine–Arab Wars
Expedition of Usama bin Zayd June 632 Byzantine Empire
Ghassanid Kingdom
Victory [46], [47], [48]
Battle of Dathin February 4, 634 Byzantine Empire Victory [49], [50], [51]
Battle of Marj Rahit April 24, 634 Ghassanid Kingdom
Byzantine Empire
Victory [52], [53], [54]
Battle of Ajnadayn July 30, 634 August 634 Byzantine Empire Victory [50], [55], [56]
Battle of Fahl December 634 January 635 Byzantine Empire Victory [57], [58], [59]

Umar ibn al-Khattab (634–644)

Battle Date Enemies Result Sources
Start End
Muslim conquest of Persia
Battle of Namaraq 634 Sassanian Empire Victory [60], [61], [62]
Battle of Kaskar 634 Sassanian Empire Victory [63], [64], [65]
Battle of Saqatia 634 Sassanian Empire Victory [66], [67], [68]
Battle of the Bridge October 13, 634 Sassanian Empire Defeat [69], [70], [71]
Battle of Buwaib November 635 Sassanian Empire Victory [70], [72], [73]
Battle of al-Qadisiyya November 16, 636 November 19, 636 Sassanian Empire Victory [74], [75], [76]
Battle of Burs 636 Sassanian Empire Victory [77], [78], [79]
2nd Battle of Babylon December 636 Sassanian Empire Victory [78], [80], [81]
Battle of Sura 636 637 Sassanian Empire Victory [78], [34], [82]
Battle of Deir Kab 636 637 Sassanian Empire Victory [78], [34], [82]
Battle of Kusa January 637 Sassanian Empire Victory [78], [34], [83]
Siege of Ctesiphon January 637 March 637 Sassanian Empire Victory [78], [84], [85]
Battle of Jalula April 637 Sassanian Empire Victory [86], [87], [88]
Battle of Nahavand 642 Sassanian Empire Victory [89], [90], [91]
Siege of Shushtar 641 642 Sassanian Empire Victory [92], [93], [94]
Battle of Ispahan 642 Sassanian Empire Victory [95], [96], [97]
Battle of Waj Rudh 643 Sassanian Empire Victory [97], [98], [99]
Byzantine–Arab Wars
Siege of Damascus September 634 September 4, 635 Byzantine Empire Victory [100], [101], [102]
Battle of Marj al-Saffar January 23, 635 Byzantine Empire Victory [103], [104], [105]
Battle of Marj Al-Rum March 635 Byzantine Empire Victory [59], [106], [107]
1st Siege of Emesa / Homs December 635 January 636 Byzantine Empire Victory [59], [108], [109]
Battle of Yarmouk August 15, 636 August 20, 636 Byzantine Empire
Ghassanid Kingdom
Victory [110], [111], [112]
Siege of Jerusalem January 637 End of April 637 Byzantine Empire Victory [113], [114], [115]
Battle of Qinnasrin 637 Byzantine Empire Victory [41], [116], [117]
Siege of Aleppo June 637 October 637 Byzantine Empire Victory [118], [119],[ citation needed]
Battle of the Iron Bridge October 30, 637 Byzantine Empire Victory [120], [121], [122]
2nd Siege of Emesa / Homs 638 Byzantine Empire Victory [123], [124], [125]
Siege of Latakia / Laodicea 638 Byzantine Empire Victory [126], [127], [128]
Siege of Marash Autumn 638 Byzantine Empire Victory [129], [130], [24]
Siege of Pelusium End of 639 Early 640 Byzantine Empire Victory [131], [132], [133]
Siege of Bilbeis March 640 Byzantine Empire Victory [134], [135], [136]
Bataille de Héliopolis July 640 Byzantine Empire Victory [137], [138], [139]
Siege of Babylon Fortress October 640 April 6, 641 Byzantine Empire Victory [140], [141], [142]
Siege of Alexandria June 641 November 641 Byzantine Empire Victory [143], [144], [54]
Indo-Muslim Wars
Battle of Rasil Early 644 Rai Dynasty Victory [145], [146], [147]
Muslim-Makurian Wars
First Battle of Dongola 642 Kingdom of Makuria Defeat [148], [149], [150]

