| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Na) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
There are 20 isotopes of
sodium (11Na), ranging from 17
Na to 39
Na (except for the still-unknown 36Na and 38Na),
[4] and two
isomers (22m
Na and 24m
Na). 23
Na is the only
stable (and the only
primordial) isotope. It is considered a
monoisotopic element and it has a
standard atomic weight of 22.98976928(2). Sodium has two
radioactive
cosmogenic isotopes (22
Na, with a
half-life of 2.6019(6) years;
[nb 1] and
24
Na, with a half-life of 14.9560(15) h). With the exception of those two isotopes, all other isotopes have
half-lives under a minute, most under a second. The shortest-lived is the unbound 18
Na, with a half-life of 1.3(4)×10−21 seconds (although the half-life of the similarly unbound 17Na is not measured).
Acute neutron radiation exposure (e.g., from a nuclear
criticality accident) converts some of the stable 23
Na (in the form of Na+ ion) in human blood plasma to 24
Na. By measuring the concentration of this isotope, the neutron radiation dosage to the victim can be computed.
22
Na is a
positron-emitting isotope with a remarkably long half-life. It is used to create test-objects and point-sources for
positron emission tomography.
Nuclide [n 1] |
Z | N |
Isotopic mass (
Da)
[5] [n 2] [n 3] |
Half-life
[1] [n 4] |
Decay mode [1] [n 5] |
Daughter isotope [n 6] |
Spin and parity [1] [n 7] [n 4] |
Isotopic abundance | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy | |||||||||||||||||||
17 Na |
11 | 6 | 17.037270(60) | p | 16 Ne |
(1/2+) | |||||||||||||
18 Na |
11 | 7 | 18.02688(10) | 1.3(4) zs | p=? [n 8] | 17 Ne |
1−# | ||||||||||||
19 Na |
11 | 8 | 19.013880(11) | > 1 as | p | 18 Ne |
(5/2+) | ||||||||||||
20 Na |
11 | 9 | 20.0073543(12) | 447.9(2.3) ms | β+ (75.0(4)%) | 20 Ne |
2+ | ||||||||||||
β+α (25.0(4)%) | 16 O | ||||||||||||||||||
21 Na |
11 | 10 | 20.99765446(5) | 22.4550(54) s | β+ | 21 Ne |
3/2+ | ||||||||||||
22 Na |
11 | 11 | 21.99443742(18) | 2.6019(6) y [nb 1] | β+ (90.57(8)%) | 22 Ne |
3+ | Trace [n 9] | |||||||||||
ε (9.43(6)%) | 22 Ne | ||||||||||||||||||
22m1 Na |
583.05(10) keV | 243(2) ns | IT | 22 Na |
1+ | ||||||||||||||
22m2 Na |
657.00(14) keV | 19.6(7) ps | IT | 22 Na |
0+ | ||||||||||||||
23 Na |
11 | 12 | 22.9897692820(19) | Stable | 3/2+ | 1 | |||||||||||||
24 Na |
11 | 13 | 23.990963012(18) | 14.9560(15) h | β− | 24 Mg |
4+ | Trace [n 9] | |||||||||||
24m Na |
472.2074(8) keV | 20.18(10) ms | IT (99.95%) | 24 Na |
1+ | ||||||||||||||
β− (0.05%) | 24 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
25 Na |
11 | 14 | 24.9899540(13) | 59.1(6) s | β− | 25 Mg |
5/2+ | ||||||||||||
26 Na |
11 | 15 | 25.992635(4) | 1.07128(25) s | β− | 26 Mg |
3+ | ||||||||||||
26m Na |
82.4(4) keV | 4.35(16) μs | IT | 26 Na |
1+ | ||||||||||||||
27 Na |
11 | 16 | 26.994076(4) | 301(6) ms | β− (99.902(24)%) | 27 Mg |
5/2+ | ||||||||||||
β−n (0.098(24)%) | 26 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
28 Na |
11 | 17 | 27.998939(11) | 33.1(1.3) ms | β− (99.42(12)%) | 28 Mg |
1+ | ||||||||||||
β−n (0.58(12)%) | 27 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
29 Na |
11 | 18 | 29.002877(8) | 43.2(4) ms | β− (78%) | 29 Mg |
3/2+ | ||||||||||||
β−n (22(3)%) | 28 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n ? [n 10] | 27 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
30 Na |
11 | 19 | 30.009098(5) | 45.9(7) ms | β− (70.2(2.2)%) | 30 Mg |
2+ | ||||||||||||
β−n (28.6(2.2)%) | 29 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n (1.24(19)%) | 28 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−α (5.5(2)%×10−5) | 26 Ne | ||||||||||||||||||
31 Na |
11 | 20 | 31.013147(15) | 16.8(3) ms | β− (> 63.2(3.5)%) | 31 Mg |
3/2+ | ||||||||||||
