Each of the
Thirteen Colonies that became the
United States when they declared their independence in 1776 had
militia units that served on the
Patriot side during the
American Revolutionary War. The history of militia in the
United States dates from the colonial era.[1] Based on the English system, colonial militias were drawn from the body of adult male citizens of a community, town, or local region. Because there was no standing English Army before the
English Civil War, and subsequently the English Army and later the British Army had few regulars garrisoning North America, colonial militia served a vital role in local conflicts, particularly in the
French and Indian Wars. Before shooting began in the
American War of Independence, American revolutionaries took control of the militia system, reinvigorating training and excluding men with
Loyalist inclinations.[2] Regulation of the militia was codified by the
Second Continental Congress with the
Articles of Confederation. The revolutionaries also created a full-time regular army—the
Continental Army—but because of manpower shortages the militia provided short-term support to the regulars in the field throughout the war.
In colonial era Anglo-American usage, militia service was distinguished from military service in that the latter was normally a commitment for a fixed period of time of at least a year, for a
salary, whereas militia was only to meet a threat, or prepare to meet a threat, for periods of time expected to be short. Militia persons were normally expected to provide their own weapons, equipment, or supplies, although they may later be compensated for losses or expenditures.[3]
Many of the states continued to maintain their militia after the American Revolution until after the
U.S. Civil War. Many of the state
National Guards trace their roots to the militia from the American Revolution.
The lists below show the known militia units by state for the original colonies plus Vermont.[note 1]
The first militia in Delaware was formed when Swedish settlers took up arms to defend
Fort Christina (which was at the time a Swedish settlement) against Dutch invaders.[4] During the
American Revolutionary War, Delaware raised several units of militia in support of the
Patriot side of the war. In the
War of 1812, all of the Delaware volunteer units saw combat at
Lewes, where they comprised the majority of an American force that drove off a
Royal Navy squadron seeking control of the Delaware River.[5] Despite the federal government initially prohibiting volunteer units the
Mexican–American War, a volunteer unit raised in Delaware would serve in the battles of
Contreras,
Cherubusco,
Molino del Rey, and
Chapultepec, losing so many men that the unit was nicknamed "The Bloody 11th."[5] During the
American Civil War, Delaware would raise
multiple units in support of the
Union cause.[5] During the
Spanish–American War, the 1st Delaware Volunteer Infantry was mustered into federal service but not deployed abroad.[6] With the passage of the
Militia Act of 1903, all state militia units were folded into the
National Guard of the United States, largely turning the state militias from a state-funded and controlled force to a reserve component of the federal military.
The North Carolina militia units were first established in 1775 by the
Third North Carolina Provincial Congress on the eve of the American Revolution. Initially, the militia units were centered on the 35 counties that then existed in the
Province of North Carolina. The units fought against the
British,
Loyalists, and
CherokeeNative Americans that aligned themselves with British forces. The units included military district brigades established in 1776, county regiments, four battalions, and one independent corps of light horse. Four regiments were located in counties that became part of the
Southwest Territory in 1790 and later
Tennessee in 1796. The size of brigades could be up to a few thousand volunteers. Brigades were commanded by a
brigadier general. Regiments were commanded by a
colonel and made up of a number of companies commanded by
captains with about 50 men in each company. During engagements, one or more companies of regiments may have been involved in actions and commanded by the regimental or brigade commander. In 1778, Major General
John Ashe was selected to command all North Carolina militia and
State Troops. Brigade commanders reported to him. Separate from the North Carolina militia, the state provided 10 numbered regiments to the
Continental Army that were referred to as the
North Carolina Line.[26][27]
The following are the North Carolina militia Brigades and Regiments, along with the dates established and disestablished.:[28]
On November 25, 1755, the
Pennsylvania Assembly passed the Militia Act of 1755.[29] This measure 'legalized a military force from those who were willing and desirous of being united for military purposes within the province.' This was as a result of citizens' pleas for protection from the French and Indians on the western borders. Two years later, a compulsory militia law was also enacted. All males between 17 and 45 years of age, having a freehold worth 150 pounds a year, were to be organized into companies. Every enrolled militiaman was required to appear for training, arming himself, on the first Mondays of March, June, August, and November.
^The lists of state militias do not contain
Continental Army units, unless they also served as militia units at some time during the Revolutionary War. Some states also had state units that were not militia or Continental Army.
^Polk's regiment of light dragoons was transferred to the South Carolina State troops in 1781
^John Shy, "Mobilizing Armed Force in the American Revolution", in John Parker and Carol Urness, eds., The American Revolution: A Heritage of Change (Minneapolis, 1975), pp. 104–5.
^Stephen P. Halbrook, "The Right of the People or the Power of the State Bearing Arms, Arming Militias, and the Second Amendment," Valparaiso Law Review, vol. 26, number 1, page 131 (1991).
^"Fort Christina". Delaware Military Heritage and Education Foundation. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
^Scribner, Robert L.; Brent Tarter (1977). Revoluntionary Virginia:The Road to Independence, Vol. 3. Charlottesville: Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission and University of Virginia Press. p. 466.
John K. Robertson and Bob McDonald.