Uthman ibn Affan (644–656)

Battle Date Enemies Result Sources
Start End
Muslim conquest of Persia
Battle of Nishapur 652 Rebels of the House of Karen Victory [151], [152], [153]
Siege of Herat 652 Rebels of the House of Karen
Hephthalites
Victory [154], [155], [156]
Byzantine–Arab Wars
Battle of Nikiou 646 Byzantine Empire Victory [157], [158], [159]
Battle of Sufetula 647 Byzantine Empire Victory [160], [161], [162]
Battle of the Masts 655 Byzantine Empire Victory [163], [164], [165]
Muslim-Makurian Wars
Second Battle of Dongola 651 652 Kingdom of Makuria Defeat [148], [149], [166]

Ali ibn Abi Talib (656–661)

Battle Date Enemies Result Sources
Start End
First Fitna
Battle of the Camel 4 December 656 Forces of Muʿawiya & Aisha Victory [167], [168], [169]
Battle of Siffin July 657 Forces of Muʿawiya Indecisive [170], [171], [172]
Battle of Nahrawan 17 July 658 Kharijites Victory [173], [174], [175]

References

  1. ^ Aziz, Abdul (1978). Abu Bakr: The Caliph. Ghazanfar Academy.
  2. ^ Shams, Iftekhar Ahmed (2023-03-17). THE KINGDOM OF HAZRAT ABU BAKR (R.A): The First Muslim Caliph. Dr. Iftekhar Ahmed Shams. ISBN  979-8-7938-1960-2.
  3. ^ a b c d Hasan, Masudul (1998). History of Islam: Classical period, 571-1258 C.E. Islamic Publications.
  4. ^ a b Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  5. ^ Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003-08-30). Islam at War: A History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN  978-0-275-98101-3.
  6. ^ a b Islam, Misbah (2008-05-01). Decline of Muslim States and Societies: The Real Root Causes and What Can Be Done Next. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN  978-1-4500-9821-2.
  7. ^ Akram, A. I. (2006). The Sword of Allah: Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. Mr. Books.
  8. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011-07-22). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-59884-336-1.
  9. ^ a b Tormey, Natacha (2017-05-17). Cults: A Bloodstained History. Fonthill Media.
  10. ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011-09-14). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN  978-93-82573-47-0.
  11. ^ Sudayrī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1995). The Desert Frontier of Arabia: Al-Jawf Through the Ages. Stacey International. ISBN  978-0-905743-86-8.
  12. ^ Krane, Jim (2009-12-01). Dubai: The Story of the World's Fastest City. Atlantic Books. ISBN  978-1-84887-394-0.
  13. ^ Miles, Samuel Barrett (2020-07-26). The Countries And Tribes Of The Persian Gulf: Volume 1. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-000-16049-9.
  14. ^ a b Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011-07-22). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-59884-336-1.
  15. ^ Akram, A. I. (2006). The Sword of Allah: Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. Mr. Books.
  16. ^ RIDA, MOHAMMAD (2008-01-01). ABU BAKR AL -SEDDEQ THE FIRST CALIPH: ابو بكر الصديق [انكليزي] 22×15. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN  978-2-7451-5559-7.
  17. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  18. ^ Kramer, Howard (2015-12-08). "BATTLE OF NUJAIR (NUJAIR BATTLEFIELD)". The Complete Pilgrim - Religious Travel Sites. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  19. ^ Islam, Misbah (2008-05-01). Decline of Muslim States and Societies: The Real Root Causes and What Can Be Done Next. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN  978-1-4500-9821-2.
  20. ^ Hasan, Masudul (1998). History of Islam: Classical period, 571-1258 C.E. Islamic Publications.
  21. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  22. ^ PhD, Rocky M. Mirza (2016-04-14). How the West Was Won and Lost: Athenian Democracy to the Brics: 5Th Century Bce to 2016. Trafford Publishing. ISBN  978-1-4907-7193-9.
