The 1918–1920 flu pandemic is commonly referred to as the
Spanish flu, and caused millions of deaths worldwide.
To maintain morale,
wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in
Germany, the
United Kingdom,
France, and the
United States.[1][2] Papers were free to report the epidemic's effects in neutral
Restoration-era Spain (such as the grave illness of
King Alfonso XIII).[3] This created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit,[4] thereby giving rise to the pandemic's nickname, "Spanish flu".[5]
Children of women who were pregnant during the pandemic ran the risk of lifelong effects. One in three of the more than 25 million who contracted the flu in the United States was a woman of childbearing age. A study of US census data from 1960 to 1980 found that the children born to this group of women had more physical ailments and a lower lifetime income than those born a few months earlier or later.[48] The study also found that persons born in states with more severe exposure to the pandemic experienced worse outcomes than persons born in states with less severe exposure.[49] A notable example was
Rosemary Kennedy, sister of 35th U.S. President
John F. Kennedy, who was born during the pandemic on September 23, 1918, and suffered from
intellectual disability, resulting in her institutionalization.[citation needed]
Lakshman Singh (1908–1989), last
maharawal of
Dungarpur State (1928–1948), Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha, 1952–1958), Member of the Legislative Council of Rajasthan (1962–1989)[66]
^Henderson, Simon (1994).
"After King Fahd"(Policy Paper). Washington Institute.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2020. (Page 16)
^Blair, Gwenda (2000). The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. Simon and Schuster. p. 116.
ISBN978-0-7432-1079-9.
^Kim, Sung Ho (2020),
"Max Weber", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2021-05-06
^Steven D. Levitt; Stephen J. Dubner (2009).
Superfreakonomics: global cooling, patriotic prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance. William Morrow. pp.
59, 230.
ISBN978-0-06-088957-9. citing "Is the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Over? Long-Term Effects of In Utero Influenza Exposure in the Post-1940 U.S Population," Journal of Political Economy 114 no. 4 (2006); and Douglas Almond and Bhashkar Mazumder, "The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Subsequent Health Outcomes: An Analysis of SIPP Data," Recent Developments in Health Economics 95 no. 2 (May 2005)
^Andrew Fenton Cooper; John J. Kirton (2009). Innovation in Global Health Governance: Critical Cases. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p.
139.
ISBN978-0-7546-4872-7. {{
cite book}}: |work= ignored (
help)
^
abcdefghijklCollier R (1974). The Plague of the Spanish Lady – The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19. Atheneum.
ISBN978-0-689-10592-0.
The 1918–1920 flu pandemic is commonly referred to as the
Spanish flu, and caused millions of deaths worldwide.
To maintain morale,
wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in
Germany, the
United Kingdom,
France, and the
United States.[1][2] Papers were free to report the epidemic's effects in neutral
Restoration-era Spain (such as the grave illness of
King Alfonso XIII).[3] This created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit,[4] thereby giving rise to the pandemic's nickname, "Spanish flu".[5]
Children of women who were pregnant during the pandemic ran the risk of lifelong effects. One in three of the more than 25 million who contracted the flu in the United States was a woman of childbearing age. A study of US census data from 1960 to 1980 found that the children born to this group of women had more physical ailments and a lower lifetime income than those born a few months earlier or later.[48] The study also found that persons born in states with more severe exposure to the pandemic experienced worse outcomes than persons born in states with less severe exposure.[49] A notable example was
Rosemary Kennedy, sister of 35th U.S. President
John F. Kennedy, who was born during the pandemic on September 23, 1918, and suffered from
intellectual disability, resulting in her institutionalization.[citation needed]
Lakshman Singh (1908–1989), last
maharawal of
Dungarpur State (1928–1948), Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha, 1952–1958), Member of the Legislative Council of Rajasthan (1962–1989)[66]
^Henderson, Simon (1994).
"After King Fahd"(Policy Paper). Washington Institute.
Archived(PDF) from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2020. (Page 16)
^Blair, Gwenda (2000). The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire. Simon and Schuster. p. 116.
ISBN978-0-7432-1079-9.
^Kim, Sung Ho (2020),
"Max Weber", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 2021-05-06
^Steven D. Levitt; Stephen J. Dubner (2009).
Superfreakonomics: global cooling, patriotic prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance. William Morrow. pp.
59, 230.
ISBN978-0-06-088957-9. citing "Is the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Over? Long-Term Effects of In Utero Influenza Exposure in the Post-1940 U.S Population," Journal of Political Economy 114 no. 4 (2006); and Douglas Almond and Bhashkar Mazumder, "The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Subsequent Health Outcomes: An Analysis of SIPP Data," Recent Developments in Health Economics 95 no. 2 (May 2005)
^Andrew Fenton Cooper; John J. Kirton (2009). Innovation in Global Health Governance: Critical Cases. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p.
139.
ISBN978-0-7546-4872-7. {{
cite book}}: |work= ignored (
help)
^
abcdefghijklCollier R (1974). The Plague of the Spanish Lady – The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19. Atheneum.
ISBN978-0-689-10592-0.