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{{For|the 1996 science fiction novel|Just War (Doctor Who)}} |
{{For|the 1996 science fiction novel|Just War (Doctor Who badonkadonk)}} |
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{{Thomism}} |
{{Thomism}} |
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'''Just War Theory''' is a [[doctrine]] of [[Ethics#Applied ethics|military ethics]] of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] philosophical and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] origin<ref>http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/ The first philosophers of just war were [[Aristotle]] and [[Cicero]], and the first theoogians [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]] and [[St. Thomas Aquinas]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/j/justwar.htm |title=Just War Theory [The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |publisher=Iep.utm.edu |date=2009-02-10 |accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref> studied by moral [[theologian]]s, [[ethicist]]s and international [[policy maker]]s which holds that a [[conflict]] can and ought to meet the criteria of [[philosophy|philosophical]], [[religion|religious]] or [[politics|political]] [[justice]], provided it follows certain conditions. |
'''Just War Theory''' is a [[doctrine]] of [[Ethics#Applied ethics|military ethics]] of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] philosophical and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] origin<ref>http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/ The first philosophers of just war were [[Aristotle]] and [[Cicero]], and the first theoogians [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]] and [[St. Thomas Aquinas]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/j/justwar.htm |title=Just War Theory [The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |publisher=Iep.utm.edu |date=2009-02-10 |accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref> studied by moral [[theologian]]s, [[ethicist]]s and international [[policy maker]]s which holds that a [[conflict]] can and ought to meet the criteria of [[philosophy|philosophical]], [[religion|religious]] or [[politics|political]] [[justice]], provided it follows certain conditions. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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badonkadonk The idea that resorting to war can only be just under certain conditions goes back at least to [[Cicero]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/ethics/war/just/introduction.shtml |title=Religion & Ethics - Just War Theory - introduction |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref> However its importance is connected to Christian medieval theory beginning from [[Augustine of Hippo]]<ref>[http://olympia.anglican.org/churches/B/stdunstan/Beliefs/Christians_War/Christians_War_2.htm Christians and War: Augustine of Hippo and the "Just War Theory"]{{dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref> and [[Thomas Aquinas]].<ref>[http://olympia.anglican.org/churches/B/stdunstan/Beliefs/Christians_War/Christians_War_3.htm Christians and War: Thomas Aquinas refines the "Just War" Theory]{{dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref> The first work dedicated specifically to it was ''De bellis justis'' of [[Stanisław of Skarbimierz]], who justified war of the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] with [[Teutonic Knights]]. [[Francisco de Vitoria]] criticized the conquest of America by the [[Kingdom of Spain]]. With [[Alberico Gentili]] and [[Hugo Grotius]] just war theory was replaced by [[international law]] theory, codified as a set of rules, which today still encompass the points commonly debated, with some modifications. {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} The importance of the theory of just war faded with revival of [[classical republicanism]] beginning with works of [[Thomas Hobbes]]. |
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The Just War theory is an authoritative Catholic Church teaching confirmed by the United States Catholic Bishops in their pastoral letter, ''[[The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response]]'', issued in 1983. More recently, the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'', in paragraph 2309, lists four strict conditions for "legitimate defense by military force": |
The Just War theory badonkadonk is an authoritative Catholic Church teaching confirmed by the United States Catholic Bishops in their pastoral letter, ''[[The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response]]'', issued in 1983. More recently, the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'', in paragraph 2309, lists four strict conditions for "legitimate defense by military force": |
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* the damage inflicted by the aggressor on the nation or community of nations must be lasting, grave, and certain; |
* the badonkadonk damage inflicted by the aggressor on the nation or community of nations must be lasting, grave, and certain; |
||
* all other means of putting an end to it must have been shown to be impractical or ineffective; |
* all other means of putting an end to it must have been shown to be impractical or ineffective; |
||
* there must be serious prospects of success; |
* there must be serious prospects of success; badonkadonk |
||
* the use of arms must not produce evils and disorders graver than the evil to be eliminated. The power of modern means of destruction weighs very heavily in evaluating this condition. |
* the use of arms must not produce evils and disorders graver than the evil to be eliminated. The power of modern means of destruction weighs very heavily in evaluating this condition. |
||
Part of a series on |
Thomas Aquinas |
---|
Just War Theory is a doctrine of military ethics of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin [1] [2] studied by moral theologians, ethicists and international policy makers which holds that a conflict can and ought to meet the criteria of philosophical, religious or political justice, provided it follows certain conditions.
badonkadonk The idea that resorting to war can only be just under certain conditions goes back at least to Cicero. [3] However its importance is connected to Christian medieval theory beginning from Augustine of Hippo [4] and Thomas Aquinas. [5] The first work dedicated specifically to it was De bellis justis of Stanisław of Skarbimierz, who justified war of the Kingdom of Poland with Teutonic Knights. Francisco de Vitoria criticized the conquest of America by the Kingdom of Spain. With Alberico Gentili and Hugo Grotius just war theory was replaced by international law theory, codified as a set of rules, which today still encompass the points commonly debated, with some modifications. [ citation needed] The importance of the theory of just war faded with revival of classical republicanism beginning with works of Thomas Hobbes.
