The following is a list of internationally recognized Muslim scholars of medieval Islamic civilization who have been described as the father or the founder of a field by some modern scholars:
Ibn Khaldun: Father of Sociology, Historiography and Modern Economics. He is best known for his Muqaddimah.
Ibn Sina(Avicenna): Widely regarded as the Father of Early Modern Medicine as well as the Father of Clinical Pharmacology.[10] His most famous work is the Canon of Medicine.[11]
'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi: Also known as Haly Abbas is called Father of Anatomic Physiology.[12] In addition, the section on
dermatology in his Kamil as-Sina'ah at-Tibbiyah (Royal book-Liber Regius) has one scholar to regard him as the Father of Arabic Dermatology.[13]
Al-Biruni: Father of
Indology, Father of
Comparative Religion and Father of
Geodesy for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India under Muslim rule.[14]Georg Morgenstierne regarded him as the " founder of comparative studies in human culture."[15] Al-Biruni is also known as the Father of Islamic Pharmacy.[16][17]
Al-Khwarizmi: Most renowned as the Father of Algebra[18][19] Al-Khwarizmi had such huge influence on the field of mathematics that it is attributed to him the eponymous word '
algorithm' as well as '
algebra'.[20][21]
Ibn Hazm: Father of
Comparative Religion and "honoured in the West as that of the founder of the science of comparative religion."[22]Alfred Guillaume refers to him the composer of "the first systematic higher critical study of the Old and New Testaments."[23] However,
William Montgomery Watt disputes the claim, stating that Ibn Hazm's work was preceded by earlier works in Arabic and that "the aim was polemical and not descriptive."[24]
Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (1126-1198): Known in west as The Commentator has been described by some as the Father of Rationalism[29] and the Father of Free Thought in Western Europe.[30][31][32][33]Ernest Renan called Averroes the absolute rationalist, and regarded him as the father of freethought and dissent.[34]
Rhazes: His Diseases in Children has led many to consider him the Father of Pediatrics.[35][36][37] He has also been praised as the "real founder of clinical medicine in Islam."[38]
^A, Martín-Araguz; Bustamante-Martínez, C; Fernández-Armayor Ajo, V; Moreno-Martínez, JM (2002). "Neuroscience in Al Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine". Revista de Neurología. 34 (9): 877–92.
doi:
10.33588/rn.3409.2001382.
PMID12134355.
^G. Morgenstierne, "Al-Biruni, The Founder of Comparative Studies in Human Culture," in The Commemoration Volume of Biruni International Congress (Tehran: High Council for Culture and Art, 1973), 6.
^Yoke, Peng (2006). Explorations in Daoism Medicine and Alchemy in Literature. Routledge. p. 147.
ISBN0-415-40460-6.
^Hamarneh, Sami K. (1984). Anees, Munawar A. (ed.). Health Sciences in Early Islam. Taylor & Francis. p. 220.
ISBN0-9608754-0-9.
^Gandz, Solomon (1936). "The Sources of al-Khwarizmi's Algebra". Osiris. 1: 264.
doi:
10.1086/368426.
S2CID60770737 – via History of Science Society (HSTM). In a sense, Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called the "father of algebra" than Diophantus because Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers.
^Collinson, Diané; Plant, Kathryn; Wilkinson, Robert (1999). Fifty Eastern Thinkers. Routledge. p. 26.
ISBN0-203-00540-6.
^Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). Islamic Philosophy from its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. State Univ. of New York Press. p. 110.
ISBN0-7914-6799-6.
^Bevir, Mark (2010). Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Sage Publications. p. 14.
ISBN978-1-4129-5865-3.
^Walker, Benjamin (1997). The Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith. London: Peter Owen.
ISBN0-7206-1038-9.
^Wren, Benjamin (2004). Teaching world civilization with joy and enthusiasm. University Press of America. p. 139.
ISBN0-7618-2747-1.
^Major, Ralph (1954). A History of Medicine. Vol. 1. Thomas. p. 239.
^Ahmad, A; O'Leary, JP (Nov 1997). "Observations on early suture materials: the first stitch in time". The American Surgeon. 63 (11): 1027–8.
ISSN0003-1348.
PMID9358798. One of his best known treatises was Diseases in Children, and in some circles he has been acclaimed as the father of pediatrics.
^Tabassum, Sadia (20 April 2011). "Combatants, Not Bandits: The Status of Rebels in Islamic Law". International Review of the Red Cross. 93 (881): 121–139.
doi:
10.1017/S1816383111000117.
S2CID56196822.
^Plott, John C.; James Michael Dolin; Wallace Gray (1989). Global History of Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 38.
ISBN81-208-0552-6.
^Kraemer, Joel L. (2010). Maimonides: The Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds. Doubleday. p. 204.
ISBN978-0-385-51200-8.
^"Al-Tusi_Nasir biography". www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-08-05. One of al-Tusi's most important mathematical contributions was the creation of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right rather than as just a tool for astronomical applications. In Treatise on the quadrilateral al-Tusi gave the first extant exposition of the whole system of plane and spherical trigonometry. This work is really the first in history on trigonometry as an independent branch of pure mathematics and the first in which all six cases for a right-angled spherical triangle are set forth.
^electricpulp.com.
"ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-08-05. His major contribution in mathematics (Nasr, 1996, pp. 208-14) is said to be in trigonometry, which for the first time was compiled by him as a new discipline in its own right. Spherical trigonometry also owes its development to his efforts, and this includes the concept of the six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles.
^Foltz, Richard (2013). "Ecology in Islam". In Runehov, Anne L. C.; Oviedo, Lluis (eds.). Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions. Springer. p. 675.
ISBN978-1402082641.
The following is a list of internationally recognized Muslim scholars of medieval Islamic civilization who have been described as the father or the founder of a field by some modern scholars:
Ibn Khaldun: Father of Sociology, Historiography and Modern Economics. He is best known for his Muqaddimah.
Ibn Sina(Avicenna): Widely regarded as the Father of Early Modern Medicine as well as the Father of Clinical Pharmacology.[10] His most famous work is the Canon of Medicine.[11]
'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi: Also known as Haly Abbas is called Father of Anatomic Physiology.[12] In addition, the section on
dermatology in his Kamil as-Sina'ah at-Tibbiyah (Royal book-Liber Regius) has one scholar to regard him as the Father of Arabic Dermatology.[13]
Al-Biruni: Father of
Indology, Father of
Comparative Religion and Father of
Geodesy for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India under Muslim rule.[14]Georg Morgenstierne regarded him as the " founder of comparative studies in human culture."[15] Al-Biruni is also known as the Father of Islamic Pharmacy.[16][17]
Al-Khwarizmi: Most renowned as the Father of Algebra[18][19] Al-Khwarizmi had such huge influence on the field of mathematics that it is attributed to him the eponymous word '
algorithm' as well as '
algebra'.[20][21]
Ibn Hazm: Father of
Comparative Religion and "honoured in the West as that of the founder of the science of comparative religion."[22]Alfred Guillaume refers to him the composer of "the first systematic higher critical study of the Old and New Testaments."[23] However,
William Montgomery Watt disputes the claim, stating that Ibn Hazm's work was preceded by earlier works in Arabic and that "the aim was polemical and not descriptive."[24]
Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (1126-1198): Known in west as The Commentator has been described by some as the Father of Rationalism[29] and the Father of Free Thought in Western Europe.[30][31][32][33]Ernest Renan called Averroes the absolute rationalist, and regarded him as the father of freethought and dissent.[34]
Rhazes: His Diseases in Children has led many to consider him the Father of Pediatrics.[35][36][37] He has also been praised as the "real founder of clinical medicine in Islam."[38]
^A, Martín-Araguz; Bustamante-Martínez, C; Fernández-Armayor Ajo, V; Moreno-Martínez, JM (2002). "Neuroscience in Al Andalus and its influence on medieval scholastic medicine". Revista de Neurología. 34 (9): 877–92.
doi:
10.33588/rn.3409.2001382.
PMID12134355.
^G. Morgenstierne, "Al-Biruni, The Founder of Comparative Studies in Human Culture," in The Commemoration Volume of Biruni International Congress (Tehran: High Council for Culture and Art, 1973), 6.
^Yoke, Peng (2006). Explorations in Daoism Medicine and Alchemy in Literature. Routledge. p. 147.
ISBN0-415-40460-6.
^Hamarneh, Sami K. (1984). Anees, Munawar A. (ed.). Health Sciences in Early Islam. Taylor & Francis. p. 220.
ISBN0-9608754-0-9.
^Gandz, Solomon (1936). "The Sources of al-Khwarizmi's Algebra". Osiris. 1: 264.
doi:
10.1086/368426.
S2CID60770737 – via History of Science Society (HSTM). In a sense, Khwarizmi is more entitled to be called the "father of algebra" than Diophantus because Khwarizmi is the first to teach algebra in an elementary form and for its own sake, Diophantus is primarily concerned with the theory of numbers.
^Collinson, Diané; Plant, Kathryn; Wilkinson, Robert (1999). Fifty Eastern Thinkers. Routledge. p. 26.
ISBN0-203-00540-6.
^Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). Islamic Philosophy from its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. State Univ. of New York Press. p. 110.
ISBN0-7914-6799-6.
^Bevir, Mark (2010). Encyclopedia of Political Theory. Sage Publications. p. 14.
ISBN978-1-4129-5865-3.
^Walker, Benjamin (1997). The Foundations of Islam: The Making of a World Faith. London: Peter Owen.
ISBN0-7206-1038-9.
^Wren, Benjamin (2004). Teaching world civilization with joy and enthusiasm. University Press of America. p. 139.
ISBN0-7618-2747-1.
^Major, Ralph (1954). A History of Medicine. Vol. 1. Thomas. p. 239.
^Ahmad, A; O'Leary, JP (Nov 1997). "Observations on early suture materials: the first stitch in time". The American Surgeon. 63 (11): 1027–8.
ISSN0003-1348.
PMID9358798. One of his best known treatises was Diseases in Children, and in some circles he has been acclaimed as the father of pediatrics.
^Tabassum, Sadia (20 April 2011). "Combatants, Not Bandits: The Status of Rebels in Islamic Law". International Review of the Red Cross. 93 (881): 121–139.
doi:
10.1017/S1816383111000117.
S2CID56196822.
^Plott, John C.; James Michael Dolin; Wallace Gray (1989). Global History of Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 38.
ISBN81-208-0552-6.
^Kraemer, Joel L. (2010). Maimonides: The Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds. Doubleday. p. 204.
ISBN978-0-385-51200-8.
^"Al-Tusi_Nasir biography". www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-08-05. One of al-Tusi's most important mathematical contributions was the creation of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right rather than as just a tool for astronomical applications. In Treatise on the quadrilateral al-Tusi gave the first extant exposition of the whole system of plane and spherical trigonometry. This work is really the first in history on trigonometry as an independent branch of pure mathematics and the first in which all six cases for a right-angled spherical triangle are set forth.
^electricpulp.com.
"ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-08-05. His major contribution in mathematics (Nasr, 1996, pp. 208-14) is said to be in trigonometry, which for the first time was compiled by him as a new discipline in its own right. Spherical trigonometry also owes its development to his efforts, and this includes the concept of the six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles.
^Foltz, Richard (2013). "Ecology in Islam". In Runehov, Anne L. C.; Oviedo, Lluis (eds.). Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions. Springer. p. 675.
ISBN978-1402082641.