Kalkatungu | |
---|---|
Native to | Australia |
Region | Mount Isa area, Queensland |
Ethnicity | Kalkadoon people |
Extinct | (date missing) |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
Kalkutungu Sign Language | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
ktg |
Glottolog |
kalk1246 |
AIATSIS [1] |
G13 |
ELP | Kalkatungu |
Kalkatungu (also Kalkutungu, Galgadungu, Kalkutung, Kalkadoon, or Galgaduun) is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language formerly spoken around the area of Mount Isa and Cloncurry, Queensland. [1] [2]
Apart from the closely related language, Wakabunga, Kalkatungu is sometimes grouped with Yalarnnga as the Kalkatungic (Galgadungic) branch of the Pama–Nyungan family. O'Grady et al., [3] however, classify it as the sole member of the "Kalkatungic group" of the Pama-Nyungan family, and Dixon (2002) [4] regards Kalkatungic as an areal group.
Emeritus Professor Barry Blake, Sheree Blackley [5] and others have revived the language based on recordings, written grammars and personal memories. Robert Ah Wing, assisted by Uncle Arthur Peterson [6] is also active in this field. Often, emphasis is placed on belonging, passing on elements of language to younger Kalkatungu.
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i iː | u uː |
Low | a aː |
Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Velar | Palatal | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
Stop | p | k | c | t̪ | t | ʈ |
Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n̪ | n | ɳ |
Lateral | ʎ | l̪ | l | ɭ | ||
Vibrant | r | |||||
Approximant | w | j | ɻ |
It is not clear if the vibrant is a trill or a tap.
Like in English, word stress is realised in terms of loudness. Sentence stress is also organised similar to English with the first syllable in the final word of a phonological phrase getting the main stress. (tonic stress) Moreover, if there are more than two words in a phrase, the first syllable of the first word receives more stress than the non-final words.
Below is a basic vocabulary list from Blake (1981). [8]
English | Kalkatungu |
---|---|
man | yurru |
woman | marabai |
mother | mardu |
father | kurla |
head | kaṉṯa |
eye | miḻṯi |
nose | ityintyi |
ear | iṉṯa |
mouth | aṉṯa |
tongue | marli |
tooth | ardiṉḏa |
hand | magaṯi |
breast | mimi |
stomach | putu |
urine | kurkai |
faeces | unu |
thigh | nguḻṯu |
foot | ṯapandu |
bone | kunka |
blood | ultyi |
dog | ṯugu |
snake | ṯuat |
kangaroo | matyumba |
possum | mirramba |
fish | wakari |
spider | kubu |
mosquito | migara |
emu | udingat |
eaglehawk | uḻuyan |
crow | waagarla |
sun | pintyamu |
moon | tuṉḏal |
star | tyirka |
stone | ndia |
water | kuu |
camp | muu |
fire | utyan |
smoke | purlu |
food | maa |
meat | adi |
stand | nanbi |
sit | ini |
see | na- |
go | ingga |
get | mani |
hit, kill | ḻai |
I | ngai |
you | nyini |
one | ayat |
two | lyuwadi |
Kendon (1988) shows that Kalkatungu also had a developed signed form of their language. [9]
Kalkatungu | |
---|---|
Native to | Australia |
Region | Mount Isa area, Queensland |
Ethnicity | Kalkadoon people |
Extinct | (date missing) |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
Kalkutungu Sign Language | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 |
ktg |
Glottolog |
kalk1246 |
AIATSIS [1] |
G13 |
ELP | Kalkatungu |
Kalkatungu (also Kalkutungu, Galgadungu, Kalkutung, Kalkadoon, or Galgaduun) is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language formerly spoken around the area of Mount Isa and Cloncurry, Queensland. [1] [2]
Apart from the closely related language, Wakabunga, Kalkatungu is sometimes grouped with Yalarnnga as the Kalkatungic (Galgadungic) branch of the Pama–Nyungan family. O'Grady et al., [3] however, classify it as the sole member of the "Kalkatungic group" of the Pama-Nyungan family, and Dixon (2002) [4] regards Kalkatungic as an areal group.
Emeritus Professor Barry Blake, Sheree Blackley [5] and others have revived the language based on recordings, written grammars and personal memories. Robert Ah Wing, assisted by Uncle Arthur Peterson [6] is also active in this field. Often, emphasis is placed on belonging, passing on elements of language to younger Kalkatungu.
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i iː | u uː |
Low | a aː |
Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Velar | Palatal | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
Stop | p | k | c | t̪ | t | ʈ |
Nasal | m | ŋ | ɲ | n̪ | n | ɳ |
Lateral | ʎ | l̪ | l | ɭ | ||
Vibrant | r | |||||
Approximant | w | j | ɻ |
It is not clear if the vibrant is a trill or a tap.
Like in English, word stress is realised in terms of loudness. Sentence stress is also organised similar to English with the first syllable in the final word of a phonological phrase getting the main stress. (tonic stress) Moreover, if there are more than two words in a phrase, the first syllable of the first word receives more stress than the non-final words.
Below is a basic vocabulary list from Blake (1981). [8]
English | Kalkatungu |
---|---|
man | yurru |
woman | marabai |
mother | mardu |
father | kurla |
head | kaṉṯa |
eye | miḻṯi |
nose | ityintyi |
ear | iṉṯa |
mouth | aṉṯa |
tongue | marli |
tooth | ardiṉḏa |
hand | magaṯi |
breast | mimi |
stomach | putu |
urine | kurkai |
faeces | unu |
thigh | nguḻṯu |
foot | ṯapandu |
bone | kunka |
blood | ultyi |
dog | ṯugu |
snake | ṯuat |
kangaroo | matyumba |
possum | mirramba |
fish | wakari |
spider | kubu |
mosquito | migara |
emu | udingat |
eaglehawk | uḻuyan |
crow | waagarla |
sun | pintyamu |
moon | tuṉḏal |
star | tyirka |
stone | ndia |
water | kuu |
camp | muu |
fire | utyan |
smoke | purlu |
food | maa |
meat | adi |
stand | nanbi |
sit | ini |
see | na- |
go | ingga |
get | mani |
hit, kill | ḻai |
I | ngai |
you | nyini |
one | ayat |
two | lyuwadi |
Kendon (1988) shows that Kalkatungu also had a developed signed form of their language. [9]