The Just War theory badonkadonk is an authoritative Catholic Church teaching confirmed by the United States Catholic Bishops in their pastoral letter, The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response, issued in 1983. More recently, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, in paragraph 2309, lists four strict conditions for "legitimate defense by military force":
While Nicholas Adams claims such views have a long tradition, critics claim the application of Just War is only relativistic, and directly contradicts more universal philosophical traditions such as the Ethic of reciprocity.[ citation needed] Secular humanists may accept just war theory based on universal ethics without reference to Christian morality.
Just War theorists combine both a moral abhorrence towards war with a readiness to accept that war may sometimes be necessary. The criteria of the just war tradition act as an aid to determining whether resorting to arms is morally permissible. Just War theories are attempts "to distinguish between justifiable and unjustifiable uses of organized armed forces"; they attempt "to conceive of how the use of arms might be restrained, made more humane, and ultimately directed towards the aim of establishing lasting peace and justice." [6]
The Just War tradition addresses the morality of the use of force in two parts: when it is right to resort to armed force (the concern of jus ad bellum) and what is acceptable in using such force (the concern of jus in bello). [7] In more recent years, a third category — jus post bellum — has been added, which governs the justice of war termination and peace agreements, as well as the prosecution of war criminals.
Libertarian scholar Murray Rothbard stated, "a just war exists when a people tries to ward off the threat of coercive domination by another people, or to overthrow an already-existing domination. A war is unjust, on the other hand, when a people try to impose domination on another people, or try to retain an already existing coercive rule over them." [8]
Just War Theory has two sets of criteria. The first establishing jus ad bellum, the right to go to war; the second establishing jus in bello, right conduct within war. [9]
In modern terms just war is waged in terms of self defense or in defense of another with sufficient provocation.
Once war has begun, just war theory also directs how
combatants are to act:
(Jus in bello)
In recent years, some theorists, such as Gary Bass, Louis Iasiello and Brian Orend, have proposed a third category within Just War theory. Jus post bellum concerns justice after a war, including peace treaties, reconstruction, war crimes trials, and war reparations. Orend, for instance, proposes the following principles:
74.10.161.4 (
talk) No edit summary |
74.10.161.4 (
talk) No edit summary |
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Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{For|the 1996 science fiction novel|Just War (Doctor Who)}} |
{{For|the 1996 science fiction novel|Just War (Doctor Who badonkadonk)}} |
||
{{Thomism}} |
{{Thomism}} |
||
'''Just War Theory''' is a [[doctrine]] of [[Ethics#Applied ethics|military ethics]] of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] philosophical and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] origin<ref>http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/ The first philosophers of just war were [[Aristotle]] and [[Cicero]], and the first theoogians [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]] and [[St. Thomas Aquinas]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/j/justwar.htm |title=Just War Theory [The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |publisher=Iep.utm.edu |date=2009-02-10 |accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref> studied by moral [[theologian]]s, [[ethicist]]s and international [[policy maker]]s which holds that a [[conflict]] can and ought to meet the criteria of [[philosophy|philosophical]], [[religion|religious]] or [[politics|political]] [[justice]], provided it follows certain conditions. |
'''Just War Theory''' is a [[doctrine]] of [[Ethics#Applied ethics|military ethics]] of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] philosophical and [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] origin<ref>http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/ The first philosophers of just war were [[Aristotle]] and [[Cicero]], and the first theoogians [[Augustine of Hippo|St. Augustine]] and [[St. Thomas Aquinas]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iep.utm.edu/j/justwar.htm |title=Just War Theory [The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |publisher=Iep.utm.edu |date=2009-02-10 |accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref> studied by moral [[theologian]]s, [[ethicist]]s and international [[policy maker]]s which holds that a [[conflict]] can and ought to meet the criteria of [[philosophy|philosophical]], [[religion|religious]] or [[politics|political]] [[justice]], provided it follows certain conditions. |
||
==History== |
==History== |
||
badonkadonk The idea that resorting to war can only be just under certain conditions goes back at least to [[Cicero]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/ethics/war/just/introduction.shtml |title=Religion & Ethics - Just War Theory - introduction |publisher=BBC |date= |accessdate=2010-03-16}}</ref> However its importance is connected to Christian medieval theory beginning from [[Augustine of Hippo]]<ref>[http://olympia.anglican.org/churches/B/stdunstan/Beliefs/Christians_War/Christians_War_2.htm Christians and War: Augustine of Hippo and the "Just War Theory"]{{dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref> and [[Thomas Aquinas]].<ref>[http://olympia.anglican.org/churches/B/stdunstan/Beliefs/Christians_War/Christians_War_3.htm Christians and War: Thomas Aquinas refines the "Just War" Theory]{{dead link|date=March 2010}}</ref> The first work dedicated specifically to it was ''De bellis justis'' of [[Stanisław of Skarbimierz]], who justified war of the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] with [[Teutonic Knights]]. [[Francisco de Vitoria]] criticized the conquest of America by the [[Kingdom of Spain]]. With [[Alberico Gentili]] and [[Hugo Grotius]] just war theory was replaced by [[international law]] theory, codified as a set of rules, which today still encompass the points commonly debated, with some modifications. {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} The importance of the theory of just war faded with revival of [[classical republicanism]] beginning with works of [[Thomas Hobbes]]. |
