An intifada ( Arabic: انتفاضة intifāḍah) is a rebellion or uprising, or a resistance movement. It is a key concept in contemporary Arabic usage referring to a uprising against oppression. [1][ better source needed] In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict context, it refers to uprising or opposition by the Palestinian people to the Israeli occupation, characteristically involving violent resistance, and also sometimes involving nonviolent methods of resistance. [2] [3] [4]
Intifada is an Arabic word literally meaning, as a noun, "tremor", "shivering", "shuddering". [5] [6] It is derived from an Arabic term nafada meaning "to shake", "shake off", "get rid of", [5] [7] as a dog might shrug off water, or as one might shake off sleep, [8] or dirt from one's sandals. [9]
The concept of intifada was first used in modern times in 1952 within the Kingdom of Iraq, when socialist and communist parties took to the streets to protest the Hashemite monarchy, with inspiration of the 1952 Egyptian Revolution.
The concept was adopted in Western Sahara, with the gradual withdrawal of Spanish forces in the 1970s as the Zemla Intifada, but was essentially rooted into the Western Sahara conflict with the First Sahrawi Intifada – protests by Sahrawi activists in the Western Saharan Southern Provinces (1999–2004), Second Sahrawi Intifada or Independence Intifada and finally the Gdeim Izik protest camp in 2011.
In the Palestinian context, the word refers to attempts to "shake off" the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the First and Second Intifadas, [1] [10] where it was originally chosen to connote "aggressive nonviolent resistance", [5] a meaning it bore among Palestinian students in struggles in the 1980s and which they adopted as less confrontational than terms in earlier militant rhetoric since it bore no nuance of violence. [9] The First Intifada was characterized by protests and violent riots, especially stone-throwing, while the Second Intifada was characterized by a period of heightened violence. The suicide bombings carried out by Palestinian assailants became one of the more prominent features of the Second Intifada and mainly targeted Israeli civilians, contrasting with the relatively less violent nature of the First Intifada.
The phrase " Globalize the Intifada" is a slogan that promotes worldwide activism in solidarity with the Palestinian resistance. This slogan is composed of "Intifada" which denotes the Palestinian uprisings against Israeli control. "Globalize" calls for an expansion of these uprisings from a regional scope to a global movement. [11] [12]
The chant and its associated chants have caused controversy, particularly concerning their impact and connotations. Critics, particularly from Jewish groups, have condemned the slogan, claiming it encourages widespread violence or terrorism. [13] [14] [15] Some interpretations view it as a rallying call to harm Jews. [16] [17]
Intifada may refer to these events:
An intifada ( Arabic: انتفاضة intifāḍah) is a rebellion or uprising, or a resistance movement. It is a key concept in contemporary Arabic usage referring to a uprising against oppression. [1][ better source needed] In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict context, it refers to uprising or opposition by the Palestinian people to the Israeli occupation, characteristically involving violent resistance, and also sometimes involving nonviolent methods of resistance. [2] [3] [4]
Intifada is an Arabic word literally meaning, as a noun, "tremor", "shivering", "shuddering". [5] [6] It is derived from an Arabic term nafada meaning "to shake", "shake off", "get rid of", [5] [7] as a dog might shrug off water, or as one might shake off sleep, [8] or dirt from one's sandals. [9]
The concept of intifada was first used in modern times in 1952 within the Kingdom of Iraq, when socialist and communist parties took to the streets to protest the Hashemite monarchy, with inspiration of the 1952 Egyptian Revolution.
The concept was adopted in Western Sahara, with the gradual withdrawal of Spanish forces in the 1970s as the Zemla Intifada, but was essentially rooted into the Western Sahara conflict with the First Sahrawi Intifada – protests by Sahrawi activists in the Western Saharan Southern Provinces (1999–2004), Second Sahrawi Intifada or Independence Intifada and finally the Gdeim Izik protest camp in 2011.
In the Palestinian context, the word refers to attempts to "shake off" the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip in the First and Second Intifadas, [1] [10] where it was originally chosen to connote "aggressive nonviolent resistance", [5] a meaning it bore among Palestinian students in struggles in the 1980s and which they adopted as less confrontational than terms in earlier militant rhetoric since it bore no nuance of violence. [9] The First Intifada was characterized by protests and violent riots, especially stone-throwing, while the Second Intifada was characterized by a period of heightened violence. The suicide bombings carried out by Palestinian assailants became one of the more prominent features of the Second Intifada and mainly targeted Israeli civilians, contrasting with the relatively less violent nature of the First Intifada.
The phrase " Globalize the Intifada" is a slogan that promotes worldwide activism in solidarity with the Palestinian resistance. This slogan is composed of "Intifada" which denotes the Palestinian uprisings against Israeli control. "Globalize" calls for an expansion of these uprisings from a regional scope to a global movement. [11] [12]
The chant and its associated chants have caused controversy, particularly concerning their impact and connotations. Critics, particularly from Jewish groups, have condemned the slogan, claiming it encourages widespread violence or terrorism. [13] [14] [15] Some interpretations view it as a rallying call to harm Jews. [16] [17]
Intifada may refer to these events: