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The Linguistic Atlas Project (LAP) was founded in 1929 at the behest of the American Dialect Society and remains the most thorough and expansive study of American English undertaken to date. The LAP consists of several sub-projects, divided by geographical region. Each project represents the collection of linguistic data (vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation) in the form of dialect interviews, face-to-face interviews in which people were asked a series of targeted questions, such as “What do you call the piece of furniture that has drawers for you to keep your clothes in?” (‘Bureau’, ‘dresser’, and ‘chest of drawers’ were common answers in the 1930s and 40s). The 800+ targeted questions cover a range of topics, from the house and farm/ranch, to weather, flora and fauna, to food and cooking, and to community relationships. Fieldworkers wrote down the answers in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), a set of symbols that linguists use to capture pronunciation.
The first director of the LAP was Hans Kurath, an Austrian-American linguist, who oversaw the first of the LAP regional surveys. Over time, Kurath’s students and other researchers branched out and started regional projects at universities across the U.S. To date, over 5000 interviews have been conducted. Now housed at the University of Kentucky, LAP data is being made available to researchers and to the general public via an archival website and a GitHub repository that contains raw data.
The concept behind the Linguistic Atlas has been to paint a comprehensive picture of American English, a picture that highlights variation and points to connections between language and various social, cultural and historical factors. The amount of linguistic data contained in the Atlas is unparalleled in American sociolinguistics; truly this project exemplifies the concept of “big data” in the social sciences.
Project overviews
Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States (LAGS)
Originally directed by Lee Paterson, and now taken over by William A. Kretzchmar Jr, the Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States (LAGS), covers eight states including Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas. In the time span of 1968 to 1983, 914 speakers were interviewed and recorded using a 104 page document of questions designed to capture specific southern speech characteristics. [1]
Digital Archive of the Southern Speech (DASS)
Directed by William A. Kretzchmar, Jr., the Digital Archive of the Southern Speech (DASS), covers eight states including; Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas. Interviews were conducted by interviewers. [2]
Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States (LAMSAS)
Originally directed by Hans Kurath, later taken over by Raven I. McDavidd, Jr, but now directed by William A. Kretzchmar, Jr. The Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States (LAMSAS), covers the mid Atlantic states (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia), and the South Atlantic states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Eastern Georgia, and Northeastern Florida). 1,162 interviews were covered using a 104 page document of questions designed to capture specific speech characteristics. The data (manuscripts) collected from 1933–1974 is located in the Special Collection Repository of the University of Kentucky Library. Only the recorded tapes that were shared in the LAGS project survived.
Linguistic Atlas of the North-Central States (LANCS)
Directed by Hans Kurath, the Linguistic Atlas of the North-Central States (LANCS), covers seven states including; Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and Southern Ontario. Surveys were conducted using a 75 page questionnaire. The data collected between 1933–1978, include 564 interviews, with only 154 audio tapes surviving. These manuscripts are located in the Special Collections Repository of the University of Kentucky Library.
Linguistic Atlas of New England (LANE)
Directed by Hans Kurath, the Linguistic Atlas of the North-Central States (LANE), covers the New England States of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Vermont, New York (Long Island), Rhodesia Island, Maine, and Southern New Brunswick. During the time span of 1931–1933, using a 750 item questionnaire, there were 416 speakers interviewed throughout 213 communities. Records are now digitized by the library of congress. [3]
Linguistic Atlas of Oklahoma (LAO)
Originally directed by William R. Van Riper, but now directed by Raven I. McDavid, Jr, Bruce Southard, and Dennis Preston, the Linguistic Atlas of Oklahoma, covers the State of Oklahoma. The project involves 57 Oklahoma speakers from 1960–1962, interviewed using the questionnaire in the Linguistic Atlas Formula.
Linguistic Atlas of the Pacific Northwest (LAPNW)
Originally directed by Carroll Reed, later directed by David Carlson, the Linguistic Atlas of the Pacific Northwest (LAPNW), covers Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Using a 73 page questionnaire in the linguistic atlas format, 51 participants were interviewed and surveyed. Copies of transcribed words and phrases collected from the project are located in the Special Collections Repository of the University of Kentucky Library.
