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Genus of trees
Chionanthus (), common name: fringetrees , is a
genus of about 140 species of
flowering plants in the
family
Oleaceae .
Chionanthus virginicus flowers
Chionanthus pubescens
Chionanthus retusus flowers
The genus has a wide distribution primarily in the tropics and subtropics, but with three species extending north into temperate regions, one (C. retusus ) in eastern Asia and two (C. virginicus and C. henryae ) in eastern North America.
[1]
[2] Most of the tropical species are
evergreen , while the three temperate species are
deciduous . Some botanists restrict Chionanthus to the deciduous, temperate species, treating the evergreen species in a separate genus Linociera , but apart from leaf persistence, there is no other consistent difference between them.
They are
shrubs and small to medium-sized trees growing to 3–25 m tall. The
leaves are opposite, simple. The
flowers are produced in feathery
panicles , with a
corolla subdivided into four slender lobes; they are white, pale yellow, or tinged pink. The
fruit is a
drupe containing a single
seed .
[2]
As of January 2024
[update] ,
Plants of the World Online accepted the following species:
[1]
Chionanthus abriaquiensis Fern.Alonso & Cogollo
Chionanthus acuminatissimus (Merr.) Kiew ex de Juana
Chionanthus acunae (Borhidi & O.Muñiz) Borhidi -
Cuba
Chionanthus adamsii Stearn -
Jamaica
Chionanthus albidiflorus Thwaites –
Sri Lanka
Chionanthus amblirrhinus P.S.Green -
Thailand
Chionanthus avilensis (Steyerm.) P.S.Green -
Venezuela
Chionanthus axillaris R.Br. – Australia (
Queensland )
Chionanthus axilliflorus (Griseb.) Stearn – Caribbean
Chionanthus bakeri (Urb.) Stearn - Cuba
Chionanthus balgooyanus Kiew –
Sarawak
Chionanthus beccarii (Stapf) Kiew -
Sumatra
Chionanthus brachystachys (Schltr.) P.S.Green -
New Caledonia
Chionanthus brassii (Kobuski) Kiew -
Papua New Guinea
Chionanthus bumelioides (Griseb.) Stearn -
Bahamas , Cuba,
Hispaniola
Chionanthus callophylloides Kiew –
Sarawak +
Sabah
Chionanthus callophyllus Blume – Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra,
Borneo
Chionanthus caudifolius (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
Chionanthus caymanensis Stearn -
Cayman Islands
Chionanthus celebicus Koord -
Sulawesi
Chionanthus chrysopetalus Cornejo ex Lombardi
Chionanthus clementis (Quisumb. & Merr.) Kiew -
Philippines
Chionanthus colonchensis Cornejo & Bonifaz -
Ecuador
Chionanthus compactus Sw. – Caribbean
Chionanthus coriaceus (S.Vidal) Yuen P.Yang & S.Y.Lu -
Taiwan + Philippines
Chionanthus cordulatus Koord.
Chionanthus courtallensis Bedd.
Chionanthus crassifolius (Mart.) P.S.Green -
Brazil
Chionanthus crispus Kiew –
Sabah
Chionanthus curvicarpus Kiew – Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines
Chionanthus cuspidatus Blume - Borneo
Chionanthus decipiens P.S.Green -
Myanmar + Thailand
Chionanthus densiflorus Zoll. & Moritzi -
Java
Chionanthus dictyophyllus (Urb.) Stearn - Hispaniola
Chionanthus diversifolius Miq - Sumatra
Chionanthus domingensis Lam. – Caribbean
Chionanthus dussii (Krug & Urb.) Stearn -
Dominica +
Martinique
Chionanthus ellipticus Blume - Java + Sumatra
Chionanthus enerve (Steenis) Kiew - Borneo
Chionanthus eriorachis (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
Chionanthus evenius (Stapf) Kiew –
Malesia
Chionanthus ferrugineus (Gilg) P.S.Green - Brazil
Chionanthus filiformis (Vell.) P.S.Green - Brazil
Chionanthus fluminensis (Miers) P.S.Green - Brazil
Chionanthus gardneriorum Kiew
Chionanthus gigas (Lingelsh.) Kiew -
New Guinea
Chionanthus globosus (Kiew) Kiew – Borneo
Chionanthus glomeratus Blume - Sumatra
Chionanthus grandifolius (Elmer) Kiew - Philippines
Chionanthus greenii Lombardi - Brazil
Chionanthus guangxiensis B.M.Miao. – Southeastern China (
Guangxi ).
