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[[Image:TheJabberwocky.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Jabberwock, as illustrated by [[John Tenniel]].]] |
[[Image:TheJabberwocky.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Jabberwock, as illustrated by [[John Tenniel]].]] |
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"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a poem of [[nonsense verse]] written by [[Lewis Carroll]], originally featured as a part of his novel ''[[Through the Looking-Glass|Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There]]'' (1872). The book tells of [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]]'s travels within the back-to-front world through a [[looking glass]]. While talking with the [[White King (Through the Looking-Glass)|white king]] and [[White Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)|queen]] (chess pieces) she finds a book written in a strange language that she can't read. Understanding that she is travelling in an inverted world, she sees it is [[mirror-writing]]. Finding a mirror and holding it up to a poem on one of the pages, she reads out the reflection of "Jabberwocky". She finds it as puzzling as the odd land she has walked into, which we later discover is a dreamscape.<ref Name="AAW64"/> |
"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a poem of [[nonsense verse]] written by [[Lewis Carroll]], originally featured as a part of his novel ''[[Through the Looking-Glass|Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There]]'' (1872). The book tells of [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]]'s travels within the back-to-front world through a [[looking glass]]. While talking with the [[White King (Through the Looking-Glass)|white king]] and [[White Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)|queen]] (chess pieces) she finds a book written in a strange language that she can't read. Understanding that she is travelling in an inverted world, she sees it is [[mirror-writing]]. Finding a mirror and holding it up to a poem on one of the pages, she reads out the reflection of "Jabberwocky". She finds it as puzzling as the odd land she has walked into, which we later discover is a dreamscape.<ref Name="AAW64"/> |
||
"Yes, I'm an irrational troll. And yes, any third-grader chosen at random could see that my edits are made with a desperate need to control my surroundings and browbeat all opponents into submission. BUT YOU CAN'T DRAW THAT CONCLUSION! YOU HAVE TO ASSUME GOOD FAITH, OR YOU'RE AN EVIL MONSTER!" |
|||
It is considered to be one of the greatest nonsense poems written in the English language.<ref Name= " Gardner">{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Martin |title=The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition|year=1999 |publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |location=New York, NY|quote=Few would dispute that Jabberwocky is the greatest of all nonsense poems in English.}}</ref><ref Name="NCTE">{{cite journal |last=Rundus |first=Raymond J.|year=1967 |month=October |title="O Frabjous Day!": Introducing Poetry |journal=The English Journal |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=958–963 |doi=10.2307/812632 |url=http://jstor.org/stable/812632 |publisher=National Council of Teachers of English}}</ref> The playful, whimsical poem became a source of [[nonsense word]]s and [[neologisms]] such as 'galumphing', 'chortle' and 'Jabberwocky'. |
It is considered to be one of the greatest nonsense poems written in the English language.<ref Name= " Gardner">{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Martin |title=The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition|year=1999 |publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |location=New York, NY|quote=Few would dispute that Jabberwocky is the greatest of all nonsense poems in English.}}</ref><ref Name="NCTE">{{cite journal |last=Rundus |first=Raymond J.|year=1967 |month=October |title="O Frabjous Day!": Introducing Poetry |journal=The English Journal |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=958–963 |doi=10.2307/812632 |url=http://jstor.org/stable/812632 |publisher=National Council of Teachers of English}}</ref> The playful, whimsical poem became a source of [[nonsense word]]s and [[neologisms]] such as 'galumphing', 'chortle' and 'Jabberwocky'. |
"Jabberwocky" is a poem of nonsense verse written by Lewis Carroll, originally featured as a part of his novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1872). The book tells of Alice's travels within the back-to-front world through a looking glass. While talking with the white king and queen (chess pieces) she finds a book written in a strange language that she can't read. Understanding that she is travelling in an inverted world, she sees it is mirror-writing. Finding a mirror and holding it up to a poem on one of the pages, she reads out the reflection of "Jabberwocky". She finds it as puzzling as the odd land she has walked into, which we later discover is a dreamscape. [1]
"Yes, I'm an irrational troll. And yes, any third-grader chosen at random could see that my edits are made with a desperate need to control my surroundings and browbeat all opponents into submission. BUT YOU CAN'T DRAW THAT CONCLUSION! YOU HAVE TO ASSUME GOOD FAITH, OR YOU'RE AN EVIL MONSTER!"
