Kleverlandish | |
---|---|
Native to | Germany, Netherlands |
Indo-European
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog |
klev1234 |
Kleverlandish dialect area (the southern extent in this map follows the
Uerdingen line). |
Kleverlandish ( Dutch: Kleverlands; German: Kleverländisch) is a group of Low Franconian dialects spoken on both sides of the Dutch-German border along the Meuse and Rhine rivers.
Kleverlandish varieties are spoken in the Netherlands in the northernmost part of Dutch Limburg, in the northeasternmost part of North Brabant ( Land van Cuijk), and in the southeastern part of Gelderland (around Nijmegen), and in Germany in the districts of Cleves and Wesel in northwestern North Rhine-Westphalia. To the northeast, Kleverlandish borders on the Low Saxon speech area, its western border is the diphthongisation line. [1] Traditionally, its southern extent bordering on the South Low Franconian dialect group (commonly called "Limburgish" in Belgium and the Netherlands) is defined by the Uerdingen line (the ik-ich- isogloss), [1] but many Dutch and German scholars place the boundary further to the north based on wider criteria than the ik-ich-isogloss. [2] [3] [a]
Originally, the term Kleverländisch [b] referred only to the dialects in the German part of the speech area, [4] which are also called Niederrheinsch ('Low Rhenish') in traditional German dialectology. [c] The dialects on the Dutch side were first classified as a distinct group by te Winkel (1898) (as "Saxon-East Franconian") and Van Ginneken (1917) ("Guelderish-Limburgish"). The close affinity between these dialect areas had long been recognized by Dutch and German scholars; [d] but it was the Belgian dialectologist Jan Goossens who first extended the scope of the term "Kleverlandish" to include all varieties on both sides of the border. [4]
Kleverlandish is characterized by several conservative features, such as the retention of -al-/-ol- before consonants (e.g. Kleverlandish ald 'old'; in most Low Franconian dialects, -l- is vocalized in this environment (Limburgish aod, Standard Dutch oud), while Low Saxon dialects retains the -l- but merge the vowels to -o- (Low Saxon old)) or the retention of historically long high vowels (diphthongized in most Low Franconian dialects to the west, e.g. Kleverlandish is vs. Standard Dutch ijs < *īs). [5] A typical West Low Franconian feature is the fronting of /uː/ to /yː/ (e.g. hüs 'house' < *hūs) which however did not fully radiate into the German area of Kleverlandish, where in many areas it affects only part of the vocabulary. [6]
In much of the Kleverlandish speech area in both the Netherlands and Germany, speakers are shifting from Kleverlandish to regional colloquial forms of the respective national languages, Dutch and German, with a higher degree of decline of dialect usage in Germany than in the Netherlands. [7] In Dutch Limburg, Kleverlandish varieties spoken within the province are included in the official recognition of Limburgish as a regional language (even though they do not belong to Limburgish in a dialectological sense). Official recognition does not extend to other Dutch provinces, nor to Germany. [e]
In the widely reproduced dialect map by Jo Daan , Kleverlandish dialects in the Netherlands are included in the large central-southern dialect group, but divided over two subgroups: varieties in Gelderland are assigned to the South Guelderish subgroup (which also includes dialects spoken in the southwest of Gelderland which have taken part in the Hollandic-Brabantian diphthongisation), while Kleverlandish varieties in North Brabant and Limburg are included in the North Brabant–North Limburg subgroup. [8]
In Heeringa (2004), Kleverlandish dialects in the Netherlands are assigned to two different major dialects groups: the Gelderland varieties are included in the Central Dutch group, while varieties in the Land van Cuijk and northern Limburg are included in the Limburg group. [9]
Kleverlandish | |
---|---|
Native to | Germany, Netherlands |
Indo-European
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog |
klev1234 |
Kleverlandish dialect area (the southern extent in this map follows the
Uerdingen line). |
Kleverlandish ( Dutch: Kleverlands; German: Kleverländisch) is a group of Low Franconian dialects spoken on both sides of the Dutch-German border along the Meuse and Rhine rivers.
Kleverlandish varieties are spoken in the Netherlands in the northernmost part of Dutch Limburg, in the northeasternmost part of North Brabant ( Land van Cuijk), and in the southeastern part of Gelderland (around Nijmegen), and in Germany in the districts of Cleves and Wesel in northwestern North Rhine-Westphalia. To the northeast, Kleverlandish borders on the Low Saxon speech area, its western border is the diphthongisation line. [1] Traditionally, its southern extent bordering on the South Low Franconian dialect group (commonly called "Limburgish" in Belgium and the Netherlands) is defined by the Uerdingen line (the ik-ich- isogloss), [1] but many Dutch and German scholars place the boundary further to the north based on wider criteria than the ik-ich-isogloss. [2] [3] [a]
Originally, the term Kleverländisch [b] referred only to the dialects in the German part of the speech area, [4] which are also called Niederrheinsch ('Low Rhenish') in traditional German dialectology. [c] The dialects on the Dutch side were first classified as a distinct group by te Winkel (1898) (as "Saxon-East Franconian") and Van Ginneken (1917) ("Guelderish-Limburgish"). The close affinity between these dialect areas had long been recognized by Dutch and German scholars; [d] but it was the Belgian dialectologist Jan Goossens who first extended the scope of the term "Kleverlandish" to include all varieties on both sides of the border. [4]
Kleverlandish is characterized by several conservative features, such as the retention of -al-/-ol- before consonants (e.g. Kleverlandish ald 'old'; in most Low Franconian dialects, -l- is vocalized in this environment (Limburgish aod, Standard Dutch oud), while Low Saxon dialects retains the -l- but merge the vowels to -o- (Low Saxon old)) or the retention of historically long high vowels (diphthongized in most Low Franconian dialects to the west, e.g. Kleverlandish is vs. Standard Dutch ijs < *īs). [5] A typical West Low Franconian feature is the fronting of /uː/ to /yː/ (e.g. hüs 'house' < *hūs) which however did not fully radiate into the German area of Kleverlandish, where in many areas it affects only part of the vocabulary. [6]
In much of the Kleverlandish speech area in both the Netherlands and Germany, speakers are shifting from Kleverlandish to regional colloquial forms of the respective national languages, Dutch and German, with a higher degree of decline of dialect usage in Germany than in the Netherlands. [7] In Dutch Limburg, Kleverlandish varieties spoken within the province are included in the official recognition of Limburgish as a regional language (even though they do not belong to Limburgish in a dialectological sense). Official recognition does not extend to other Dutch provinces, nor to Germany. [e]
In the widely reproduced dialect map by Jo Daan , Kleverlandish dialects in the Netherlands are included in the large central-southern dialect group, but divided over two subgroups: varieties in Gelderland are assigned to the South Guelderish subgroup (which also includes dialects spoken in the southwest of Gelderland which have taken part in the Hollandic-Brabantian diphthongisation), while Kleverlandish varieties in North Brabant and Limburg are included in the North Brabant–North Limburg subgroup. [8]
In Heeringa (2004), Kleverlandish dialects in the Netherlands are assigned to two different major dialects groups: the Gelderland varieties are included in the Central Dutch group, while varieties in the Land van Cuijk and northern Limburg are included in the Limburg group. [9]