Chionanthus guianensis (Aubl.) Pers - Venezuela +
French Guiana
Chionanthus hahlii (Rech.) Kiew -
Bismarck ,
Solomons ,
Samoa
Chionanthus hainanensis (Merrill & Chun) B.M.Miao. – Southern China (Hainan)
Chionanthus havilandii Kiew – Borneo
Chionanthus henryae H.L.Li - USA (Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas)
Chionanthus henryanus P.S.Green. – Southwestern China, Burma
Chionanthus holdridgei (Camp & Monach.) Stearn – Caribbean
Chionanthus implicatus (Rusby) P.S.Green - South America
Chionanthus jamaicensis (Urb.) Stearn - Jamaica
Chionanthus kajewskii (Sleumer) Kiew -
Solomon Islands
Chionanthus kinabaluensis Kiew – Borneo
Chionanthus kostermansii Kiew
Chionanthus lancifolius (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
Chionanthus leopoldii Kiew – Borneo
Chionanthus ligustrinus (Sw.) Pers. – Caribbean
Chionanthus littoreus Miq - Sumatra
Chionanthus longiflorus (H.L.Li) B.M.Miao. – Southwestern China (Yunnan)
Chionanthus longipetalus (Merr.) Kiew -
Sabah ,
Sarawak
Chionanthus lucens Kiew –
Sabah
Chionanthus luzonicus Blume - Philippines
Chionanthus macrobotrys (Merr.) Kiew - Sabah, Sarawak
Chionanthus macrocarpus Blume – Indonesia, Malaysia
Chionanthus macrothyrsus (Merr.) Soejarto & P.K.Lôc - Vietnam
Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P.S.Green - India,
Bangladesh ,
Nepal ,
Bhutan , Thailand, Vietnam,
Laos , Burma,
Cambodia , Peninsular Malaysia,
Andaman Islands
Chionanthus maxwellii P.S.Green - Thailand
Chionanthus megistocarpus Fern.Alonso & Cogollo
Chionanthus micranthus (Mart.) Lozano & Fuertes - Brazil
Chionanthus microbotrys (Kerr) P.S.Green - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
Chionanthus microstigma (Gagnep.) P.S.Green - Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
Chionanthus minutiflorus Kurz - Burma
Chionanthus montanus Blume - Java,
Sulawesi ,
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Chionanthus nitens Koord. & Valeton - Java, Sulawesi
Chionanthus nitidus (Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
Chionanthus oblanceolatus (B.L.Rob.) P.S.Green -
Mexico + Central America
Chionanthus oblongifolius Koord. & Valeton - Java
Chionanthus oliganthus (Merr.) Kiew -
Sabah ,
Sarawak
Chionanthus pachyphyllus (Merr.) Kiew – Borneo
Chionanthus palustris Kiew – Borneo
Chionanthus panamensis (Standl.) Stearn - Mexico, Central America
Chionanthus parkinsonii (Hutch.) Bennet & Raizada - Thailand, Vietnam,
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Chionanthus parviflorus Cornejo, Lombardi & W.W.Thomas
Chionanthus pedunculatus P.S.Green -
New Caledonia
Chionanthus plurifloroides Kiew – Borneo
Chionanthus pluriflorus (Knobl.) Kiew – Borneo
Chionanthus polycephalus Kiew – Borneo
Chionanthus polygamus (Roxb.) Kiew – Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea
Chionanthus porcatus Kiew – Borneo
Chionanthus proctorii Stearn - Jamaica
Chionanthus pubescens Kunth. –
Ecuador ,
Peru
Chionanthus pubicalyx (Ridl.) Kiew – Borneo
Chionanthus purpureus Lam. - Sri Lanka
Chionanthus pygmaeus Small (Pygmy fringetree) – Southeastern United States (