It is considered to be one of the greatest nonsense poems written in the English language.
[2]
[3] The playful, whimsical poem became a source of
nonsense words and
neologisms such as 'galumphing', 'chortle' and 'Jabberwocky'.
The poem was written during Lewis Carroll's stay with relatives at Whitburn, near Sunderland, although the first stanza was written in Croft on Tees, close to nearby Darlington, where Carroll lived as a boy. [4] The story may have been inspired by the local Sunderland area legend of the Lambton Worm, as explored in the books A Town Like Alice's by Michael Bute (1997 Heritage Publications, Sunderland) and " Alice in Sunderland" by Brian Talbot. Roger Lancelyn Green suggested in the Times Literary Supplement (1 March 1957), and later in The Lewis Carroll Handbook (1962), that the rest of the poem may have been inspired by an old German ballad, " The Shepherd of the Giant Mountains". In this epic poem, "a young shepherd slays a monstrous Griffin". The poem was translated into English by Lewis Carroll's relative Menella Bute Smedley in 1846, many years before the appearance of the Alice books. [5] The inspiration for the Jabberwock may also have come from a specific tree in the gardens of Christ Church, Oxford, where Carroll was a mathematician. Its ancient twisted branches may have reminded him of tentacles or the hundred-headed Hydra of Greek mythology. [ citation needed] English computer scientist and historian Sean B. Palmer also suggests a possible Shakespearean source for the monster. [ citation needed]
The first stanza of the poem originally appeared in Mischmasch, a periodical that Carroll wrote and illustrated himself for the amusement of his family. It was entitled "Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry." John Tenniel reluctantly agreed to illustrate the book in 1871 and his are still the defining images of the poem. The illustration of the Jabberwock may reflect the contemporary Victorian obsession with natural history and the fast-evolving sciences of palaeontology and geology. Stephen Prickett notes that in the context of Darwin and Mantell's publications and vast exhibitions of dinosaurs, such those at Crystal palace from 1845, it is unsurprising that Tenniel gave the Jabberwock "the leathery wings of a pterodactyl and the long scaly neck and tail of a sauropod." [6]
Jabberwocky
’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
“Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
The frumious Bandersnatch!”
He took his vorpal sword in hand:
Long time the manxome foe he sought—
So rested he by the Tumtum tree,
And stood awhile in thought.
And as in uffish thought he stood,
The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,
Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,
And burbled as it came!
One, two! One, two! and through and through
The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!
He left it dead, and with its head
He went galumphing back.
“And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?
Come to my arms, my beamish boy!
O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!”
He chortled in his joy.
’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
from Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1872).
Many of the words in the poem are playful nonce words of Carroll's own invention, without intended explicit meaning. When Alice has finished reading the poem she gives her impressions:
'It seems very pretty,' she said when she had finished it, 'but it's rather hard to understand!' (You see she didn't like to confess, even to herself, that she couldn't make it out at all.) 'Somehow it seems to fill my head with ideas— only I don't exactly know what they are! However, somebody killed something: that's clear, at any rate' [1]
This may reflect Carroll's intention for his readership; the poem is, after all, part of a dream. In later writings, he discussed some of his own created lexicon, commenting that he didn't know his source for some of the words; the linguistic ambiguity and uncertainty throughout both the book and the poem, may largely be the point. [7] In Through the Looking-Glass, the character of Humpty Dumpty gives comments on the non-sense words from the first stanza of the poem, however Carroll's personal commentary on several of the words differ from Humpty's. For example, following the poem, a 'rath' is described by Humpty as "a sort of green pig". [8] Carroll's notes for the original in Mischmasch suggest a 'rath' is "a species of Badger" that "lived chiefly on cheese" and had smooth white hair, long hind legs, and short horns like a stag. [9] The appendices to certain Looking glass editions however, state that the creature is "a species of land turtle" that lived on swallows and oysters. [9] Later commentators have added their own interpretations of the lexicon, often without reference to Carroll's own contextual commentary. An extended analysis of the poem and Carroll's commentary is given in the book The Annotated Alice by Martin Gardner.
In January 1868, Carroll wrote to his publisher Macmillan asking "Have you any means, or can you find any, for printing a page or two of the next volume of Alice in reverse". This may suggest that Carroll was wanting to print the whole poem in mirror writing. Macmillian responded that it would cost a deal more to do, and this may have dissuaded him. [9]
In an author's note on Through the Looking-Glass dated Christmas 1896, Carroll wrote: "The new words, in the poem Jabberwocky, have given rise to some differences of opinion as to their pronunciation: so it may be well to give instructions on that point also. Pronounce 'slithy' as if it were the two words, 'sly, thee': make the 'g' hard in 'gyre' and 'gimble': and pronounce 'rath' to rhyme with 'bath.' " [10] In the Preface to The Hunting of the Snark, Carroll wrote: "[Let] me take this opportunity of answering a question that has often been asked me, how to pronounce "slithy toves." The "i" in "slithy" is long, as in "writhe"; and "toves" is pronounced so as to rhyme with "groves." Again, the first "o" in "borogoves" is pronounced like the "o" in "borrow." I have heard people try to give it the sound of the "o" in "worry." Such is Human Perversity." [11]
Although the poem contains many nonsensical words, it holds English syntax and poetic forms are observed, such as the quatrain verses, the general abab rhyme scheme, and the iambic meter. [17]
Parsons describes the work's "logical non-sense" as a " semiotic catastrophe", since the words create a discernible narrative within the structure of the poem, but we don't accurately know what they symbolise. She argues that Humpty tries, after the recitation, to "ground" the unruly multiplicities of meaning with definitions, but he cannot succeed, as both the book and the poem are a playground for the "carnivalised aspect of language". Parsons suggests that this is mirrored in the prosody of the poem: in the tussle between the tetrameter in the first three lines of each stanza and trimeter in the last lines, such that one undercuts the other and we are left off balance, like the poem's hero. [7]
Carroll's grave playfulness has been compared with that of the poet Edward Lear, though there is no evidence that Carroll knew of his work. There are also parallels with the work of Gerard Manley Hopkins in the high use of soundplay, alliteration, created-language and portmanteau. Both writers were Carroll's contemporaries. [7]
"Jabberwocky" has been translated into many languages. [18] The task of translation is more notable and difficult because the poems hold to English syntax and many of the principal words of the poem are created nonce words that had no previous meaning. Translators have generally dealt with these words by inventing words of their own. Often these are similar in spelling or sound to Carroll's words while respecting the morphology of the language to be translated into. For example in Frank L. Warrin's French translation "'Twas brillig" is translated as "Il brilgue". In cases like this, both the original and the invented words echo actual words in Carroll's lexicon, but not necessarily ones with similar meanings. Translators have also invented words which draw on root words with meanings similar to the English roots used by Carroll. For example Douglas Hofstadter noted in his essay "Translations of Jabberwocky", the word 'slithy' echoes English words including 'slimy', 'slither', 'slippery', 'lithe' and 'sly'. A French translation that uses 'lubricilleux' for 'slithy', evokes French words like 'lubrifier' (to lubricate) in order to give an impression of a meaning simliar to that of Carroll's word. In his exploration of the translation challenge, Hofstadter asks "what if a word does exist, but it is very intellectual-sounding and Latinate ('lubricilleux'), rather than earthy and Anglo-Saxon ('slithy')? Perhaps 'huilasse' would be better than 'lubricilleux'? Or does the Latin origin of the word 'lubricilleux' not make itself felt to a speaker of French in the way that it would if it were an English word ('lubricilious', perhaps)? ". [19]
Hofstadter also notes that it makes a great difference whether the poem is translated in isolation or as part of a translation of the novel. In the latter case the translator must, through Humpty Dumpty, supply explanations of the invented words. But, he suggests, "even in this pathologically difficult case of translation, there seems to be some rough equivalence obtainable, a kind of rough isomorphism, partly global, partly local, between the brains of all the readers". [19]
In 1967, D.G. Orlovskaya wrote a Russian translation of "Jabberwocky" entitled "Barmaglot" ("Бармаглот"), which became popular for its nonsensical rhymes. "Barmaglot" becomes the word for the "Jabberwock", "Brandashmyg" for "Bandersnatch" and words like "myumsiki" ("мюмзики") echo "mimsy". [20] Yuen Ren Chao, a Chinese linguist, translated the poem into Chinese [21] by inventing characters to imitate the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original". [22] Satyajit Ray, a film-maker, translated the work into Bengali [23] and concrete poet Augusto de Campos created a Brazilian Portuguese version.
According to Chesterton and Green, among others, the original purpose of "Jabberwocky" was to satirize pretentious poetry and ignorant literary critics; a work designed to show how not to write a poem, before it became the subject of pedestrian translations and explanations or incorporated into classroom learning. [24] It has also been interpreted as a parody of contemporary Oxford scholarship and specifically the story of how Benjamin Jowett, the notoriously agnostic Professor of Greek at Oxford, and Master of Balliol, came to sign the Thirty Nine Articles, as an Anglican statement of faith, to save his job. [25] The transformation of audience perception from satire to seriousness, was in a large part predicted by G. K. Chesterton, who wrote in 1932, "Poor, poor, little Alice! She has not only been caught and made to do lessons; she has been forced to inflict lessons on others." [26]
It is often now cited as one of the greatest non-sense poems written in the English language, [2] [3] the source for countless parodies and tributes. In most cases the writers have changed the non-sense words into words relating to the parodied subject, as in Frank Jacobs's "If Lewis Carroll Were a Hollywood Press Agent in the Thirties" in Mad for Better or Verse. [27] Other writers use the poem as a form, much like a sonnet, and create their own words for it as in "Strunklemiss" by S. K. Azoulay [28] or the poem "Oh Freddled Gruntbuggly" recited by Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz in Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a book which contains numerous other references and homages to Carroll's work.
"Oh Freddled Gruntbuggly"
by
Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz
Oh freddled gruntbuggly thy micturations are to me
As plurdled gabbleblotchits on a lurgid bee.
Groop I implore thee my foonting turlingdromes
And hooptiously drangle me with crinkly bindlewurdles,
Or I will rend thee in the gobberwarts with my
blurglecrucheon, see if I don’t!
[29]
Some of the words that Carroll created such as " chortled" and " galumphing" have entered the English language and are listed in the Oxford English Dictionary. The word " jabberwocky" itself has come to refer to non-sense language.
Few would dispute that Jabberwocky is the greatest of all nonsense poems in English.
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Reaper Eternal (
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[[Image:TheJabberwocky.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Jabberwock, as illustrated by [[John Tenniel]].]] |
[[Image:TheJabberwocky.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The Jabberwock, as illustrated by [[John Tenniel]].]] |
||
"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a poem of [[nonsense verse]] written by [[Lewis Carroll]], originally featured as a part of his novel ''[[Through the Looking-Glass|Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There]]'' (1872). The book tells of [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]]'s travels within the back-to-front world through a [[looking glass]]. While talking with the [[White King (Through the Looking-Glass)|white king]] and [[White Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)|queen]] (chess pieces) she finds a book written in a strange language that she can't read. Understanding that she is travelling in an inverted world, she sees it is [[mirror-writing]]. Finding a mirror and holding it up to a poem on one of the pages, she reads out the reflection of "Jabberwocky". She finds it as puzzling as the odd land she has walked into, which we later discover is a dreamscape.<ref Name="AAW64"/> |
"'''Jabberwocky'''" is a poem of [[nonsense verse]] written by [[Lewis Carroll]], originally featured as a part of his novel ''[[Through the Looking-Glass|Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There]]'' (1872). The book tells of [[Alice (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)|Alice]]'s travels within the back-to-front world through a [[looking glass]]. While talking with the [[White King (Through the Looking-Glass)|white king]] and [[White Queen (Through the Looking-Glass)|queen]] (chess pieces) she finds a book written in a strange language that she can't read. Understanding that she is travelling in an inverted world, she sees it is [[mirror-writing]]. Finding a mirror and holding it up to a poem on one of the pages, she reads out the reflection of "Jabberwocky". She finds it as puzzling as the odd land she has walked into, which we later discover is a dreamscape.<ref Name="AAW64"/> |
||
"Yes, I'm an irrational troll. And yes, any third-grader chosen at random could see that my edits are made with a desperate need to control my surroundings and browbeat all opponents into submission. BUT YOU CAN'T DRAW THAT CONCLUSION! YOU HAVE TO ASSUME GOOD FAITH, OR YOU'RE AN EVIL MONSTER!" |
|||
It is considered to be one of the greatest nonsense poems written in the English language.<ref Name= " Gardner">{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Martin |title=The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition|year=1999 |publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |location=New York, NY|quote=Few would dispute that Jabberwocky is the greatest of all nonsense poems in English.}}</ref><ref Name="NCTE">{{cite journal |last=Rundus |first=Raymond J.|year=1967 |month=October |title="O Frabjous Day!": Introducing Poetry |journal=The English Journal |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=958–963 |doi=10.2307/812632 |url=http://jstor.org/stable/812632 |publisher=National Council of Teachers of English}}</ref> The playful, whimsical poem became a source of [[nonsense word]]s and [[neologisms]] such as 'galumphing', 'chortle' and 'Jabberwocky'. |
It is considered to be one of the greatest nonsense poems written in the English language.<ref Name= " Gardner">{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Martin |title=The Annotated Alice: The Definitive Edition|year=1999 |publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |location=New York, NY|quote=Few would dispute that Jabberwocky is the greatest of all nonsense poems in English.}}</ref><ref Name="NCTE">{{cite journal |last=Rundus |first=Raymond J.|year=1967 |month=October |title="O Frabjous Day!": Introducing Poetry |journal=The English Journal |volume=56 |issue=7 |pages=958–963 |doi=10.2307/812632 |url=http://jstor.org/stable/812632 |publisher=National Council of Teachers of English}}</ref> The playful, whimsical poem became a source of [[nonsense word]]s and [[neologisms]] such as 'galumphing', 'chortle' and 'Jabberwocky'. |
"Jabberwocky" is a poem of nonsense verse written by Lewis Carroll, originally featured as a part of his novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1872). The book tells of Alice's travels within the back-to-front world through a looking glass. While talking with the white king and queen (chess pieces) she finds a book written in a strange language that she can't read. Understanding that she is travelling in an inverted world, she sees it is mirror-writing. Finding a mirror and holding it up to a poem on one of the pages, she reads out the reflection of "Jabberwocky". She finds it as puzzling as the odd land she has walked into, which we later discover is a dreamscape. [1]
"Yes, I'm an irrational troll. And yes, any third-grader chosen at random could see that my edits are made with a desperate need to control my surroundings and browbeat all opponents into submission. BUT YOU CAN'T DRAW THAT CONCLUSION! YOU HAVE TO ASSUME GOOD FAITH, OR YOU'RE AN EVIL MONSTER!"
It is considered to be one of the greatest nonsense poems written in the English language.
[2]
[3] The playful, whimsical poem became a source of
nonsense words and
neologisms such as 'galumphing', 'chortle' and 'Jabberwocky'.
The poem was written during Lewis Carroll's stay with relatives at Whitburn, near Sunderland, although the first stanza was written in Croft on Tees, close to nearby Darlington, where Carroll lived as a boy. [4] The story may have been inspired by the local Sunderland area legend of the Lambton Worm, as explored in the books A Town Like Alice's by Michael Bute (1997 Heritage Publications, Sunderland) and " Alice in Sunderland" by Brian Talbot. Roger Lancelyn Green suggested in the Times Literary Supplement (1 March 1957), and later in The Lewis Carroll Handbook (1962), that the rest of the poem may have been inspired by an old German ballad, " The Shepherd of the Giant Mountains". In this epic poem, "a young shepherd slays a monstrous Griffin". The poem was translated into English by Lewis Carroll's relative Menella Bute Smedley in 1846, many years before the appearance of the Alice books. [5] The inspiration for the Jabberwock may also have come from a specific tree in the gardens of Christ Church, Oxford, where Carroll was a mathematician. Its ancient twisted branches may have reminded him of tentacles or the hundred-headed Hydra of Greek mythology. [ citation needed] English computer scientist and historian Sean B. Palmer also suggests a possible Shakespearean source for the monster. [ citation needed]
The first stanza of the poem originally appeared in Mischmasch, a periodical that Carroll wrote and illustrated himself for the amusement of his family. It was entitled "Stanza of Anglo-Saxon Poetry." John Tenniel reluctantly agreed to illustrate the book in 1871 and his are still the defining images of the poem. The illustration of the Jabberwock may reflect the contemporary Victorian obsession with natural history and the fast-evolving sciences of palaeontology and geology. Stephen Prickett notes that in the context of Darwin and Mantell's publications and vast exhibitions of dinosaurs, such those at Crystal palace from 1845, it is unsurprising that Tenniel gave the Jabberwock "the leathery wings of a pterodactyl and the long scaly neck and tail of a sauropod." [6]
Jabberwocky
’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
“Beware the Jabberwock, my son!
