The vast majority of the people promoted to field marshal won major battles in wars of their time. Field marshals played a compelling and influential role in military matters, were tax-exempt, members of the
nobility, equal to government officials, under constant protection or escort, and had the right to directly report to the
royal family.[3] In the
Prussian military tradition, which set the tone for the 19th century and the
German Empire, field marshals could only be promoted in wartime and the royal family was excluded, both resulting in the creation of the rank of colonel general with the rank of general field marshal (
German: Generaloberst mit dem Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls) in 1854. Both restrictions would eventually end with the first royals being promoted during the
Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and later honorary promotions to foreign monarchs would follow.
Adolf Hitler effectively disregarded the wartime prerequisite by two promotions in 1936 and 1938, though all subsequent promotions were during wartime.
Electorate (1356–1806) and Kingdom of Saxony (1806–1918)
After the loss of the
First World War, Germany was transformed into what became known as the
Weimar Republic, which was subject to the terms of the
Treaty of Versailles. It required the reduction of the
German Army to 100,000 men,[78] a reduction of the
German Navy,[78] and the abolition of the
German Air Force.[78] As a result of the new military arrangements, there were no field marshals created during the Weimar Republic.
^ In 1940 Hermann Göring was promoted to
Reichsmarschall, a rank higher than that of field marshal and was the only one to hold this rank. This was done so as to make Göring superior to other field marshals and recognize him as the second man in Hitler's Reich.[100]
^
abcAnton Balthasar König, Henning Alexander von Kleist,Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militärpersonen: T. G-L, A. Wever, 1789,
pp. 275–276. Accessed 26 September 2015.
^James William Edmund Doyle (1886).
"Wellington". The Official Baronage of England: Showing the Succession, Dignities, and Offices of Every Peer from 1066 to 1885. Vol. 3. London: Longmans Green and Co. pp. 615–620.
Blumberg, Arnold (1990). Carefully Planned Accident: The Italian War of 1859. Associated University.
ISBN978-0945636076.
Breuer, William B. (2002). Daring Missions of World War II. John Wiley & Sons Publishing.
ISBN978-0471150879.
Browne, John (2013). Hidden Account of the Romanovs. Universe Publishing.
ISBN978-1475978346.
Bruce, Phillip A.; Stanard, William G., eds. (1958). The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. California University.
OCLC1642879.
Burke, Edmund (2012). The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History and Politics of the Year 1802. California University.
ISBN978-1276653947.
Carlyle, Thomas (2002). Historical Essays. California University.
ISBN978-0520220614.
Chisholm, Hugh; Garvin, James L., eds. (1926). The Encyclopædia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information. Cambridge University.
LCCN11027773//r84.
Clarke, Christopher (2000). Kaiser Wilhelm II. Longman Publishing.
ISBN0-582-24559-1.
Colby, Frank M.; Williams, Talcott, eds. (1906). The New International Encyclopaedia. Michigan University.
OCLC16690620.
Debrett, John (1836). Debrett's Peerage of England, Scotland and Ireland. Oxford University.
ISBN978-1130532470.
Droysen, Johann G. (1996). Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Grafen York von Wartenburg [The Life of Field Marshal Count York von Wartenberg]. Phaidon Publishing.
ISBN3-88851-160-7.
Ehlert, Hans (2014). The Schlieffen Plan: International Perspectives on the German Strategy for World War I. Kentucky University.
ISBN978-0813147475.
Frankel, Benjamin (2004). History in Dispute: The Spanish Civil War. St. James Publishing.
ISBN978-1558624948.
Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000). Die Trager Des Ritterkreuzes Des Eisernen Kreuzes, 1939–1945 [The Carriers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, 1939-1945]. Podzun-Pallas Publishing.
ISBN978-3-7909-0284-6.
Glozier, Matthew; Onnekink, David, eds. (2007). War, Religion and Service: Huguenot Soldiering, 1685-1713. Ashgate Publishing.
ISBN978-1851098798.
Gneisenau, August W. A.; Marston, James E., eds. (1815). The Life and Campaigns of Field Marshal Prince Blücher of Wahlstatt. New York's Public Library.
OCLC03142316.
Goldensohn, Leon (2010). The Nuremberg Interviews: Conversations with the Defendants and Witnesses. Random House Publishing.