Linguistic Atlas of the Pacific Coast (LAPC)
Originally Directed by David Reed, later directed by Allen Metcalf, the Linguistic Atlas of the Pacific Coact (LAPC), covered California and Nevada. Using a 73 page questionnaire in the linguistic atlas format, 270 participants from California and 30 participants from Nevada were interviewed. In the time span of 1952–1959, 300 field records and a checklist with over 500 vocabulary words were collected. This data was collected by 10 fieldworkers.
Linguistic Atlas of the Western States (LAWS)
Originally Directed by Lee Paterson, now directed by William A. Kretzchmar, Jr. the Linguistic Atlas of the Western States (LAWS), covered Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Interviews began in 1988, with a total of 280 interviews, including; 15 in Wyoming, 28 in Colorado, and 22 in Utah 22. These interviews were recorded and examined pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.
Overall history
The objective of the Linguistic Atlas Project (LAP) started in 1929, was to collect a variety of English dialects across the country. Thousands of interviews using written responses, voice recordings, video recordings, and anything that included a human voice was used by researches to collect samples. The process was lengthy due to researchers traveling, getting acquainted with locals, recording and analyzing data. With expenses and the limited funding, the collections of samples made the process even longer. Digitalizing current records have been the most difficult process due to the outdated technology used to collect the data. With the new technology invented over the years, the process has become less difficult to make the recordings and transferring them.
Current history
The project is currently held at the University of Kentucky and was previously housed and originated at UGA. An online site has been put together that allows anyone to view and utilize the decades worth of linguistic data, that was not accessible to the public back then until now. During this time no new records have been taken, however there are several cases that are in the process of being started.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| GULLAH- Directed by Lorenzo Taylor (1933) | Only using paper records from 21 speakers who answered a 104 page questionnaire in the Linguistic Atlas format. Area of study was the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. |
| SKNP- Directed by Lee Pederson (2003) | 23 speakers on a mini-disk. Interviewed from the Islands of St. Kitts and Nevis areas |
| GDS- Study done by Lee Pederson (1968–1972) | Audio tape recordings from Georgia residents were covered: 288 speakers from 72 communities. A survey included 304 elderly natives of 76 rural communities with 500 hours of colloquial speech. Interview was based on questionnaire of 300 items derived from the Linguistic Atlas South Atlantic worksheets and items from Atwood's Texas survey. |
| ATLSP- Directed by William A. Kretzschmar Jr. (2003) | Direct CD recordings; some full transcriptions have been completed. 18 speakers randomly selected by phone sampling, that later became in-person in Fulton and Dekalb counties in Atlanta, GA, metropolitan area. Guided conversational interview expected to last one hour, adapted from Western States interview. Fixed format elicitation, where speakers read words from cards. |
| AGUSTA- Directed by Michael Miller (1976–1977) | Audio tapes from Augusta, Georgia and environs. Based on the questionnaire from LAGS, with additional questions and a reading passage from " My Eccentric Grandfather". 37 interviews were conducted but not all were able to be recovered. |
| ROSEWELL VOICES- Directed by William A. Kretzschmar, Jr. (2002–present) | Mostly direct CD recordings; later recordings on solid state digital recorder. Some full transcriptions have been completed. 70 speakers from Roswell, Georgia from three generations in age and all ethnic groups. Guided conversational interview expected to last one hour, focusing on the social life in Rowell. 24 direct lexical questions |
| LAUM- Directed by Harold B. Allen and later by Michael Linn (1949–1962) | 208 speakers interviewed from Minnesota, Iowa, North and South Dakota, and Nebraska, with a few from Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan. Approximately half of interviews were supplemented by twenty minutes of recordings on reel to reel tapes, that had previously been recorded by wire recordings. Approximately 800 items of the Atlas worksheets were recorded in phonetic transcription for the informants. |
| LAWS- Directed by Lee Pederson and now by William A. Kretzshmar, Jr. (1988–present) | The primary goal is to provide data on the speech of the American West by creating an inventory of regional and social markers. Extensive field work completed from Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming; interviews from El Paso, Texas, and California were conducted. 288 units for research in the western states; 55 in Middle Rockies: Wyoming (15), Colorado (28) and Utah (22). Interviews were conducted using audio cassette tapes in analog form and are currently being digitalized. LAWS interviews have been conducted in Wyoming by Michael Madsen and also in Utah with several of his students. Future work will include interviews from West Texas, California, Montana, Idaho, New Mexico, Arizona, Oregon, and Washington. |
References
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The Linguistic Atlas Project (LAP) was founded in 1929 at the behest of the American Dialect Society and remains the most thorough and expansive study of American English undertaken to date. The LAP consists of several sub-projects, divided by geographical region. Each project represents the collection of linguistic data (vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation) in the form of dialect interviews, face-to-face interviews in which people were asked a series of targeted questions, such as “What do you call the piece of furniture that has drawers for you to keep your clothes in?” (‘Bureau’, ‘dresser’, and ‘chest of drawers’ were common answers in the 1930s and 40s). The 800+ targeted questions cover a range of topics, from the house and farm/ranch, to weather, flora and fauna, to food and cooking, and to community relationships. Fieldworkers wrote down the answers in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), a set of symbols that linguists use to capture pronunciation.