Florida )
Chionanthus pyriformis Kiew
Chionanthus quadristamineus F.Muell. – Australia (
Lord Howe Island endemic)
Chionanthus racemosus (Merr.) Kiew & Pelser
Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxburgh – Australia (Queensland), southern China, India, Nepal, Vietnam
Chionanthus remotinervius (Merr.) Kiew - Philippines
Chionanthus retusus Lindley & Paxton (Chinese fringetree) – China,
Japan ,
Korea
Chionanthus riparius (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
Chionanthus robinsonii (Gagnep.) B.H.Quang
Chionanthus rostratus (Teijsm. & Binn.) Miq. - Java
Chionanthus rugosus Kiew – Borneo
Chionanthus rupicola (Lingelsh.) Kiew - Indonesia, New Guinea
Chionanthus sabahensis Kiew – Sabah
Chionanthus salicifolius (Lingelsh.) Kiew - New Guinea
Chionanthus sessiliflorus (Hemsl.) Kiew - New Guinea +
Solomon Islands
Chionanthus sleumeri (C.T.White) Stearn – Australia (Queensland)
Chionanthus sordidus Kiew
Chionanthus spicatus Blume – Borneo
Chionanthus spicifer (Ridl.) Kiew - Peninsular Malaysia
Chionanthus stenurus (Merr.) Kiew -
Sulawesi
Chionanthus subcapitatus (Merr.) B.H.Quang
Chionanthus subsessilis (Eichler) P.S.Green - Brazil
Chionanthus sulawesicus Kiew
Chionanthus sumatranus Blume - Sumatra +
Andaman Islands
Chionanthus sutepensis (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
Chionanthus tenuis P.S.Green - Brazil
Chionanthus thorelii (Gagnep.) P.S.Green - Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
Chionanthus timorensis Blume -
Timor
Chionanthus trichotomus (Vell.) P.S.Green - Brazil,
Argentina ,
Paraguay
Chionanthus urbanii (Knobl.) Stearn - Hispaniola
Chionanthus vargasii Fern.Alonso & Cogollo
Chionanthus velutinus (Kerr) P.S.Green - Thailand
Chionanthus verruculatus D.Fang - China (Guangxi)
Chionanthus virginicus L. (White fringetree) – Eastern United States (Texas to Florida to Massachusetts to Missouri)
Chionanthus vitiensis (Seem.) A.C.Sm. -
Niue ,
Fiji , Samoa,
Tonga
Chionanthus wurdackii B.Ståhl - Peru
Chionanthus zeylanicus L. - Sri Lanka, southern India
Chionanthus zollingerianus Koord. & Valeton - Java
Chang, Mei-chen; Chiu, Lien-ching; Wei, Zhi; Green, Peter S. (2008) [1992].
"Oleaceae; Chionanthus " . In Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P. H. (eds.).
Flora of China . Vol. 15 (Myrsinaceae through Loganiaceae). Beijing and St. Louis, MO: Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press. Retrieved 26 June 2013 – via eFloras.
Green, P. S. (1994).
"Chionanthus" . In Wilson, A. J. G. (ed.).
Flora of Australia: Volume 49: Oceanic Islands 1: Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island (online version) . Flora of Australia series. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. p. 329.
ISBN
978-0-644-29385-3 . Retrieved 26 June 2013 .
F.A.Zich;
B.P.M.Hyland ; T.Whiffen; R.A.Kerrigan (2020).
"Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Home" .
Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants Edition 8 (RFK8) . Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR),
Australian Government . Retrieved 21 June 2021 .