ISBN978-1409078449.
Gruyter, Walter D. (2006). Dictionary of German Biography. K. G. Saur Publishing.
ISBN978-3110961164.
Guthrie, William P. (2003). The Later Thirty Years War: From the Battle of Wittstock to the Peace of Westphalia. Greenwood Publishing.
ISBN978-0313324086.
Hahnke, Robert V. (2012). Monument From the Kaiser. AuthorHouse Publishing.
ISBN978-1477289754.
Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. Oxford University.
ISBN0-19-509514-6.
Hargreaves, Richard (2010). Blitzkrieg Unleashed: The German Invasion of Poland, 1939. Stackpole Books.
ISBN978-0811707244.
Hughes, Daniel (2009). Moltke on the Art of War: Selected Writings. Random House Publishing.
ISBN978-0307538512.
Irmer, Georg (2005). Hans Georg von Arnim. Harvard University.
ISBN978-1142131623.
Jensen, Tim; Rothstein, Mikael, eds. (1958). Secular Theories on Religion: Current Perspectives. Museum Tusculanum Publishing.
ISBN978-8772895727.
Johannes Kunisch (2004). Friedrich der Grosse. Der König und seine Zeit [Friedrich the Great. The King and His Time]. C.H. Beck Publishing.
ISBN3-406-52209-2.
König, Anton B. (1789). Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militärpersonen [Biographies of Heroes and Military Personnel]. Princeton University.
OCLC34794450.
Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. W. W. Norton & Company.
ISBN978-0-393-06757-6.
Kesselring, Albert (1970). A Soldier's Record. Greenwood Publishing.
ISBN0-8371-2975-3.
Leggiere, Michael V. (2014). Blücher: Scourge of Napoleon. Oklahoma University.
ISBN978-0806144092.
Long, George (1844). The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Virginia University.
OCLC18067040.
Lund, Erik A (1999). War For the Every Day: Generals, Knowledge, and Warfare In Early Modern Europe, 1680-1740. Greenwood Publishing.
ISBN978-0-313-31041-6.
MacDonogh, Giles (2001). Frederick the Great: A Life in Deed and Letters. St. Martin's Griffin Publishing.
ISBN0-312-27266-9.
MacKillop, Andrew; Murdoch, Steve, eds. (2003). Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers C. 1600-1800: A Study of Scotland and Empires. Brill Academic Publishing.
ISBN978-9004129702.
Maitland, William F. (1762). The London Chronicle. Michigan University.
OCLC85557971.
Marrs, Jim (2010). The Sisterhood of the Rose: The Recollection of Celeste Levesque. Red Wheel Weiser Publishing.
ISBN978-1934708521.
Paret, Peter; Morgan, Mark, eds. (2014). Carl von Clausewitz: Historical and Political Writings. Princeton University.
ISBN978-1400862160.
Parkinson, Roger (2000). Hussar General: The Life of Blucher, Man of Waterloo. Wordsworth Editions.
ISBN978-1840222531.
Pawly, Ronald (2012). The Kaiser's Warlords: German Commanders of World War One. Osprey Publishing.
ISBN978-1780966304.
Phillips, Lawrence B. (1871). The Dictionary of Biographical Reference. Oxford University.
OCLC1532621.
Pope, Stephen; Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. (2007). Dictionary of the First World War. Pen & Sword Publishing.
ISBN978-1473813618.
Röhl, John (1996). The Kaiser and His Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany. Cambridge University.
ISBN978-0521565042.
Reynolds, Michael A. (2011). Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908–1918. Cambridge University.
ISBN978-1139494120.
Riley, Jonathan P. (2013). Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting. Routledge Publishing.
ISBN978-1136321351.
Riley, Jonathon (2014). Decisive Battles: From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm. Bloomsbury Publishing.
ISBN978-1441126740.
Roberts, Priscilla; Tucker, Spencer, eds. (2005). World War I: A Student Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
ISBN978-1851098798.
Ross, Hartmut (1997). Moritz Prinz von Anhalt-Dessau, Neue Deutsche Biographie [Moritz Prinz von Anhalt-Dessau, New German Biography]. Duncker & Humblot Publishing.
ISBN3-428-00199-0.
Samuel W., Samuel W. (2003). Retreat to the Reich. Stackpole Books.
ISBN978-0811733847.
Sandler, Stanley (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
ISBN978-1576073445.
Siborne, William (1895). The Waterloo Campaign, 1815. Harvard University.
OCLC13772354.
Siebigk, Ferdinand (1883). Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie [General German Biography]. Duncker & Humblot Publishing.
LCCN01013117.
Snyder, Louis (1976). Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. Da Capo Press.
ISBN978-1-56924-917-8.
Steinberg, Jonathan (2011). Bismarck: A Life. Oxford University.
ISBN978-0199845439.
Stoker, Donald (2014). Clausewitz: His Life and Work. Oxford University.
ISBN978-0199357963.
Tague, James E. (2011). The Last Field Marshal. Author Solutions.
ISBN978-145-683-185-1.
Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO.
ISBN978-1851096725.
Vatikiotis, Peter J. (2014). Popular Autocracy in Greece, 1936-1941: A Political Biography of General Ioannis Metaxas. Routledge Publishing.
ISBN978-1134729333.
Veve, Thomas D. (1992). The Duke of Wellington and the British Army of Occupation in France, 1815-1818. Greenwood Publishing.
ISBN978-0307432438.
Wawro, Geoffrey (1997). The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866. Cambridge University.
ISBN978-0521629515.
Wheatcroft, Andrew; Keegan, John, eds. (2007). Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Present Day. Routledge Publishing.
ISBN978-1136414169.
Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power. Macmillan Publishing.
OCLC711310.
Williamson, Gordon (2006). German Commanders of World War II. Osprey Publishing.
ISBN1-84176-597-X.
Wistrich, Robert S. (1982). Who's Who in Nazi Germany. Value Publishing.
ISBN978-0-415-26038-1.
Wood, James A. (2014). Army of the West. Stackpole Books.
ISBN978-0811741439.
Wright, Mike (2009). What They Didn't Teach You About World War II. Random House Publishing.
ISBN978-0307549167.
The vast majority of the people promoted to field marshal won major battles in wars of their time. Field marshals played a compelling and influential role in military matters, were tax-exempt, members of the
nobility, equal to government officials, under constant protection or escort, and had the right to directly report to the
royal family.[3] In the
Prussian military tradition, which set the tone for the 19th century and the
German Empire, field marshals could only be promoted in wartime and the royal family was excluded, both resulting in the creation of the rank of colonel general with the rank of general field marshal (
German: Generaloberst mit dem Range eines Generalfeldmarschalls) in 1854. Both restrictions would eventually end with the first royals being promoted during the
Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and later honorary promotions to foreign monarchs would follow.
Adolf Hitler effectively disregarded the wartime prerequisite by two promotions in 1936 and 1938, though all subsequent promotions were during wartime.
Electorate (1356–1806) and Kingdom of Saxony (1806–1918)
After the loss of the
First World War, Germany was transformed into what became known as the
Weimar Republic, which was subject to the terms of the
Treaty of Versailles. It required the reduction of the
German Army to 100,000 men,[78] a reduction of the
German Navy,[78] and the abolition of the
German Air Force.[78] As a result of the new military arrangements, there were no field marshals created during the Weimar Republic.
^ In 1940 Hermann Göring was promoted to
Reichsmarschall, a rank higher than that of field marshal and was the only one to hold this rank. This was done so as to make Göring superior to other field marshals and recognize him as the second man in Hitler's Reich.[100]
^
abcAnton Balthasar König, Henning Alexander von Kleist,Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militärpersonen: T. G-L, A. Wever, 1789,
pp. 275–276. Accessed 26 September 2015.
^James William Edmund Doyle (1886).
"Wellington". The Official Baronage of England: Showing the Succession, Dignities, and Offices of Every Peer from 1066 to 1885. Vol. 3. London: Longmans Green and Co. pp. 615–620.
Blumberg, Arnold (1990). Carefully Planned Accident: The Italian War of 1859. Associated University.
ISBN978-0945636076.
Breuer, William B. (2002). Daring Missions of World War II. John Wiley & Sons Publishing.
ISBN978-0471150879.
Browne, John (2013). Hidden Account of the Romanovs. Universe Publishing.
ISBN978-1475978346.
Bruce, Phillip A.; Stanard, William G., eds. (1958). The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. California University.
OCLC1642879.