The first director of the LAP was Hans Kurath, an Austrian-American linguist, who oversaw the first of the LAP regional surveys. Over time, Kurath’s students and other researchers branched out and started regional projects at universities across the U.S. To date, over 5000 interviews have been conducted. Now housed at the University of Kentucky, LAP data is being made available to researchers and to the general public via an archival website and a GitHub repository that contains raw data.
The concept behind the Linguistic Atlas has been to paint a comprehensive picture of American English, a picture that highlights variation and points to connections between language and various social, cultural and historical factors. The amount of linguistic data contained in the Atlas is unparalleled in American sociolinguistics; truly this project exemplifies the concept of “big data” in the social sciences.
Project overviews
Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States (LAGS)
Originally directed by Lee Paterson, and now taken over by William A. Kretzchmar Jr, the Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States (LAGS), covers eight states including Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas. In the time span of 1968 to 1983, 914 speakers were interviewed and recorded using a 104 page document of questions designed to capture specific southern speech characteristics. [1]
Digital Archive of the Southern Speech (DASS)
Directed by William A. Kretzchmar, Jr., the Digital Archive of the Southern Speech (DASS), covers eight states including; Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Texas. Interviews were conducted by interviewers. [2]
Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States (LAMSAS)
Originally directed by Hans Kurath, later taken over by Raven I. McDavidd, Jr, but now directed by William A. Kretzchmar, Jr. The Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and South Atlantic States (LAMSAS), covers the mid Atlantic states (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia), and the South Atlantic states (Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Eastern Georgia, and Northeastern Florida). 1,162 interviews were covered using a 104 page document of questions designed to capture specific speech characteristics. The data (manuscripts) collected from 1933–1974 is located in the Special Collection Repository of the University of Kentucky Library. Only the recorded tapes that were shared in the LAGS project survived.
Linguistic Atlas of the North-Central States (LANCS)
Directed by Hans Kurath, the Linguistic Atlas of the North-Central States (LANCS), covers seven states including; Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and Southern Ontario. Surveys were conducted using a 75 page questionnaire. The data collected between 1933–1978, include 564 interviews, with only 154 audio tapes surviving. These manuscripts are located in the Special Collections Repository of the University of Kentucky Library.
Linguistic Atlas of New England (LANE)
Directed by Hans Kurath, the Linguistic Atlas of the North-Central States (LANE), covers the New England States of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Vermont, New York (Long Island), Rhodesia Island, Maine, and Southern New Brunswick. During the time span of 1931–1933, using a 750 item questionnaire, there were 416 speakers interviewed throughout 213 communities. Records are now digitized by the library of congress. [3]
Linguistic Atlas of Oklahoma (LAO)
Originally directed by William R. Van Riper, but now directed by Raven I. McDavid, Jr, Bruce Southard, and Dennis Preston, the Linguistic Atlas of Oklahoma, covers the State of Oklahoma. The project involves 57 Oklahoma speakers from 1960–1962, interviewed using the questionnaire in the Linguistic Atlas Formula.
Linguistic Atlas of the Pacific Northwest (LAPNW)
Originally directed by Carroll Reed, later directed by David Carlson, the Linguistic Atlas of the Pacific Northwest (LAPNW), covers Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Using a 73 page questionnaire in the linguistic atlas format, 51 participants were interviewed and surveyed. Copies of transcribed words and phrases collected from the project are located in the Special Collections Repository of the University of Kentucky Library.