"Unit Roles index". National Archives., bi-monthly muster rolls and payrolls, weekly strength returns, descriptive rosters, periodic inspection reports, clothing returns, as well as a potentially broad array of “miscellaneous” unit-related archival records
Each of the
Thirteen Colonies that became the
United States when they declared their independence in 1776 had
militia units that served on the
Patriot side during the
American Revolutionary War. The history of militia in the
United States dates from the colonial era.[1] Based on the English system, colonial militias were drawn from the body of adult male citizens of a community, town, or local region. Because there was no standing English Army before the
English Civil War, and subsequently the English Army and later the British Army had few regulars garrisoning North America, colonial militia served a vital role in local conflicts, particularly in the
French and Indian Wars. Before shooting began in the
American War of Independence, American revolutionaries took control of the militia system, reinvigorating training and excluding men with
Loyalist inclinations.[2] Regulation of the militia was codified by the
Second Continental Congress with the
Articles of Confederation. The revolutionaries also created a full-time regular army—the
Continental Army—but because of manpower shortages the militia provided short-term support to the regulars in the field throughout the war.
In colonial era Anglo-American usage, militia service was distinguished from military service in that the latter was normally a commitment for a fixed period of time of at least a year, for a
salary, whereas militia was only to meet a threat, or prepare to meet a threat, for periods of time expected to be short. Militia persons were normally expected to provide their own weapons, equipment, or supplies, although they may later be compensated for losses or expenditures.[3]
Many of the states continued to maintain their militia after the American Revolution until after the
U.S. Civil War. Many of the state
National Guards trace their roots to the militia from the American Revolution.
The lists below show the known militia units by state for the original colonies plus Vermont.[note 1]
The first militia in Delaware was formed when Swedish settlers took up arms to defend
Fort Christina (which was at the time a Swedish settlement) against Dutch invaders.[4] During the
American Revolutionary War, Delaware raised several units of militia in support of the
Patriot side of the war. In the
War of 1812, all of the Delaware volunteer units saw combat at
Lewes, where they comprised the majority of an American force that drove off a
Royal Navy squadron seeking control of the Delaware River.[5] Despite the federal government initially prohibiting volunteer units the
Mexican–American War, a volunteer unit raised in Delaware would serve in the battles of
Contreras,
Cherubusco,
Molino del Rey, and
Chapultepec, losing so many men that the unit was nicknamed "The Bloody 11th."[5] During the
American Civil War, Delaware would raise
multiple units in support of the
Union cause.[5] During the
Spanish–American War, the 1st Delaware Volunteer Infantry was mustered into federal service but not deployed abroad.[6] With the passage of the
Militia Act of 1903, all state militia units were folded into the
National Guard of the United States, largely turning the state militias from a state-funded and controlled force to a reserve component of the federal military.
The North Carolina militia units were first established in 1775 by the
Third North Carolina Provincial Congress on the eve of the American Revolution. Initially, the militia units were centered on the 35 counties that then existed in the
Province of North Carolina. The units fought against the
British,
Loyalists, and
CherokeeNative Americans that aligned themselves with British forces. The units included military district brigades established in 1776, county regiments, four battalions, and one independent corps of light horse. Four regiments were located in counties that became part of the
Southwest Territory in 1790 and later
Tennessee in 1796. The size of brigades could be up to a few thousand volunteers. Brigades were commanded by a
brigadier general. Regiments were commanded by a
colonel and made up of a number of companies commanded by
captains with about 50 men in each company. During engagements, one or more companies of regiments may have been involved in actions and commanded by the regimental or brigade commander. In 1778, Major General
John Ashe was selected to command all North Carolina militia and
State Troops. Brigade commanders reported to him. Separate from the North Carolina militia, the state provided 10 numbered regiments to the
Continental Army that were referred to as the
North Carolina Line.[26][27]
The following are the North Carolina militia Brigades and Regiments, along with the dates established and disestablished.:[28]
On November 25, 1755, the
Pennsylvania Assembly passed the Militia Act of 1755.[29] This measure 'legalized a military force from those who were willing and desirous of being united for military purposes within the province.' This was as a result of citizens' pleas for protection from the French and Indians on the western borders. Two years later, a compulsory militia law was also enacted. All males between 17 and 45 years of age, having a freehold worth 150 pounds a year, were to be organized into companies. Every enrolled militiaman was required to appear for training, arming himself, on the first Mondays of March, June, August, and November.
^The lists of state militias do not contain
Continental Army units, unless they also served as militia units at some time during the Revolutionary War. Some states also had state units that were not militia or Continental Army.
^Polk's regiment of light dragoons was transferred to the South Carolina State troops in 1781
^John Shy, "Mobilizing Armed Force in the American Revolution", in John Parker and Carol Urness, eds., The American Revolution: A Heritage of Change (Minneapolis, 1975), pp. 104–5.
^Stephen P. Halbrook, "The Right of the People or the Power of the State Bearing Arms, Arming Militias, and the Second Amendment," Valparaiso Law Review, vol. 26, number 1, page 131 (1991).
^"Fort Christina". Delaware Military Heritage and Education Foundation. Retrieved 27 May 2014.
^Scribner, Robert L.; Brent Tarter (1977). Revoluntionary Virginia:The Road to Independence, Vol. 3. Charlottesville: Virginia Independence Bicentennial Commission and University of Virginia Press. p. 466.
John K. Robertson and Bob McDonald.
"Unit Roles index". National Archives., bi-monthly muster rolls and payrolls, weekly strength returns, descriptive rosters, periodic inspection reports, clothing returns, as well as a potentially broad array of “miscellaneous” unit-related archival records