Two forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase exist, a
cytoplasmic form, named WARS, and a
mitochondrial form, named WARS2. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS) catalyzes the
aminoacylation of tRNA(trp) with
tryptophan and is induced by
interferon. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Four transcript variants encoding two different
isoforms have been found for this gene.[7]
Phenylalanine Incorporation
Although WARS1 classically aminoacylates tryptophan, during states tryptophan depeletion, this enzyme has been observed to activate both tryptophan and phenylalanine.[8]
Ewalt KL, Schimmel P (November 2002). "Activation of angiogenic signaling pathways by two human tRNA synthetases". Biochemistry. 41 (45): 13344–13349.
doi:
10.1021/bi020537k.
PMID12416978.
Rasmussen HH, van Damme J, Puype M, Gesser B, Celis JE, Vandekerckhove J (December 1992). "Microsequences of 145 proteins recorded in the two-dimensional gel protein database of normal human epidermal keratinocytes". Electrophoresis. 13 (12): 960–969.
doi:
10.1002/elps.11501301199.
PMID1286667.
S2CID41855774.
Bange FC, Flohr T, Buwitt U, Böttger EC (March 1992). "An interferon-induced protein with release factor activity is a tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase". FEBS Letters. 300 (2): 162–166.
doi:
10.1016/0014-5793(92)80187-L.
PMID1373391.
S2CID35675265.
Sudomoina MA, Zinovieva OL, Kisselev LL (December 1991). "Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the structural gene encoding for human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase". Gene. 109 (2): 291–296.
doi:
10.1016/0378-1119(91)90624-K.
PMID1765274.
Frolova LY, Grigorieva AY, Sudomoina MA, Kisselev LL (June 1993). "The human gene encoding tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase: interferon-response elements and exon-intron organization". Gene. 128 (2): 237–245.
doi:
10.1016/0378-1119(93)90568-N.
PMID7685728.
Popenko VI, Cherny NE, Beresten SF, Ivanova JL, Filonenko VV, Kisselev LL (December 1993). "Immunoelectron microscopic location of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase in mammalian, prokaryotic and archaebacterial cells". European Journal of Cell Biology. 62 (2): 248–258.
PMID7925483.
Børglum AD, Flint T, Tommerup N, Fleckner J, Justesen J, Kruse TA (1996). "Assignment of the human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene (WARS) to chromosome 14q32.2 --> q32.32". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 73 (1–2): 99–103.
doi:
10.1159/000134317.
PMID8646895.
Sokolova IV, Narovlianskiĭ AN, Amchenkova AM, Turpaev KT (1996). "[Alternative splicing of 5'-terminal exons of the human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene]". Molekuliarnaia Biologiia. 30 (2): 319–329.
PMID8724762.
Krause SW, Rehli M, Kreutz M, Schwarzfischer L, Paulauskis JD, Andreesen R (October 1996). "Differential screening identifies genetic markers of monocyte to macrophage maturation". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 60 (4): 540–545.
doi:
10.1002/jlb.60.4.540.
PMID8864140.
S2CID24891320.
Yuan W, Collado-Hidalgo A, Yufit T, Taylor M, Varga J (October 1998). "Modulation of cellular tryptophan metabolism in human fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta: selective inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene expression". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 177 (1): 174–186.
doi:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199810)177:1<174::AID-JCP18>3.0.CO;2-D.
PMID9731757.
S2CID20056701.
Jensen LL, Nielsen MM, Justesen J, Hansen LL (2001). "Assignment of human NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex 3 (NDUFB3) and of its four pseudogenes to human chromosomes 2q31.3, 1p13.3-->p13.1, 9q32-->q34.1, 14q22.3-->q23.1 and 14q32.2 by radiation hybrid mapping". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 93 (1–2): 147–150.
doi:
10.1159/000056973.
PMID11474204.
S2CID2435568.
Sang Lee J, Gyu Park S, Park H, Seol W, Lee S, Kim S (February 2002). "Interaction network of human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and subunits of elongation factor 1 complex". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 291 (1): 158–164.
doi:
10.1006/bbrc.2002.6398.
PMID11829477.