β−n (36.0(3.5)%) | 30 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n (0.73(9)%) | 29 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−3n (< 0.05%) | 28 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
32 Na |
11 | 21 | 32.020010(40) | 12.9(3) ms | β− (66.4(6.2)%) | 32 Mg |
(3−) | ||||||||||||
β−n (26(6)%) | 31 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n (7.6(1.5)%) | 30 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
33 Na |
11 | 22 | 33.02553(48) | 8.2(4) ms | β−n (47(6)%) | 32 Mg |
(3/2+) | ||||||||||||
β− (40.0(6.7)%) | 33 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n (13(3)%) | 31 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
34 Na |
11 | 23 | 34.03401(64) | 5.5(1.0) ms | β−2n (~50%) | 32 Mg |
1+ | ||||||||||||
β− (~35%) | 34 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−n (~15%) | 33 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
35 Na |
11 | 24 | 35.04061(72)# | 1.5(5) ms | β− | 35 Mg |
3/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−n ? [n 10] | 34 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n ? [n 10] | 33 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
37 Na |
11 | 26 | 37.05704(74)# | 1# ms [> 1.5 μs] | β− ? [n 10] | 37 Mg ? |
3/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−n ? [n 10] | 36 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n ? [n 10] | 35 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
39 Na [4] |
11 | 28 | 39.07512(80)# | 1# ms [> 400 ns] | β− ? [n 10] | 39 Mg ? |
3/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−n ? [n 10] | 38 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n ? [n 10] | 37 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
IT: | Isomeric transition |
n: | Neutron emission |
p: | Proton emission |
Sodium-22 is a
radioactive isotope of sodium, undergoing
positron emission to
22
Ne with a half-life of 2.6019(6) years. 22
Na is being investigated as an efficient generator of "cold
positrons" (
antimatter) to produce
muons for
catalyzing fusion of deuterium.[
citation needed] It is also commonly used as a positron source in
positron annihilation spectroscopy.
[6]
Sodium-23 is an isotope of sodium with an atomic mass of 22.98976928. It is the only stable isotope of sodium and also the only primordial isotope. Because of its abundance, sodium-23 is used in nuclear magnetic resonance in various research fields, including materials science and battery research. [7] Sodium-23 relaxation has applications in studying cation-biomolecule interactions, intracellular and extracellular sodium, ion transport in batteries, and quantum information processing. [8]
Sodium-24 is radioactive and can be created from common sodium-23 by
neutron activation. With a half-life of 14.9560(15) h, 24
Na decays to
24
Mg by emission of an
electron and two
gamma rays.
[9]
[10]
Exposure of the human body to intense
neutron radiation creates 24
Na in the
blood plasma. Measurements of its quantity can be done to determine the absorbed radiation dose of a patient.
[10] This can be used to determine the type of medical treatment required.
When sodium is used as coolant in
fast breeder reactors, 24
Na is created, which makes the coolant radioactive. When the 24
Na decays, it causes a buildup of magnesium in the coolant. Since the half-life is short, the 24
Na portion of the coolant ceases to be radioactive within a few days after removal from the reactor. Leakage of the hot sodium from the primary loop may cause radioactive fires,
[11] as it can ignite in contact with air (and explodes in contact with water). For this reason the primary cooling loop is within a containment vessel.
Sodium has been proposed as a casing for a
salted bomb, as it would convert to 24
Na and produce intense gamma-ray emissions for a few days.