  23. ^ Mirwaisi, Hamma (2020-02-22). The History of White People: Caucasus - America. Hamma Mirwaisi.
  24. ^ a b c d Krause, Stanford Mc; Galbinst, Yuri; Brownstok, Willem. Histoire de l'islam (in French). Cambridge Stanford Books.
  25. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  26. ^ a b c d e f Mirwaisi, Hamma (2020-02-22). The History of White People: Caucasus - America. Hamma Mirwaisi.
  27. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  28. ^ M.D, Andrew G. Bostom (2010-12-29). The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims. Prometheus Books. ISBN  978-1-61592-017-4.
  29. ^ The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 11: The Challenge to the Empires A.D. 633-635/A.H. 12-13. State University of New York Press. 2015-06-15. ISBN  978-0-7914-9684-8.
  30. ^ Intagliata, Emanuele E. (2018-05-16). Palmyra after Zenobia AD 273-750: An Archaeological and Historical Reappraisal. Oxbow Books. ISBN  978-1-78570-945-6.
  31. ^ a b The War of the Three Gods by Peter Crawford - 2013 / Page 105
  32. ^ Chamakhi, Mustapha K. (pour Kameleddine) (2021-06-07). L'Islam dans tous ses Etats (in French). BoD - Books on Demand. ISBN  978-2-322-25142-1.
  33. ^ Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003-08-30). Islam at War: A History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN  978-0-275-98101-3.
  34. ^ a b c d e f Qayyum, Abdul (2021-10-06). Understanding Afghanistan: History, Politics and the Economy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN  978-1-000-42650-2.
  35. ^ The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History by Touraj Daryaee - 2012 / Page 208
  36. ^ Pinzelli, Eric G. L. (2022-12-02). Masters of Warfare: Fifty Underrated Military Commanders from Classical Antiquity to the Cold War. Pen and Sword Military. ISBN  978-1-3990-7015-7.
  37. ^ a b c Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  38. ^ a b ABDULLAH OCALAN by Hamma Mirwaisi - 2020 / Page 189
  39. ^ a b c The History of the Kurdish People by Hamma Mirwaisi - 2020 / Page 277
  40. ^ a b c Shaw, Jeffrey M.; Demy, Timothy J. (2017-03-27). War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-61069-517-6.
  41. ^ a b Showalter, Professor Dennis (2013-09-16). Medieval Wars 500–1500. Amber Books Ltd. ISBN  978-1-78274-119-0.
  42. ^ Mirwaisi, Hamma (2020-03-24). The History of the Kurdish People. Hamma Mirwaisi.
  43. ^ Qayyum, Abdul (2021-10-06). Understanding Afghanistan: History, Politics and the Economy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN  978-1-000-42650-2.
  44. ^ First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. BRILL. 1993. ISBN  978-90-04-09796-4.
  45. ^ Simons, Geoff (2016-01-20). Saudi Arabia: The Shape of a Client Feudalism. Springer. ISBN  978-0-333-99467-2.
  46. ^ Najib-ur-Rehmn, Sultan-ul-Ashiqeen Sultan Mohammad (2022-10-09). The Rashidun Caliphate. Sultan ul Faqr Publications. ISBN  978-969-2220-24-8.
  47. ^ Khalil, Thami J. (2016-04-08). Faith, Growth and Success. AuthorHouse. ISBN  978-1-5246-2856-7.
  48. ^ Jr, Pedro C. Arceno (2020-09-10). Seventy Weeks Prophecy: How the Bible Foretold the Year Jesus(As) and Muhammad(Saw) Will Come on Earth: Volume 2: the Correct Computation - Jesus(As) and Muhammad(Saw) Fulfilled the 70 Weeks Prophecy of Daniel(As). Partridge Publishing Singapore. ISBN  978-1-5437-5944-0.
  49. ^ Gil, Moshe (1997-02-27). A History of Palestine, 634-1099. Cambridge University Press. ISBN  978-0-521-59984-9.
  50. ^ a b Hosler, John D. (2022-11-15). Jerusalem Falls: Seven Centuries of War and Peace. Yale University Press. ISBN  978-0-300-26869-0.
  51. ^ Kaldellis, Anthony (2024). The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press. ISBN  978-0-19-754932-2.
  52. ^ Chamakhi, Mustapha Kameleddine (2021). L'Islam dans tous ses Etats (in French). BoD - Books on Demand. p. 39. ISBN  978-2-322-25142-1.
  53. ^ Meri, Josef W. (2005-10-31). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-135-45603-0.
  54. ^ a b Bukay, David (2017-07-28). From Muhammad to Bin Laden: Religious and Ideological Sources of the Homicide Bombers Phenomenon. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-351-51858-1.
  55. ^ Sahas, Daniel J. (2021-11-22). Byzantium and Islam: Collected Studies on Byzantine-Muslim Encounters. BRILL. ISBN  978-90-04-47047-7.
  56. ^ Albert, Jean-Marc (2018-05-23). Petit atlas historique du Moyen Âge - 2e éd. Armand Colin. ISBN  978-2-200-62269-5.
  57. ^ Burns, Ross (2019-01-16). Damascus: A History. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-351-05520-8.
  58. ^ Shoup, John A. (2018-10-25). The History of Syria. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  978-1-4408-5835-2.
  59. ^ a b c Syvänne, Ilkka (2022-12-29). Military History of Late Rome 602–641. Pen and Sword Military. ISBN  978-1-3990-7570-1.
  60. ^ Hasan, Masudul (1998). History of Islam: Classical period, 571-1258 C.E. Islamic Publications.
  61. ^ Syed, Muzaffar Husain; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011-09-14). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. ISBN  978-93-82573-47-0.
  62. ^ Amine, Ahmed (2020-11-03). L'islam de Pétra Réponse à la thèse de Dan Gibson: Présentation & Revue critique (in French). Books on Demand. ISBN  978-2-322-24620-5.
  63. ^ En terre d'Islam (in French). 1948.
  64. ^ Mazhar-ul-Haq (1960). A History of Early Islam: Study of the Rise, Expansion, and Development of the Islamic Society, State and Culture from 570 A.D. to 661 A.D. University Book Agency.
  65. ^ Udovitch, Abraham L. (1981). The Islamic Middle East, 700-1900: Studies in Economic and Social History. Darwin Press. ISBN  978-0-87850-030-7.
  66. ^ Qayyum, Abdul (2021-10-06). Understanding Afghanistan: History, Politics and the Economy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN  978-1-000-42650-2.
  67. ^ Jr, Albert L. Masler (2002-10-21). Aren't You Sorry You Asked: . . . for My Opinion. AuthorHouse. ISBN  978-1-4033-8288-7.
  68. ^ Hasan, Masudul (1998). History of Islam: Classical period, 571-1258 C.E. Islamic Publications.
  69. ^ Madʼaj, Abd al-Muhsin Madʼaj M. (1988). The Yemen in Early Islam (9-233/630-847): A Political History. Ithaca Press. ISBN  978-0-86372-102-1.
  70. ^ a b Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003-08-30). Islam at War: A History. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN  978-0-275-98101-3.
  71. ^ Islam, Misbah (2008-05-01). Decline of Muslim States and Societies: The Real Root Causes and What Can Be Done Next. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN  978-1-4500-9821-2.
  72. ^ Fisher, William Bayne; Frye, R. N. (1975-06-26). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN  978-0-521-20093-6.
  73. ^ Din, Haji Waheed U. (2017-10-24). Muhammad the Prophet of Peace & Reconciliation: Followed by His Khulifa-E-Rashdun Abubakr - Umar - Uthman - Ali. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN  978-1-5434-5795-7.
  74. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2019-08-27). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-4408-5353-1.
  75. ^ Mirwaisi, Hamma (2020-03-24). The History of the Kurdish People. Hamma Mirwaisi.
  76. ^ Hasan, Masudul; Waheed, Abdul (1974). Outline History of the Islamic World. Ferozsons.