The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!
Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun
The frumious Bandersnatch!”
He took his vorpal sword in hand:
Long time the manxome foe he sought—
So rested he by the Tumtum tree,
And stood awhile in thought.
And as in uffish thought he stood,
The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,
Came whiffling through the tulgey wood,
And burbled as it came!
One, two! One, two! and through and through
The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!
He left it dead, and with its head
He went galumphing back.
“And hast thou slain the Jabberwock?
Come to my arms, my beamish boy!
O frabjous day! Callooh! Callay!”
He chortled in his joy.
’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
from Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1872).
Many of the words in the poem are playful nonce words of Carroll's own invention, without intended explicit meaning. When Alice has finished reading the poem she gives her impressions:
'It seems very pretty,' she said when she had finished it, 'but it's rather hard to understand!' (You see she didn't like to confess, even to herself, that she couldn't make it out at all.) 'Somehow it seems to fill my head with ideas— only I don't exactly know what they are! However, somebody killed something: that's clear, at any rate' [1]
This may reflect Carroll's intention for his readership; the poem is, after all, part of a dream. In later writings, he discussed some of his own created lexicon, commenting that he didn't know his source for some of the words; the linguistic ambiguity and uncertainty throughout both the book and the poem, may largely be the point. [7] In Through the Looking-Glass, the character of Humpty Dumpty gives comments on the non-sense words from the first stanza of the poem, however Carroll's personal commentary on several of the words differ from Humpty's. For example, following the poem, a 'rath' is described by Humpty as "a sort of green pig". [8] Carroll's notes for the original in Mischmasch suggest a 'rath' is "a species of Badger" that "lived chiefly on cheese" and had smooth white hair, long hind legs, and short horns like a stag. [9] The appendices to certain Looking glass editions however, state that the creature is "a species of land turtle" that lived on swallows and oysters. [9] Later commentators have added their own interpretations of the lexicon, often without reference to Carroll's own contextual commentary. An extended analysis of the poem and Carroll's commentary is given in the book The Annotated Alice by Martin Gardner.
In January 1868, Carroll wrote to his publisher Macmillan asking "Have you any means, or can you find any, for printing a page or two of the next volume of Alice in reverse". This may suggest that Carroll was wanting to print the whole poem in mirror writing. Macmillian responded that it would cost a deal more to do, and this may have dissuaded him. [9]
In an author's note on Through the Looking-Glass dated Christmas 1896, Carroll wrote: "The new words, in the poem Jabberwocky, have given rise to some differences of opinion as to their pronunciation: so it may be well to give instructions on that point also. Pronounce 'slithy' as if it were the two words, 'sly, thee': make the 'g' hard in 'gyre' and 'gimble': and pronounce 'rath' to rhyme with 'bath.' " [10] In the Preface to The Hunting of the Snark, Carroll wrote: "[Let] me take this opportunity of answering a question that has often been asked me, how to pronounce "slithy toves." The "i" in "slithy" is long, as in "writhe"; and "toves" is pronounced so as to rhyme with "groves." Again, the first "o" in "borogoves" is pronounced like the "o" in "borrow." I have heard people try to give it the sound of the "o" in "worry." Such is Human Perversity." [11]
Although the poem contains many nonsensical words, it holds English syntax and poetic forms are observed, such as the quatrain verses, the general abab rhyme scheme, and the iambic meter. [17]
Parsons describes the work's "logical non-sense" as a " semiotic catastrophe", since the words create a discernible narrative within the structure of the poem, but we don't accurately know what they symbolise. She argues that Humpty tries, after the recitation, to "ground" the unruly multiplicities of meaning with definitions, but he cannot succeed, as both the book and the poem are a playground for the "carnivalised aspect of language". Parsons suggests that this is mirrored in the prosody of the poem: in the tussle between the tetrameter in the first three lines of each stanza and trimeter in the last lines, such that one undercuts the other and we are left off balance, like the poem's hero. [7]
Carroll's grave playfulness has been compared with that of the poet Edward Lear, though there is no evidence that Carroll knew of his work. There are also parallels with the work of Gerard Manley Hopkins in the high use of soundplay, alliteration, created-language and portmanteau. Both writers were Carroll's contemporaries. [7]