Linguistic Atlas of the Pacific Coast (LAPC)
Originally Directed by David Reed, later directed by Allen Metcalf, the Linguistic Atlas of the Pacific Coact (LAPC), covered California and Nevada. Using a 73 page questionnaire in the linguistic atlas format, 270 participants from California and 30 participants from Nevada were interviewed. In the time span of 1952–1959, 300 field records and a checklist with over 500 vocabulary words were collected. This data was collected by 10 fieldworkers.
Linguistic Atlas of the Western States (LAWS)
Originally Directed by Lee Paterson, now directed by William A. Kretzchmar, Jr. the Linguistic Atlas of the Western States (LAWS), covered Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. Interviews began in 1988, with a total of 280 interviews, including; 15 in Wyoming, 28 in Colorado, and 22 in Utah 22. These interviews were recorded and examined pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar.
Overall history
The objective of the Linguistic Atlas Project (LAP) started in 1929, was to collect a variety of English dialects across the country. Thousands of interviews using written responses, voice recordings, video recordings, and anything that included a human voice was used by researches to collect samples. The process was lengthy due to researchers traveling, getting acquainted with locals, recording and analyzing data. With expenses and the limited funding, the collections of samples made the process even longer. Digitalizing current records have been the most difficult process due to the outdated technology used to collect the data. With the new technology invented over the years, the process has become less difficult to make the recordings and transferring them.
Current history
The project is currently held at the University of Kentucky and was previously housed and originated at UGA. An online site has been put together that allows anyone to view and utilize the decades worth of linguistic data, that was not accessible to the public back then until now. During this time no new records have been taken, however there are several cases that are in the process of being started.
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| GULLAH- Directed by Lorenzo Taylor (1933) | Only using paper records from 21 speakers who answered a 104 page questionnaire in the Linguistic Atlas format. Area of study was the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. |
| SKNP- Directed by Lee Pederson (2003) | 23 speakers on a mini-disk. Interviewed from the Islands of St. Kitts and Nevis areas |
| GDS- Study done by Lee Pederson (1968–1972) | Audio tape recordings from Georgia residents were covered: 288 speakers from 72 communities. A survey included 304 elderly natives of 76 rural communities with 500 hours of colloquial speech. Interview was based on questionnaire of 300 items derived from the Linguistic Atlas South Atlantic worksheets and items from Atwood's Texas survey. |
| ATLSP- Directed by William A. Kretzschmar Jr. (2003) | Direct CD recordings; some full transcriptions have been completed. 18 speakers randomly selected by phone sampling, that later became in-person in Fulton and Dekalb counties in Atlanta, GA, metropolitan area. Guided conversational interview expected to last one hour, adapted from Western States interview. Fixed format elicitation, where speakers read words from cards. |
| AGUSTA- Directed by Michael Miller (1976–1977) | Audio tapes from Augusta, Georgia and environs. Based on the questionnaire from LAGS, with additional questions and a reading passage from " My Eccentric Grandfather". 37 interviews were conducted but not all were able to be recovered. |
| ROSEWELL VOICES- Directed by William A. Kretzschmar, Jr. (2002–present) | Mostly direct CD recordings; later recordings on solid state digital recorder. Some full transcriptions have been completed. 70 speakers from Roswell, Georgia from three generations in age and all ethnic groups. Guided conversational interview expected to last one hour, focusing on the social life in Rowell. 24 direct lexical questions |
| LAUM- Directed by Harold B. Allen and later by Michael Linn (1949–1962) | 208 speakers interviewed from Minnesota, Iowa, North and South Dakota, and Nebraska, with a few from Manitoba, Ontario, and Saskatchewan. Approximately half of interviews were supplemented by twenty minutes of recordings on reel to reel tapes, that had previously been recorded by wire recordings. Approximately 800 items of the Atlas worksheets were recorded in phonetic transcription for the informants. |
| LAWS- Directed by Lee Pederson and now by William A. Kretzshmar, Jr. (1988–present) | The primary goal is to provide data on the speech of the American West by creating an inventory of regional and social markers. Extensive field work completed from Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming; interviews from El Paso, Texas, and California were conducted. 288 units for research in the western states; 55 in Middle Rockies: Wyoming (15), Colorado (28) and Utah (22). Interviews were conducted using audio cassette tapes in analog form and are currently being digitalized. LAWS interviews have been conducted in Wyoming by Michael Madsen and also in Utah with several of his students. Future work will include interviews from West Texas, California, Montana, Idaho, New Mexico, Arizona, Oregon, and Washington. |