| Hypnum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Hypnum cupressiforme | |
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Bryopsida |
| Subclass: | Bryidae |
| Order: | Hypnales |
| Family: | Hypnaceae |
| Genus: |
Hypnum Hedw. |
Hypnum is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Hypnaceae. [1]
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. [1] A common name sometimes used for Hypnum moss is "carpet moss". [2]
Hypnum species are found on all continents except for Antarctica. [3] Species are typically found in temperate regions. [3]
Hypnum species are typically found in moist forest areas on rotting logs, while some species are aquatic. [2] [4] Species can also be found living on soil, rocks, and live trees. [4]
Identifying moss species in the field to the genus Hypnum by using a hand lens is considered quite feasible since most Hypnum species share common features with one another. [3] A very useful defining characteristic of Hypnum mosses are their leaves which are often falcate- secund (meaning that they are sickle-shaped and point to one side of the plant). [3] Another distinguishing characteristic of Hypnum mosses is the thick, green mats that they form, which earns them the common name "carpet moss". [2] Distinguishing between different Hypnum species can be accomplished mainly by gametophytic features and sometimes by sporophytic features. [3]
Gametophytes range from small to large in size. [3] Gametophytes are green, yellowish, or brown in colour, with the colouration appearing dull or glossy. [3] Gametophytes can sometimes form tufts. [3] Growth forms of Hypnum mosses vary from creeping to erect. [5]
Stems have pseudoparaphyllia. [3] Branching patterns include nearly unbranched, irregularly branched, or 1- or 2- times pinnate. [5] [3]
Branch leaves and stem leaves have similar shapes. [5] Leaves are secund or falcate-secund, broadly to narrowly ovate, and can be plicate. [3] Leaf bases can sometimes be decurrent. [3] Sometimes leaf margins are toothed on the distal region. [3] Leaf margins can be recurved proximally and are usually flat (i.e., not recurved) at the distal edge. [3] Leaf margins can sometimes be sinuate at the proximal region. [3] Leaf apices are either acute or acuminate. [3]
Despite having similar shapes, branch leaves are smaller than stem leaves. [5]
Leaves have a double costa or an obscure costa that spans 1/4 of the leaf's length. [3] Laminal cells are exclusively smooth. [3] Alar cells in the leaf bases are typically differentiated and range in shape from hexagonal, triangular, quadrate, or sub-quadrate. [3]
The outer perichaetial leaves are bent while the inner perichaetial leaves are erect. [3] In terms of shape, perichaetial leaves can be ovate, lanceolate, or subulate. [3] Apices of perichaetial leaves are acuminate. [3]
Calyptra are exclusively naked and have no hair. [3]
Setae are long and range in colour from yellowish to reddish. [5] [3]
Orientation of the sporangium can be erect, inclined, or horizontal. [5] [3] Sporangium shape varies from cylindrical to ovoid. [5] The sporangium is also typically curved. [3] There tends to be a contraction below the sporangium opening. [3] All species have two rows of peristome teeth. [3] The outer surface of exostome teeth have zigzag lines as well as lamellae. [3] The annulus is either 1-3- times seriate or has very minimal amounts of cell differentiation. [3] The operculum is conical to round in shape. [3]
Spores produced by the sporangium are round and can be smooth or papillose in texture. [3]
In terms of sexual reproduction, Hypnum mosses are autoicous, dioicous, or phyllodioicous. [3] Hypnum mosses do not have any specialized forms of asexual reproduction. [3]
Historically, Hypnum mosses were used to stuff bedding because they were falsely believed to have sleep-inducing properties. [2] [3]
Hypnum curvifolium, commonly known as "sheet moss", is used by some florists. [6]
The CityTree air filter, present in many European cities, uses Hypnum to capture and consume pollutants. [7]
The number of species in the genus is unresolved. Depending on the source, the number of species ranges from around 50 to 220, [3] [5] or (according to GBIF) up to 773. [8]
Some of the species in the genus are:
- Hypnum acanthoneuron Schwägr. [1]
- Hypnum acanthophyllum Mont. [1]
- Hypnum circinale Hook. [9]
- Hypnum crispifolium Hook. [9]
- Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. [9]
- Hypnum curvifolium Hedw. [10]
- Hypnum involuta (Hedw.) P.Beauv. [11]
- H. leptothallum (Müll.Hal.) Paris, [11] now a synonym of Eurohypnum leptothallum Ando, 1966 [12]
- ^ a b c d "Hypnum Hedw". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d "carpet moss | Description & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj "Hypnum in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
- ^ a b "Hypnum moss (Hypnum cuppressiforme) – life4oakforests.eu". Retrieved 2022-05-01.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Allaby, Michael (2013-04-18), "Hypnum", A Dictionary of Plant Sciences, Oxford University Press, doi: 10.1093/acref/9780199600571.001.0001/acref-9780199600571-e-3413, ISBN 978-0-19-960057-1, retrieved 2022-04-07
- ^ "sheet moss | Description & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
- ^ O'Donoghue, J. J.; O'Byrne, Ellie (2021-08-11). "Everything you wanted to know about Cork's new Robo-trees but were afraid to ask". Tripe + Drisheen. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "Hypnum Hedw". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- ^ a b c "Hypnum Hedw". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
- ^ "Hypnum Hedw". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
- ^ a b Cao, Wei; Xiong, Yuanxin; Zhao, Degang; Tan, Hongying; Qu, Jiaojiao (January 2020). "Bryophytes and the symbiotic microorganisms, the pioneers of vegetation restoration in karst rocky desertification areas in southwestern China". Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 104 (2): 873–891. doi: 10.1007/s00253-019-10235-0. PMC 6943408.
- ^ "Hypnum leptothallum (Müll.Hal.) Paris". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
| Hypnum | |
|---|---|
|
| |
| Hypnum cupressiforme | |
|
Scientific classification
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Bryophyta |
| Class: | Bryopsida |
| Subclass: | Bryidae |
| Order: | Hypnales |
| Family: | Hypnaceae |
| Genus: |
Hypnum Hedw. |
Hypnum is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Hypnaceae. [1]
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. [1] A common name sometimes used for Hypnum moss is "carpet moss". [2]
Hypnum species are found on all continents except for Antarctica. [3] Species are typically found in temperate regions. [3]
Hypnum species are typically found in moist forest areas on rotting logs, while some species are aquatic. [2] [4] Species can also be found living on soil, rocks, and live trees. [4]
Identifying moss species in the field to the genus Hypnum by using a hand lens is considered quite feasible since most Hypnum species share common features with one another. [3] A very useful defining characteristic of Hypnum mosses are their leaves which are often falcate- secund (meaning that they are sickle-shaped and point to one side of the plant). [3] Another distinguishing characteristic of Hypnum mosses is the thick, green mats that they form, which earns them the common name "carpet moss". [2] Distinguishing between different Hypnum species can be accomplished mainly by gametophytic features and sometimes by sporophytic features. [3]
Gametophytes range from small to large in size. [3] Gametophytes are green, yellowish, or brown in colour, with the colouration appearing dull or glossy. [3] Gametophytes can sometimes form tufts. [3] Growth forms of Hypnum mosses vary from creeping to erect. [5]
Stems have pseudoparaphyllia. [3] Branching patterns include nearly unbranched, irregularly branched, or 1- or 2- times pinnate. [5] [3]
Branch leaves and stem leaves have similar shapes. [5] Leaves are secund or falcate-secund, broadly to narrowly ovate, and can be plicate. [3] Leaf bases can sometimes be decurrent. [3] Sometimes leaf margins are toothed on the distal region. [3] Leaf margins can be recurved proximally and are usually flat (i.e., not recurved) at the distal edge. [3] Leaf margins can sometimes be sinuate at the proximal region. [3] Leaf apices are either acute or acuminate. [3]