"Jabberwocky" has been translated into many languages. [18] The task of translation is more notable and difficult because the poems hold to English syntax and many of the principal words of the poem are created nonce words that had no previous meaning. Translators have generally dealt with these words by inventing words of their own. Often these are similar in spelling or sound to Carroll's words while respecting the morphology of the language to be translated into. For example in Frank L. Warrin's French translation "'Twas brillig" is translated as "Il brilgue". In cases like this, both the original and the invented words echo actual words in Carroll's lexicon, but not necessarily ones with similar meanings. Translators have also invented words which draw on root words with meanings similar to the English roots used by Carroll. For example Douglas Hofstadter noted in his essay "Translations of Jabberwocky", the word 'slithy' echoes English words including 'slimy', 'slither', 'slippery', 'lithe' and 'sly'. A French translation that uses 'lubricilleux' for 'slithy', evokes French words like 'lubrifier' (to lubricate) in order to give an impression of a meaning simliar to that of Carroll's word. In his exploration of the translation challenge, Hofstadter asks "what if a word does exist, but it is very intellectual-sounding and Latinate ('lubricilleux'), rather than earthy and Anglo-Saxon ('slithy')? Perhaps 'huilasse' would be better than 'lubricilleux'? Or does the Latin origin of the word 'lubricilleux' not make itself felt to a speaker of French in the way that it would if it were an English word ('lubricilious', perhaps)? ". [19]
Hofstadter also notes that it makes a great difference whether the poem is translated in isolation or as part of a translation of the novel. In the latter case the translator must, through Humpty Dumpty, supply explanations of the invented words. But, he suggests, "even in this pathologically difficult case of translation, there seems to be some rough equivalence obtainable, a kind of rough isomorphism, partly global, partly local, between the brains of all the readers". [19]
In 1967, D.G. Orlovskaya wrote a Russian translation of "Jabberwocky" entitled "Barmaglot" ("Бармаглот"), which became popular for its nonsensical rhymes. "Barmaglot" becomes the word for the "Jabberwock", "Brandashmyg" for "Bandersnatch" and words like "myumsiki" ("мюмзики") echo "mimsy". [20] Yuen Ren Chao, a Chinese linguist, translated the poem into Chinese [21] by inventing characters to imitate the "slithy toves that gyred and gimbled in the wabe of Carroll's original". [22] Satyajit Ray, a film-maker, translated the work into Bengali [23] and concrete poet Augusto de Campos created a Brazilian Portuguese version.
According to Chesterton and Green, among others, the original purpose of "Jabberwocky" was to satirize pretentious poetry and ignorant literary critics; a work designed to show how not to write a poem, before it became the subject of pedestrian translations and explanations or incorporated into classroom learning. [24] It has also been interpreted as a parody of contemporary Oxford scholarship and specifically the story of how Benjamin Jowett, the notoriously agnostic Professor of Greek at Oxford, and Master of Balliol, came to sign the Thirty Nine Articles, as an Anglican statement of faith, to save his job. [25] The transformation of audience perception from satire to seriousness, was in a large part predicted by G. K. Chesterton, who wrote in 1932, "Poor, poor, little Alice! She has not only been caught and made to do lessons; she has been forced to inflict lessons on others." [26]
It is often now cited as one of the greatest non-sense poems written in the English language, [2] [3] the source for countless parodies and tributes. In most cases the writers have changed the non-sense words into words relating to the parodied subject, as in Frank Jacobs's "If Lewis Carroll Were a Hollywood Press Agent in the Thirties" in Mad for Better or Verse. [27] Other writers use the poem as a form, much like a sonnet, and create their own words for it as in "Strunklemiss" by S. K. Azoulay [28] or the poem "Oh Freddled Gruntbuggly" recited by Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz in Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a book which contains numerous other references and homages to Carroll's work.
"Oh Freddled Gruntbuggly"
by
Prostetnic Vogon Jeltz
Oh freddled gruntbuggly thy micturations are to me
As plurdled gabbleblotchits on a lurgid bee.
Groop I implore thee my foonting turlingdromes
And hooptiously drangle me with crinkly bindlewurdles,
Or I will rend thee in the gobberwarts with my
blurglecrucheon, see if I don’t!
[29]
Some of the words that Carroll created such as " chortled" and " galumphing" have entered the English language and are listed in the Oxford English Dictionary. The word " jabberwocky" itself has come to refer to non-sense language.
Few would dispute that Jabberwocky is the greatest of all nonsense poems in English.
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