Two forms of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase exist, a
cytoplasmic form, named WARS, and a
mitochondrial form, named WARS2. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (WARS) catalyzes the
aminoacylation of tRNA(trp) with
tryptophan and is induced by
interferon. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase belongs to the class I tRNA synthetase family. Four transcript variants encoding two different
isoforms have been found for this gene.[7]
Phenylalanine Incorporation
Although WARS1 classically aminoacylates tryptophan, during states tryptophan depeletion, this enzyme has been observed to activate both tryptophan and phenylalanine.[8]
Ewalt KL, Schimmel P (November 2002). "Activation of angiogenic signaling pathways by two human tRNA synthetases". Biochemistry. 41 (45): 13344–13349.
doi:
10.1021/bi020537k.
PMID12416978.
Rasmussen HH, van Damme J, Puype M, Gesser B, Celis JE, Vandekerckhove J (December 1992). "Microsequences of 145 proteins recorded in the two-dimensional gel protein database of normal human epidermal keratinocytes". Electrophoresis. 13 (12): 960–969.
doi:
10.1002/elps.11501301199.
PMID1286667.
S2CID41855774.
Bange FC, Flohr T, Buwitt U, Böttger EC (March 1992). "An interferon-induced protein with release factor activity is a tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase". FEBS Letters. 300 (2): 162–166.
doi:
10.1016/0014-5793(92)80187-L.
PMID1373391.
S2CID35675265.
Sudomoina MA, Zinovieva OL, Kisselev LL (December 1991). "Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the structural gene encoding for human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase". Gene. 109 (2): 291–296.
doi:
10.1016/0378-1119(91)90624-K.
PMID1765274.
Frolova LY, Grigorieva AY, Sudomoina MA, Kisselev LL (June 1993). "The human gene encoding tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase: interferon-response elements and exon-intron organization". Gene. 128 (2): 237–245.
doi:
10.1016/0378-1119(93)90568-N.
PMID7685728.
Popenko VI, Cherny NE, Beresten SF, Ivanova JL, Filonenko VV, Kisselev LL (December 1993). "Immunoelectron microscopic location of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase in mammalian, prokaryotic and archaebacterial cells". European Journal of Cell Biology. 62 (2): 248–258.
PMID7925483.
Børglum AD, Flint T, Tommerup N, Fleckner J, Justesen J, Kruse TA (1996). "Assignment of the human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene (WARS) to chromosome 14q32.2 --> q32.32". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 73 (1–2): 99–103.
doi:
10.1159/000134317.
PMID8646895.
Sokolova IV, Narovlianskiĭ AN, Amchenkova AM, Turpaev KT (1996). "[Alternative splicing of 5'-terminal exons of the human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene]". Molekuliarnaia Biologiia. 30 (2): 319–329.
PMID8724762.
Krause SW, Rehli M, Kreutz M, Schwarzfischer L, Paulauskis JD, Andreesen R (October 1996). "Differential screening identifies genetic markers of monocyte to macrophage maturation". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 60 (4): 540–545.
doi:
10.1002/jlb.60.4.540.
PMID8864140.
S2CID24891320.
Yuan W, Collado-Hidalgo A, Yufit T, Taylor M, Varga J (October 1998). "Modulation of cellular tryptophan metabolism in human fibroblasts by transforming growth factor-beta: selective inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene expression". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 177 (1): 174–186.
doi:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199810)177:1<174::AID-JCP18>3.0.CO;2-D.
PMID9731757.
S2CID20056701.
Jensen LL, Nielsen MM, Justesen J, Hansen LL (2001). "Assignment of human NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex 3 (NDUFB3) and of its four pseudogenes to human chromosomes 2q31.3, 1p13.3-->p13.1, 9q32-->q34.1, 14q22.3-->q23.1 and 14q32.2 by radiation hybrid mapping". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 93 (1–2): 147–150.
doi:
10.1159/000056973.
PMID11474204.
S2CID2435568.
Sang Lee J, Gyu Park S, Park H, Seol W, Lee S, Kim S (February 2002). "Interaction network of human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and subunits of elongation factor 1 complex". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 291 (1): 158–164.
doi:
10.1006/bbrc.2002.6398.
PMID11829477.