  77. ^ RIDA, MOHAMMAD (2007-01-01). AL FAROUK OMAR IBN AL-KHATTAB THE SECOND CALIPH: عمر بن الخطاب [انكليزي] 22×15. Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah دار الكتب العلمية. ISBN  978-2-7451-5561-0.
  78. ^ a b c d e f Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  79. ^ Kreckel, Reinhard. Politische Soziologie der sozialen Ungleichheit (in German). Campus Verlag. ISBN  978-3-593-37598-4.
  80. ^ King, L. W. (2018-10-22). A History of Babylon. Books on Demand. ISBN  978-3-7481-2977-6.
  81. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  82. ^ a b Hasan, Masudul (1997). Hadrat Umar Farooq: Allahʻs Blessings be Upon Him. Kitab Bhavan. ISBN  978-81-7151-229-4.
  83. ^ Hasan, Masudul (1997). Hadrat Umar Farooq: Allahʻs Blessings be Upon Him. Kitab Bhavan. ISBN  978-81-7151-229-4.
  84. ^ Pellicciari, Angela; Barbier, Esther (2016-10-03). Une histoire de l'Eglise: Papes et saints, empereurs et rois, gnose et persécution (in French). Artège Editions. ISBN  979-10-336-0299-6.
  85. ^ Qazi, Moin. Umar Al Farooq: Man and Caliph. Notion Press. ISBN  978-93-5206-171-6.
  86. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  87. ^ Farrokh, Kaveh (2014-02-28). The Armies of Ancient Persia: The Sassanians. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-4738-8318-5.
  88. ^ Boulos, Jawad (2021-06-21). De l'expansion Arabo-Islamique à la conquête turco-ottomane (640–1517) (in French). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN  978-3-11-241484-2.
  89. ^ Testot, Laurent (2019-11-14). La Nouvelle Histoire du Monde (in French). Sciences Humaines. ISBN  978-2-36106-574-4.
  90. ^ Bomati, Yves; Nahavandi, Houchang (2019-09-12). Iran, une histoire de 4000 ans (in French). Place des éditeurs. ISBN  978-2-262-08159-1.
  91. ^ Wunn, Ina; Grojnowski, Davina (2019-02-07). Religious Speciation: How Religions Evolve. Springer. ISBN  978-3-030-04435-0.
  92. ^ Hosseini, S. Behnaz (2023-07-19). Religious Minorities' Migration from Iran: A Human Rights Perspective. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN  978-1-5275-1068-5.
  93. ^ Ouardi, Hela (2021-09-15). Meurtre à la mosquée: Les califes maudits - volume 3 (in French). ALBIN MICHEL. ISBN  978-2-226-46763-8.
  94. ^ Daryaee, Touraj (2012-02-16). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN  978-0-19-973215-9.
  95. ^ Encyclopédie des gens du monde: répertoire universel des sciences, des lettres et des arts; avec des notices sur les principales familles historiques et sur les personnages célèbres, morts et vivans (in French). Librairie de Treuttel et Würtz. 1841.
  96. ^ Maulik, Debabrata (2020-03-17). The Forgotten Church: Remembering Armenians of Saidabad. Notion Press. ISBN  978-1-64805-725-0.
  97. ^ a b Nahavandi, Houchang; Bomati, Yves (2015-11-09). Les grandes figures de l'Iran (in French). Place des éditeurs. ISBN  978-2-262-06488-4.
  98. ^ The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 14: The Conquest of Iran A.D. 641-643/A.H. 21-23. State University of New York Press. 2015-06-16. ISBN  978-1-4384-2039-4.
  99. ^ Islam, Misbah (2008-05-01). Decline of Muslim States and Societies: The Real Root Causes and What Can Be Done Next. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN  978-1-4500-9821-2.
  100. ^ Chamakhi, Mustapha K. (pour Kameleddine) (2021-06-07). L'Islam dans tous ses Etats (in French). BoD - Books on Demand. ISBN  978-2-322-25142-1.
  101. ^ Eggenberger, David (1985-01-01). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. Courier Corporation. ISBN  978-0-486-24913-1.
  102. ^ DK (2021-10-21). Masters of War: A Visual History of Military Personnel from Commanders to Frontline Fighters. Dorling Kindersley Limited. ISBN  978-0-241-55624-5.
  103. ^ Eggenberger, David (1985-01-01). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. Courier Corporation. ISBN  978-0-486-24913-1.
  104. ^ Rihan, Mohammad (2014-06-04). The Politics and Culture of an Umayyad Tribe: Conflict and Factionalism in the Early Islamic Period. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN  978-0-85773-620-8.
  105. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2019-08-27). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-4408-5353-1.
  106. ^ al-Ṭabarī, Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr (1992-01-01). The History of al-Ṭabarī Vol. 12: The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine A.D. 635-637/A.H. 14-15. SUNY Press. ISBN  978-0-7914-0733-2.
  107. ^ Donner, Fred M. (2014-07-14). The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton University Press. ISBN  978-1-4008-4787-7.
  108. ^ Mayeur, Jean-Marie; Pietri, Luce; Vauchez, André; Venard, Marc (2000-02-01). Évêques, moines et empereurs (610-1054): Histoire du christianisme (in French). Fleurus. ISBN  978-2-7189-0725-3.
  109. ^ Çapan, Ergün (2014-05-09). Terrorısme Et Attentats Suıcıdes: Une Perspectıve Islamıque (in Arabic). Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret. ISBN  978-975-278-780-3.
  110. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2019-08-27). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-4408-5353-1.
  111. ^ Illahi, Mahboob (2020-01-01). Citadel of Shia Imams: Persecution & Resistance. FriesenPress. ISBN  978-1-5255-4221-3.
  112. ^ Luttwak, Edward N. (2010-09-30). La Grande Stratégie de l'empire byzantin (in French). Odile Jacob. ISBN  978-2-7381-9861-7.
  113. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  114. ^ Michels, Chrysanthe-Ovide Des (1823). Tableau chronologique de l'histoire du moyen âge: pour servir à l'étude et à l'enseignement de l'Histoire générale, et particulièrement de l'Histoire de France... (in French). chez Louis Colas.
  115. ^ Gantrelle, Joseph (1838). Manuel de l'histoire générale du monde, destiné a l'enseignement moyen (in French). Chez Leroux.
  116. ^ al-Baladhuri, Ahmad b Yahya (2022-11-17). History of the Arab Invasions: The Conquest of the Lands: A New Translation of al-Baladhuri's Futuh al-Buldan. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN  978-0-7556-3741-6.
  117. ^ Kaegi, Walter Emil (1995-03-30). Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests. Cambridge University Press. ISBN  978-0-521-48455-8.
  118. ^ "Google Livres". books.google.com. Retrieved 2024-01-28.
  119. ^ Mirwaisi, Hamma (2020-02-22). The History of White People: Caucasus - America. Hamma Mirwaisi.
  120. ^ Mirwaisi, Hamma (2020-07-07). ABDULLAH OCALAN. Hamma Mirwaisi.
  121. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  122. ^ R, Ballabio; F.G, Comair; M, Scalet; M, Scoullos (2015-07-13). Science diplomacy and transboundary water management: the Orontes River case. UNESCO Publishing. ISBN  978-92-3-000017-2.
  123. ^ Eggenberger, David (1985-01-01). An Encyclopedia of Battles: Accounts of Over 1,560 Battles from 1479 B.C. to the Present. Courier Corporation. ISBN  978-0-486-24913-1.
  124. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2019-08-27). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN  978-1-4408-5353-1.
  125. ^ Chowdhury, Fazle (2018-11-26). Promises of Betrayals: The History That Shaped the Iranian Shia Clerics. Archway Publishing. ISBN  978-1-4808-6989-9.
  126. ^ Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M.; Boda, Sharon La (1995). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. Taylor & Francis. ISBN  978-1-884964-03-9.
  127. ^ Hariri-Rifai, Wahbi; Hariri-Rifai, Mokhless (1990). The Heritage of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. GDG Exhibits Trust. ISBN  978-0-9624483-0-0.