[12]
[13]
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Na) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
There are 20 isotopes of
sodium (11Na), ranging from 17
Na to 39
Na (except for the still-unknown 36Na and 38Na),
[4] and two
isomers (22m
Na and 24m
Na). 23
Na is the only
stable (and the only
primordial) isotope. It is considered a
monoisotopic element and it has a
standard atomic weight of 22.98976928(2). Sodium has two
radioactive
cosmogenic isotopes (22
Na, with a
half-life of 2.6019(6) years;
[nb 1] and
24
Na, with a half-life of 14.9560(15) h). With the exception of those two isotopes, all other isotopes have
half-lives under a minute, most under a second. The shortest-lived is the unbound 18
Na, with a half-life of 1.3(4)×10−21 seconds (although the half-life of the similarly unbound 17Na is not measured).
Acute neutron radiation exposure (e.g., from a nuclear
criticality accident) converts some of the stable 23
Na (in the form of Na+ ion) in human blood plasma to 24
Na. By measuring the concentration of this isotope, the neutron radiation dosage to the victim can be computed.
22
Na is a
positron-emitting isotope with a remarkably long half-life. It is used to create test-objects and point-sources for
positron emission tomography.
Nuclide [n 1] |
Z | N |
Isotopic mass (
Da)
[5] [n 2] [n 3] |
Half-life
[1] [n 4] |
Decay mode [1] [n 5] |
Daughter isotope [n 6] |
Spin and parity [1] [n 7] [n 4] |
Isotopic abundance | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excitation energy | |||||||||||||||||||
17 Na |
11 | 6 | 17.037270(60) | p | 16 Ne |
(1/2+) | |||||||||||||
18 Na |
11 | 7 | 18.02688(10) | 1.3(4) zs | p=? [n 8] | 17 Ne |
1−# | ||||||||||||
19 Na |
11 | 8 | 19.013880(11) | > 1 as | p | 18 Ne |
(5/2+) | ||||||||||||
20 Na |
11 | 9 | 20.0073543(12) | 447.9(2.3) ms | β+ (75.0(4)%) | 20 Ne |
2+ | ||||||||||||
β+α (25.0(4)%) | 16 O | ||||||||||||||||||
21 Na |
11 | 10 | 20.99765446(5) | 22.4550(54) s | β+ | 21 Ne |
3/2+ | ||||||||||||
22 Na |
11 | 11 | 21.99443742(18) | 2.6019(6) y [nb 1] | β+ (90.57(8)%) | 22 Ne |
3+ | Trace [n 9] | |||||||||||
ε (9.43(6)%) | 22 Ne | ||||||||||||||||||
22m1 Na |
583.05(10) keV | 243(2) ns | IT | 22 Na |
1+ | ||||||||||||||
22m2 Na |
657.00(14) keV | 19.6(7) ps | IT | 22 Na |
0+ | ||||||||||||||
23 Na |
11 | 12 | 22.9897692820(19) | Stable | 3/2+ | 1 | |||||||||||||
24 Na |
11 | 13 | 23.990963012(18) | 14.9560(15) h | β− | 24 Mg |
4+ | Trace [n 9] | |||||||||||
24m Na |
472.2074(8) keV | 20.18(10) ms | IT (99.95%) | 24 Na |
1+ | ||||||||||||||
β− (0.05%) | 24 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
25 Na |
11 | 14 | 24.9899540(13) | 59.1(6) s | β− | 25 Mg |
5/2+ | ||||||||||||
26 Na |
11 | 15 | 25.992635(4) | 1.07128(25) s | β− | 26 Mg |
3+ | ||||||||||||
26m Na |
82.4(4) keV | 4.35(16) μs | IT | 26 Na |
1+ | ||||||||||||||
27 Na |
11 | 16 | 26.994076(4) | 301(6) ms | β− (99.902(24)%) | 27 Mg |
5/2+ | ||||||||||||
β−n (0.098(24)%) | 26 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
28 Na |
11 | 17 | 27.998939(11) | 33.1(1.3) ms | β− (99.42(12)%) | 28 Mg |
1+ | ||||||||||||
β−n (0.58(12)%) | 27 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
29 Na |
11 | 18 | 29.002877(8) | 43.2(4) ms | β− (78%) | 29 Mg |
3/2+ | ||||||||||||
β−n (22(3)%) | 28 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n ? [n 10] | 27 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
30 Na |
11 | 19 | 30.009098(5) | 45.9(7) ms | β− (70.2(2.2)%) | 30 Mg |
2+ | ||||||||||||
β−n (28.6(2.2)%) | 29 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n (1.24(19)%) | 28 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−α (5.5(2)%×10−5) | 26 Ne | ||||||||||||||||||
31 Na |
11 | 20 | 31.013147(15) | 16.8(3) ms | β− (> 63.2(3.5)%) | 31 Mg |