Burke, Edmund (2012). The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History and Politics of the Year 1802. California University.
ISBN978-1276653947.
Carlyle, Thomas (2002). Historical Essays. California University.
ISBN978-0520220614.
Chisholm, Hugh; Garvin, James L., eds. (1926). The Encyclopædia Britannica: a Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information. Cambridge University.
LCCN11027773//r84.
Clarke, Christopher (2000). Kaiser Wilhelm II. Longman Publishing.
ISBN0-582-24559-1.
Colby, Frank M.; Williams, Talcott, eds. (1906). The New International Encyclopaedia. Michigan University.
OCLC16690620.
Debrett, John (1836). Debrett's Peerage of England, Scotland and Ireland. Oxford University.
ISBN978-1130532470.
Droysen, Johann G. (1996). Das Leben des Feldmarschalls Grafen York von Wartenburg [The Life of Field Marshal Count York von Wartenberg]. Phaidon Publishing.
ISBN3-88851-160-7.
Ehlert, Hans (2014). The Schlieffen Plan: International Perspectives on the German Strategy for World War I. Kentucky University.
ISBN978-0813147475.
Frankel, Benjamin (2004). History in Dispute: The Spanish Civil War. St. James Publishing.
ISBN978-1558624948.
Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000). Die Trager Des Ritterkreuzes Des Eisernen Kreuzes, 1939–1945 [The Carriers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, 1939-1945]. Podzun-Pallas Publishing.
ISBN978-3-7909-0284-6.
Glozier, Matthew; Onnekink, David, eds. (2007). War, Religion and Service: Huguenot Soldiering, 1685-1713. Ashgate Publishing.
ISBN978-1851098798.
Gneisenau, August W. A.; Marston, James E., eds. (1815). The Life and Campaigns of Field Marshal Prince Blücher of Wahlstatt. New York's Public Library.
OCLC03142316.
Goldensohn, Leon (2010). The Nuremberg Interviews: Conversations with the Defendants and Witnesses. Random House Publishing.
ISBN978-1409078449.
Gruyter, Walter D. (2006). Dictionary of German Biography. K. G. Saur Publishing.
ISBN978-3110961164.
Guthrie, William P. (2003). The Later Thirty Years War: From the Battle of Wittstock to the Peace of Westphalia. Greenwood Publishing.
ISBN978-0313324086.
Hahnke, Robert V. (2012). Monument From the Kaiser. AuthorHouse Publishing.
ISBN978-1477289754.
Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. Oxford University.
ISBN0-19-509514-6.
Hargreaves, Richard (2010). Blitzkrieg Unleashed: The German Invasion of Poland, 1939. Stackpole Books.
ISBN978-0811707244.
Hughes, Daniel (2009). Moltke on the Art of War: Selected Writings. Random House Publishing.
ISBN978-0307538512.
Irmer, Georg (2005). Hans Georg von Arnim. Harvard University.
ISBN978-1142131623.
Jensen, Tim; Rothstein, Mikael, eds. (1958). Secular Theories on Religion: Current Perspectives. Museum Tusculanum Publishing.
ISBN978-8772895727.
Johannes Kunisch (2004). Friedrich der Grosse. Der König und seine Zeit [Friedrich the Great. The King and His Time]. C.H. Beck Publishing.
ISBN3-406-52209-2.
König, Anton B. (1789). Biographisches Lexikon aller Helden und Militärpersonen [Biographies of Heroes and Military Personnel]. Princeton University.
OCLC34794450.
Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. W. W. Norton & Company.
ISBN978-0-393-06757-6.
Kesselring, Albert (1970). A Soldier's Record. Greenwood Publishing.
ISBN0-8371-2975-3.
Leggiere, Michael V. (2014). Blücher: Scourge of Napoleon. Oklahoma University.
ISBN978-0806144092.
Long, George (1844). The Biographical Dictionary of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Virginia University.
OCLC18067040.
Lund, Erik A (1999). War For the Every Day: Generals, Knowledge, and Warfare In Early Modern Europe, 1680-1740. Greenwood Publishing.
ISBN978-0-313-31041-6.
MacDonogh, Giles (2001). Frederick the Great: A Life in Deed and Letters. St. Martin's Griffin Publishing.
ISBN0-312-27266-9.