Despite having similar shapes, branch leaves are smaller than stem leaves. [5]
Leaves have a double costa or an obscure costa that spans 1/4 of the leaf's length. [3] Laminal cells are exclusively smooth. [3] Alar cells in the leaf bases are typically differentiated and range in shape from hexagonal, triangular, quadrate, or sub-quadrate. [3]
The outer perichaetial leaves are bent while the inner perichaetial leaves are erect. [3] In terms of shape, perichaetial leaves can be ovate, lanceolate, or subulate. [3] Apices of perichaetial leaves are acuminate. [3]
Calyptra are exclusively naked and have no hair. [3]
Setae are long and range in colour from yellowish to reddish. [5] [3]
Orientation of the sporangium can be erect, inclined, or horizontal. [5] [3] Sporangium shape varies from cylindrical to ovoid. [5] The sporangium is also typically curved. [3] There tends to be a contraction below the sporangium opening. [3] All species have two rows of peristome teeth. [3] The outer surface of exostome teeth have zigzag lines as well as lamellae. [3] The annulus is either 1-3- times seriate or has very minimal amounts of cell differentiation. [3] The operculum is conical to round in shape. [3]
Spores produced by the sporangium are round and can be smooth or papillose in texture. [3]
In terms of sexual reproduction, Hypnum mosses are autoicous, dioicous, or phyllodioicous. [3] Hypnum mosses do not have any specialized forms of asexual reproduction. [3]
Historically, Hypnum mosses were used to stuff bedding because they were falsely believed to have sleep-inducing properties. [2] [3]
Hypnum curvifolium, commonly known as "sheet moss", is used by some florists. [6]
The CityTree air filter, present in many European cities, uses Hypnum to capture and consume pollutants. [7]
The number of species in the genus is unresolved. Depending on the source, the number of species ranges from around 50 to 220, [3] [5] or (according to GBIF) up to 773. [8]
Some of the species in the genus are:
- Hypnum acanthoneuron Schwägr. [1]
- Hypnum acanthophyllum Mont. [1]
- Hypnum circinale Hook. [9]
- Hypnum crispifolium Hook. [9]
- Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. [9]
- Hypnum curvifolium Hedw. [10]
- Hypnum involuta (Hedw.) P.Beauv. [11]
- H. leptothallum (Müll.Hal.) Paris, [11] now a synonym of Eurohypnum leptothallum Ando, 1966 [12]
- ^ a b c d "Hypnum Hedw". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ a b c d "carpet moss | Description & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj "Hypnum in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
- ^ a b "Hypnum moss (Hypnum cuppressiforme) – life4oakforests.eu". Retrieved 2022-05-01.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Allaby, Michael (2013-04-18), "Hypnum", A Dictionary of Plant Sciences, Oxford University Press, doi: 10.1093/acref/9780199600571.001.0001/acref-9780199600571-e-3413, ISBN 978-0-19-960057-1, retrieved 2022-04-07
- ^ "sheet moss | Description & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
- ^ O'Donoghue, J. J.; O'Byrne, Ellie (2021-08-11). "Everything you wanted to know about Cork's new Robo-trees but were afraid to ask". Tripe + Drisheen. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
- ^ "Hypnum Hedw". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
- ^ a b c "Hypnum Hedw". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2022-04-07.
- ^ "Hypnum Hedw". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
- ^ a b Cao, Wei; Xiong, Yuanxin; Zhao, Degang; Tan, Hongying; Qu, Jiaojiao (January 2020). "Bryophytes and the symbiotic microorganisms, the pioneers of vegetation restoration in karst rocky desertification areas in southwestern China". Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 104 (2): 873–891. doi: 10.1007/s00253-019-10235-0. PMC 6943408.
- ^ "Hypnum leptothallum (Müll.Hal.) Paris". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 15 September 2022.