3/2+ | ||||||||||||
β−n (36.0(3.5)%) | 30 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n (0.73(9)%) | 29 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−3n (< 0.05%) | 28 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
32 Na |
11 | 21 | 32.020010(40) | 12.9(3) ms | β− (66.4(6.2)%) | 32 Mg |
(3−) | ||||||||||||
β−n (26(6)%) | 31 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n (7.6(1.5)%) | 30 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
33 Na |
11 | 22 | 33.02553(48) | 8.2(4) ms | β−n (47(6)%) | 32 Mg |
(3/2+) | ||||||||||||
β− (40.0(6.7)%) | 33 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n (13(3)%) | 31 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
34 Na |
11 | 23 | 34.03401(64) | 5.5(1.0) ms | β−2n (~50%) | 32 Mg |
1+ | ||||||||||||
β− (~35%) | 34 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
β−n (~15%) | 33 Mg | ||||||||||||||||||
35 Na |
11 | 24 | 35.04061(72)# | 1.5(5) ms | β− | 35 Mg |
3/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−n ? [n 10] | 34 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n ? [n 10] | 33 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
37 Na |
11 | 26 | 37.05704(74)# | 1# ms [> 1.5 μs] | β− ? [n 10] | 37 Mg ? |
3/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−n ? [n 10] | 36 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n ? [n 10] | 35 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
39 Na [4] |
11 | 28 | 39.07512(80)# | 1# ms [> 400 ns] | β− ? [n 10] | 39 Mg ? |
3/2+# | ||||||||||||
β−n ? [n 10] | 38 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
β−2n ? [n 10] | 37 Mg ? | ||||||||||||||||||
This table header & footer: |
IT: | Isomeric transition |
n: | Neutron emission |
p: | Proton emission |
Sodium-22 is a
radioactive isotope of sodium, undergoing
positron emission to
22
Ne with a half-life of 2.6019(6) years. 22
Na is being investigated as an efficient generator of "cold
positrons" (
antimatter) to produce
muons for
catalyzing fusion of deuterium.[
citation needed] It is also commonly used as a positron source in
positron annihilation spectroscopy.
[6]
Sodium-23 is an isotope of sodium with an atomic mass of 22.98976928. It is the only stable isotope of sodium and also the only primordial isotope. Because of its abundance, sodium-23 is used in nuclear magnetic resonance in various research fields, including materials science and battery research. [7] Sodium-23 relaxation has applications in studying cation-biomolecule interactions, intracellular and extracellular sodium, ion transport in batteries, and quantum information processing. [8]
Sodium-24 is radioactive and can be created from common sodium-23 by
neutron activation. With a half-life of 14.9560(15) h, 24
Na decays to
24
Mg by emission of an
electron and two
gamma rays.
[9]
[10]
Exposure of the human body to intense
neutron radiation creates 24
Na in the
blood plasma. Measurements of its quantity can be done to determine the absorbed radiation dose of a patient.
[10] This can be used to determine the type of medical treatment required.
When sodium is used as coolant in
fast breeder reactors, 24
Na is created, which makes the coolant radioactive. When the 24
Na decays, it causes a buildup of magnesium in the coolant. Since the half-life is short, the 24
Na portion of the coolant ceases to be radioactive within a few days after removal from the reactor. Leakage of the hot sodium from the primary loop may cause radioactive fires,
[11] as it can ignite in contact with air (and explodes in contact with water). For this reason the primary cooling loop is within a containment vessel.
Sodium has been proposed as a casing for a
salted bomb, as it would convert to 24
Na and produce intense gamma-ray emissions for a few days.
[12]
[13]