MacKillop, Andrew; Murdoch, Steve, eds. (2003). Military Governors and Imperial Frontiers C. 1600-1800: A Study of Scotland and Empires. Brill Academic Publishing.
ISBN978-9004129702.
Maitland, William F. (1762). The London Chronicle. Michigan University.
OCLC85557971.
Marrs, Jim (2010). The Sisterhood of the Rose: The Recollection of Celeste Levesque. Red Wheel Weiser Publishing.
ISBN978-1934708521.
Paret, Peter; Morgan, Mark, eds. (2014). Carl von Clausewitz: Historical and Political Writings. Princeton University.
ISBN978-1400862160.
Parkinson, Roger (2000). Hussar General: The Life of Blucher, Man of Waterloo. Wordsworth Editions.
ISBN978-1840222531.
Pawly, Ronald (2012). The Kaiser's Warlords: German Commanders of World War One. Osprey Publishing.
ISBN978-1780966304.
Phillips, Lawrence B. (1871). The Dictionary of Biographical Reference. Oxford University.
OCLC1532621.
Pope, Stephen; Wheal, Elizabeth-Anne, eds. (2007). Dictionary of the First World War. Pen & Sword Publishing.
ISBN978-1473813618.
Röhl, John (1996). The Kaiser and His Court: Wilhelm II and the Government of Germany. Cambridge University.
ISBN978-0521565042.
Reynolds, Michael A. (2011). Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908–1918. Cambridge University.
ISBN978-1139494120.
Riley, Jonathan P. (2013). Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting. Routledge Publishing.
ISBN978-1136321351.
Riley, Jonathon (2014). Decisive Battles: From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm. Bloomsbury Publishing.
ISBN978-1441126740.
Roberts, Priscilla; Tucker, Spencer, eds. (2005). World War I: A Student Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
ISBN978-1851098798.
Ross, Hartmut (1997). Moritz Prinz von Anhalt-Dessau, Neue Deutsche Biographie [Moritz Prinz von Anhalt-Dessau, New German Biography]. Duncker & Humblot Publishing.
ISBN3-428-00199-0.
Samuel W., Samuel W. (2003). Retreat to the Reich. Stackpole Books.
ISBN978-0811733847.
Sandler, Stanley (2002). Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
ISBN978-1576073445.
Siborne, William (1895). The Waterloo Campaign, 1815. Harvard University.
OCLC13772354.
Siebigk, Ferdinand (1883). Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie [General German Biography]. Duncker & Humblot Publishing.
LCCN01013117.
Snyder, Louis (1976). Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. Da Capo Press.
ISBN978-1-56924-917-8.
Steinberg, Jonathan (2011). Bismarck: A Life. Oxford University.
ISBN978-0199845439.
Stoker, Donald (2014). Clausewitz: His Life and Work. Oxford University.
ISBN978-0199357963.
Tague, James E. (2011). The Last Field Marshal. Author Solutions.
ISBN978-145-683-185-1.
Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO.
ISBN978-1851096725.
Vatikiotis, Peter J. (2014). Popular Autocracy in Greece, 1936-1941: A Political Biography of General Ioannis Metaxas. Routledge Publishing.
ISBN978-1134729333.
Veve, Thomas D. (1992). The Duke of Wellington and the British Army of Occupation in France, 1815-1818. Greenwood Publishing.
ISBN978-0307432438.
Wawro, Geoffrey (1997). The Austro-Prussian War: Austria's War with Prussia and Italy in 1866. Cambridge University.
ISBN978-0521629515.
Wheatcroft, Andrew; Keegan, John, eds. (2007). Who's Who in Military History: From 1453 to the Present Day. Routledge Publishing.
ISBN978-1136414169.
Wheeler-Bennett, John (1967). The Nemesis of Power. Macmillan Publishing.
OCLC711310.
Williamson, Gordon (2006). German Commanders of World War II. Osprey Publishing.
ISBN1-84176-597-X.
Wistrich, Robert S. (1982). Who's Who in Nazi Germany. Value Publishing.
ISBN978-0-415-26038-1.
Wood, James A. (2014). Army of the West. Stackpole Books.
ISBN978-0811741439.
Wright, Mike (2009). What They Didn't Teach You About World War II. Random House Publishing.
ISBN978-0307549167.