  128. ^ Kerr, Robert M. (2020-02-24). Syrian Civil War: The Essential Reference Guide. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  978-1-4408-5922-9.
  129. ^ Akram, A. I. (2006). The Sword of Allah: Khalid Bin Al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns. Mr. Books.
  130. ^ Essai sur l'histoire des arabes avant l'islamisme, pendant l'epoque de Mahomet, et jusqu'a la reduction de toutes les tribus sous la loi musulmane par A. P. Caussin De Perceval (in French). Firmin Didot. 1848.
  131. ^ Morgan, Robert (2016-09-21). History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt. FriesenPress. ISBN  978-1-4602-8027-0.
  132. ^ The Cambridge Medieval History Series volumes 1-5. Plantagenet Publishing.
  133. ^ Scott, John C. (2013-05-22). Battle of Tours. eBookIt.com. ISBN  978-1-4566-0148-5.
  134. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  135. ^ Stapleton, Timothy J. (2013-10-21). A Military History of Africa [3 volumes]: [3 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  979-8-216-11762-9.
  136. ^ Stratos, Andreas Nikolaou (1972). Byzantium in the Seventh Century: 634-641. Adolf M. Hakkert. ISBN  978-90-256-0748-7.
  137. ^ Morgan, Robert (2016-09-21). History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt. FriesenPress. ISBN  978-1-4602-8027-0.
  138. ^ Pierre, PINTA (2006-02-01). La Libye (in French). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN  978-2-8111-4024-3.
  139. ^ Jaques, Tony (2006-11-30). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges [3 volumes]: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  978-0-313-02799-4.
  140. ^ Simaika, Samir; Henein, Nevine (2017). Marcus Simaika: Father of Coptic Archaeology. Oxford University Press. ISBN  978-977-416-823-9.
  141. ^ Kościelniak, Krzysztof (2022-03-01). Between Constantinople, the Papacy, and the Caliphate: The Melkite Church in the Islamicate World, 634-969. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-000-56800-4.
  142. ^ Bowman, Alan K. (1996-01-01). Egypt After the Pharaohs, 332 BC-AD 642: From Alexander to the Arab Conquest. University of California Press. ISBN  978-0-520-20531-4.
  143. ^ Hoyland, Robert G. (2014-01-10). Seeing Islam as Others Saw It: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam. eBooks2go, Inc. ISBN  978-1-61813-131-7.
  144. ^ AlSayyad, Nezar (2013-05-13). Cairo: Histories of a City. Harvard University Press. ISBN  978-0-674-07245-9.
  145. ^ Crawford, Peter (2013-07-16). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN  978-1-84884-612-8.
  146. ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2014-01-15). Faiths across Time [4 volumes]: 5,000 Years of Religious History [4 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  978-1-61069-026-3.
  147. ^ Gipson, Therlee (2019-04-17). India's Struggle. Lulu.com. ISBN  978-0-359-59732-1.
  148. ^ a b The Twilight Of Egypt. Tehuti Research Foundation. ISBN  978-1-931446-24-2.
  149. ^ a b Martin, J. P. (2016-11-21). African Empires: Volume 1: Your Guide to the Historical Record of Africa. Trafford Publishing. ISBN  978-1-4907-7799-3.
  150. ^ Jennings, Anne M. (1995). The Nubians of West Aswan: Village Women in the Midst of Change. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN  978-1-55587-592-3.
  151. ^ Vaissière, Étienne de La (2008). Islamisation de l'Asie Centrale: processus locaux d'acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle. Association pour l'avancement des études iraniennes. ISBN  978-2-910640-25-5.
  152. ^ Rante, Rocco (2015-03-10). Greater Khorasan: History, Geography, Archaeology and Material Culture. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN  978-3-11-039001-8.
  153. ^ Samavaki, Sheila (2021-01-08). Les Céramiques Buff de Nishapur: L'étude iconographique des céramiques polychromes à décor figuratif, IXe-Xe siècles (in French). Sheila Samavaki. ISBN  979-8-5900-5416-9.
  154. ^ Netton, Ian Richard (2013-12-19). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-135-17960-1.
  155. ^ First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. BRILL. 1993. ISBN  978-90-04-09796-4.
  156. ^ Drissner, Gerald (2016-11-30). Islam for Nerds: 500 Questions and Answers. pochemuchka (Gerald Drissner). ISBN  978-3-9819848-4-2.
  157. ^ Trawinski, Allan (2017-05-26). The Clash of Civilizations. Page Publishing Inc. ISBN  978-1-63568-712-5.
  158. ^ Castleden, Rodney (2008). Conflicts that Changed the World. Canary Press eBooks. ISBN  978-1-907795-63-3.
  159. ^ économiques, Université de Dakar Faculté de droit et des sciences (1959). Annales africaines (in French). Impr. Guillemot et de Lamothe.
  160. ^ Riza, Salah (2008-07-04). Tunisie (in French). Editions Marcus. ISBN  978-2-7131-0264-6.
  161. ^ Cahiers du centenaire de l'Algérie. [no.] 1-12 (in French). Comité national métropolitain du centenaire de l'Algérie. 1930.
  162. ^ Guizani, Samir; Ghodhbane, Mohamed; Delestre, Xvier (2018-06-29). La Tunisie antique et islamique: Patrimoine archéologique tunisien (in French). Éditions Nirvana. ISBN  978-9938-940-86-2.
  163. ^ Ph.D, Jeffrey M. Shaw; Demy, Timothy J. (2017-03-27). War and Religion [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  979-8-216-16317-6.
  164. ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2017-09-21). Enduring Controversies in Military History [2 volumes]: Critical Analyses and Context [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  978-1-4408-4120-0.
  165. ^ Stein, Stephen K. (2017-04-24). The Sea in World History [2 volumes]: Exploration, Travel, and Trade [2 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN  979-8-216-14271-3.
  166. ^ Jennings, Anne M. (1995). The Nubians of West Aswan: Village Women in the Midst of Change. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN  978-1-55587-592-3.
  167. ^ Cornell, Rkia Elaroui (2019-01-03). Rabi'a From Narrative to Myth: The Many Faces of Islam's Most Famous Woman Saint, Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya. Simon and Schuster. ISBN  978-1-78607-522-2.
  168. ^ Nursi (2008-11-01). Letters. Tughra Books. ISBN  978-1-59784-653-0.
  169. ^ Holmes, Richard; Evans, Martin Marix (2006-09-14). A Guide to Battles: Decisive Conflicts in History. OUP Oxford. ISBN  978-0-19-150117-3.
  170. ^ Dubois, Claude-Gilbert (2011-07-02). L'Orient islamique face à l'Occident: Histoire d'une coexistence tumultueuse (in French). Presses universitaires de Bordeaux. ISBN  978-2-86781-982-7.
  171. ^ Martinez-Gros, Gabriel (1992). L'idéologie omeyyade: La construction de la légitimité du Califat de Cordoue (Xe-XIe siècles) (in French). Casa de Velázquez. ISBN  978-84-86839-29-1.
  172. ^ Nachi, Mohamed (2011-11-29). Les figures du compromis dans les sociétés islamiques (in French). KARTHALA Editions. ISBN  978-2-8111-2345-1.
  173. ^ Aillet, Cyrille (2018-09-24). L'ibadisme dans les sociétés de l'Islam médiéval: Modèles et interactions (in French). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN  978-3-11-058439-4.
  174. ^ Zwilling, Anne-Laure (2013). Lire et interpréter: les religions et leurs rapports aux textes fondateurs (in French). Labor et Fides. ISBN  978-2-8309-1465-8.
  175. ^ Meri, Josef W. (2005-10-31). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN  978-1-135-45603-0.

Sources

All sources

Videos

Youtube | Vimeo | Bing

Websites

Google | Yahoo | Bing

Encyclopedia

Google | Yahoo | Bing

Facebook