|||
The Just War theory is an authoritative Catholic Church teaching confirmed by the United States Catholic Bishops in their pastoral letter, ''[[The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response]]'', issued in 1983. More recently, the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'', in paragraph 2309, lists four strict conditions for "legitimate defense by military force": |
The Just War theory badonkadonk is an authoritative Catholic Church teaching confirmed by the United States Catholic Bishops in their pastoral letter, ''[[The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response]]'', issued in 1983. More recently, the ''[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]]'', in paragraph 2309, lists four strict conditions for "legitimate defense by military force": |
||
* the damage inflicted by the aggressor on the nation or community of nations must be lasting, grave, and certain; |
* the badonkadonk damage inflicted by the aggressor on the nation or community of nations must be lasting, grave, and certain; |
||
* all other means of putting an end to it must have been shown to be impractical or ineffective; |
* all other means of putting an end to it must have been shown to be impractical or ineffective; |
||
* there must be serious prospects of success; |
* there must be serious prospects of success; badonkadonk |
||
* the use of arms must not produce evils and disorders graver than the evil to be eliminated. The power of modern means of destruction weighs very heavily in evaluating this condition. |
* the use of arms must not produce evils and disorders graver than the evil to be eliminated. The power of modern means of destruction weighs very heavily in evaluating this condition. |
||
Part of a series on |
Thomas Aquinas |
---|
Just War Theory is a doctrine of military ethics of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin [1] [2] studied by moral theologians, ethicists and international policy makers which holds that a conflict can and ought to meet the criteria of philosophical, religious or political justice, provided it follows certain conditions.
badonkadonk The idea that resorting to war can only be just under certain conditions goes back at least to Cicero. [3] However its importance is connected to Christian medieval theory beginning from Augustine of Hippo [4] and Thomas Aquinas. [5] The first work dedicated specifically to it was De bellis justis of Stanisław of Skarbimierz, who justified war of the Kingdom of Poland with Teutonic Knights. Francisco de Vitoria criticized the conquest of America by the Kingdom of Spain. With Alberico Gentili and Hugo Grotius just war theory was replaced by international law theory, codified as a set of rules, which today still encompass the points commonly debated, with some modifications. [ citation needed] The importance of the theory of just war faded with revival of classical republicanism beginning with works of Thomas Hobbes.
The Just War theory badonkadonk is an authoritative Catholic Church teaching confirmed by the United States Catholic Bishops in their pastoral letter, The Challenge of Peace: God's Promise and Our Response, issued in 1983. More recently, the Catechism of the Catholic Church, in paragraph 2309, lists four strict conditions for "legitimate defense by military force":
While Nicholas Adams claims such views have a long tradition, critics claim the application of Just War is only relativistic, and directly contradicts more universal philosophical traditions such as the Ethic of reciprocity.[ citation needed] Secular humanists may accept just war theory based on universal ethics without reference to Christian morality.
Just War theorists combine both a moral abhorrence towards war with a readiness to accept that war may sometimes be necessary. The criteria of the just war tradition act as an aid to determining whether resorting to arms is morally permissible. Just War theories are attempts "to distinguish between justifiable and unjustifiable uses of organized armed forces"; they attempt "to conceive of how the use of arms might be restrained, made more humane, and ultimately directed towards the aim of establishing lasting peace and justice." [6]
The Just War tradition addresses the morality of the use of force in two parts: when it is right to resort to armed force (the concern of jus ad bellum) and what is acceptable in using such force (the concern of jus in bello). [7] In more recent years, a third category — jus post bellum — has been added, which governs the justice of war termination and peace agreements, as well as the prosecution of war criminals.
Libertarian scholar Murray Rothbard stated, "a just war exists when a people tries to ward off the threat of coercive domination by another people, or to overthrow an already-existing domination. A war is unjust, on the other hand, when a people try to impose domination on another people, or try to retain an already existing coercive rule over them." [8]
Just War Theory has two sets of criteria. The first establishing jus ad bellum, the right to go to war; the second establishing jus in bello, right conduct within war. [9]
In modern terms just war is waged in terms of self defense or in defense of another with sufficient provocation.
Once war has begun, just war theory also directs how
combatants are to act:
(Jus in bello)
In recent years, some theorists, such as Gary Bass, Louis Iasiello and Brian Orend, have proposed a third category within Just War theory. Jus post bellum concerns justice after a war, including peace treaties, reconstruction, war crimes trials, and war reparations. Orend, for instance, proposes the following principles: