A hybrid cell line is a fusion of cells from two different cell types. When the membrane of two cells merge, the nuclei combine to form a polykaryote (poly- multiple; karyon- chromosome). [1] These fusions can happen spontaneously as in the case of tumor hybrid cells, or may be induced by a variety of laboratory techniques.
The first instance of intentionally generated hybrid cells was described in 1960 by Barski, Sorieul, and Cornefert in their paper "Production of cells of a 'hybrid' nature in cultures in vitro of 2 cellular strains in combination," originally published in French. [2] Today, one purpose of generating hybrid cell lines is to fuse cells that secrete a useful product with an immortal cell line to maximize the secretions. For example, immunoglobin-producing B lymphocytes can be fused with myeloma to produce an immortal line of cells called hybridoma that secrete immunoglobin. Hybrid cell lines are also used to study cancer and map genes [3]
The three most common methods of fusing cells to make a hybrid line are via oncogenic viruses, polyethylene glycol, or electrofusion. [1]
Certain oncogenic viruses encode for fusogens, which are proteins that encourage two cell membranes to fuse. When the viral genes are expressed by the host cell, the membranes of two cells may fuse. [4]
Some oncogenic viruses that code for fusogens and are capable of hybridizing cells are:
The virus used in laboratories for controlled cell hybridization is inactivated Sendai virus. [1]
Using polyethylene glycol is the method for inducing cell hybridization that requires the fewest steps. Polyethylene glycol functions by changing the direction and configuration of lipid molecules in the cell membrane, which increases their permeability and allows two membranes to fuse. Because of the low specificity of polyethylene glycol, it may be toxic to the cell. [3]
When exposed to an alternating electric field, cells in suspension will line up like a chain along the electrical field lines. This is due to a phenomenon known as dielectrophoresis. After the cells are aligned, a pulse voltage around 10V can be applied, causing the membranes of these cells to fuse. The cells will homogenate into a single cell. [5]
- Hybridoma: a fusion of B-cells and immortal cancer cells with the purpose of generating antibodies. [6]
- Tumor hybrid cells: fusion of tumor cells with normal bodily cells. [7] [8] These tend to take on new properties which make them more difficult to treat. [9]
- Human-mouse hybrid cells, i.e. HeLa/mouse hybrid. [10] These can be used as a diagnostic tool for conditions such as aneuploidy, but this is a dated technique that is rarely applied anymore. [11]
- Humsters: a hybrid of human sperm and hamster eggs. These are created as a byproduct of fertility testing, when human sperm potency is measured by how well it can penetrate a hamster egg cell (hamster eggs tend to have similar penetrability to human sperm as do human eggs). [12] For more information, see semen analysis.
- ^ a b c Nims, Raymond W.; Capes-Davis, Amanda; Reid, Christopher Korch and Yvonne A. (2018-11-05). Authenticating Hybrid Cell Lines. IntechOpen. ISBN 978-1-78984-867-0.
- ^ Ephrussi, B; Weiss, M C (May 1965). "Interspecific hybridization of somatic cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 53 (5): 1040–1042. doi: 10.1073/pnas.53.5.1040. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 301369. PMID 5222546.
- ^ a b Pedrazzoli, Filippo; Chrysantzas, Iraklis; Dezzani, Luca; Rosti, Vittorio; Vincitorio, Massimo; Sitar, Giammaria (December 2011). "Cell fusion in tumor progression: the isolation of cell fusion products by physical methods". Cancer Cell International. 11 (1): 32. doi: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-32. ISSN 1475-2867. PMC 3187729. PMID 21933375.
- ^ Gao, Peng; Zheng, Jie (2011-04-01). "Oncogenic virus-mediated cell fusion: New insights into initiation and progression of oncogenic viruses-related cancers". Cancer Letters. 303 (1): 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.12.021. ISSN 0304-3835. PMID 21306823.
- ^ Scheurich, Peter; Zimmermann, Ulrich; Mischel, Maja; Lamprecht, Ingolf (1980-12-01). "Membrane Fusion and Deformation of Red Blood Cells by Electric Fields". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 35 (11–12): 1081–1085. doi: 10.1515/znc-1980-11-1236. ISSN 1865-7125. PMID 7210806. S2CID 33753825.
- ^ Mitra, Sanchita; Tomar, Pushpa Chaudhary (December 2021). "Hybridoma technology; advancements, clinical significance, and future aspects". Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 19 (1): 159. doi: 10.1186/s43141-021-00264-6. ISSN 2090-5920. PMC 8521504. PMID 34661773.
- ^ Gast, Charles E.; Silk, Alain D.; Zarour, Luai; Riegler, Lara; Burkhart, Joshua G.; Gustafson, Kyle T.; Parappilly, Michael S.; Roh-Johnson, Minna; Goodman, James R.; Olson, Brennan; Schmidt, Mark; Swain, John R.; Davies, Paige S.; Shasthri, Vidya; Iizuka, Shinji (2018-09-07). "Cell fusion potentiates tumor heterogeneity and reveals circulating hybrid cells that correlate with stage and survival". Science Advances. 4 (9): eaat7828. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat7828. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6135550. PMID 30214939.
- ^ Brito, Ariadna; Merle, Candice; Lagarde, Pauline; Faustin, Benjamin; Devin, Anne; Lartigue, Lydia; Chibon, Frederic (2021-07-28). "Cell fusion enhances energy metabolism of mesenchymal tumor hybrid cells to sustain their proliferation and invasion". BMC Cancer. 21 (1): 863. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08561-6. ISSN 1471-2407. PMC 8317390. PMID 34320948.
- ^ Tretyakova, Maria S.; Subbalakshmi, Ayalur R.; Menyailo, Maxim E.; Jolly, Mohit Kumar; Denisov, Evgeny V. (2022-02-15). "Tumor Hybrid Cells: Nature and Biological Significance". Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 10: 814714. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.814714. ISSN 2296-634X. PMC 8886020. PMID 35242760.
- ^ Harris, Henry; Watkins, J. F. (February 1965). "Hybrid Cells Derived from Mouse and Man : Artificial Heterokaryons of Mammalian Cells from Different Species". Nature. 205 (4972): 640–646. doi: 10.1038/205640a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 14287398. S2CID 4184451.
- ^ Athwal, Raghbir S.; Sandhu, Shahbeg S. (1985-03-01). "Use of human × mouse hybrid cell line to detect aneuploidy induced by environmental chemicals". Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 149 (1): 73–81. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(85)90011-9. ISSN 0027-5107. PMID 3974624.
- ^ Hwang, Kathleen; Lamb, Dolores J. (2013), Carrell, Douglas T.; Aston, Kenneth I. (eds.), "The Sperm Penetration Assay for the Assessment of Fertilization Capacity", Spermatogenesis, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 927, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 103–111, doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-038-0_10, ISBN 978-1-62703-037-3, PMC 3633452, PMID 22992907
A hybrid cell line is a fusion of cells from two different cell types. When the membrane of two cells merge, the nuclei combine to form a polykaryote (poly- multiple; karyon- chromosome). [1] These fusions can happen spontaneously as in the case of tumor hybrid cells, or may be induced by a variety of laboratory techniques.
The first instance of intentionally generated hybrid cells was described in 1960 by Barski, Sorieul, and Cornefert in their paper "Production of cells of a 'hybrid' nature in cultures in vitro of 2 cellular strains in combination," originally published in French. [2] Today, one purpose of generating hybrid cell lines is to fuse cells that secrete a useful product with an immortal cell line to maximize the secretions. For example, immunoglobin-producing B lymphocytes can be fused with myeloma to produce an immortal line of cells called hybridoma that secrete immunoglobin. Hybrid cell lines are also used to study cancer and map genes [3]
The three most common methods of fusing cells to make a hybrid line are via oncogenic viruses, polyethylene glycol, or electrofusion. [1]
Certain oncogenic viruses encode for fusogens, which are proteins that encourage two cell membranes to fuse. When the viral genes are expressed by the host cell, the membranes of two cells may fuse. [4]
Some oncogenic viruses that code for fusogens and are capable of hybridizing cells are:
The virus used in laboratories for controlled cell hybridization is inactivated Sendai virus. [1]
Using polyethylene glycol is the method for inducing cell hybridization that requires the fewest steps. Polyethylene glycol functions by changing the direction and configuration of lipid molecules in the cell membrane, which increases their permeability and allows two membranes to fuse. Because of the low specificity of polyethylene glycol, it may be toxic to the cell. [3]
When exposed to an alternating electric field, cells in suspension will line up like a chain along the electrical field lines. This is due to a phenomenon known as dielectrophoresis. After the cells are aligned, a pulse voltage around 10V can be applied, causing the membranes of these cells to fuse. The cells will homogenate into a single cell. [5]
- Hybridoma: a fusion of B-cells and immortal cancer cells with the purpose of generating antibodies. [6]
- Tumor hybrid cells: fusion of tumor cells with normal bodily cells. [7] [8] These tend to take on new properties which make them more difficult to treat. [9]
- Human-mouse hybrid cells, i.e. HeLa/mouse hybrid. [10] These can be used as a diagnostic tool for conditions such as aneuploidy, but this is a dated technique that is rarely applied anymore. [11]
- Humsters: a hybrid of human sperm and hamster eggs. These are created as a byproduct of fertility testing, when human sperm potency is measured by how well it can penetrate a hamster egg cell (hamster eggs tend to have similar penetrability to human sperm as do human eggs). [12] For more information, see semen analysis.
- ^ a b c Nims, Raymond W.; Capes-Davis, Amanda; Reid, Christopher Korch and Yvonne A. (2018-11-05). Authenticating Hybrid Cell Lines. IntechOpen. ISBN 978-1-78984-867-0.
- ^ Ephrussi, B; Weiss, M C (May 1965). "Interspecific hybridization of somatic cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 53 (5): 1040–1042. doi: 10.1073/pnas.53.5.1040. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 301369. PMID 5222546.
- ^ a b Pedrazzoli, Filippo; Chrysantzas, Iraklis; Dezzani, Luca; Rosti, Vittorio; Vincitorio, Massimo; Sitar, Giammaria (December 2011). "Cell fusion in tumor progression: the isolation of cell fusion products by physical methods". Cancer Cell International. 11 (1): 32. doi: 10.1186/1475-2867-11-32. ISSN 1475-2867. PMC 3187729. PMID 21933375.
- ^ Gao, Peng; Zheng, Jie (2011-04-01). "Oncogenic virus-mediated cell fusion: New insights into initiation and progression of oncogenic viruses-related cancers". Cancer Letters. 303 (1): 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.12.021. ISSN 0304-3835. PMID 21306823.
- ^ Scheurich, Peter; Zimmermann, Ulrich; Mischel, Maja; Lamprecht, Ingolf (1980-12-01). "Membrane Fusion and Deformation of Red Blood Cells by Electric Fields". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C. 35 (11–12): 1081–1085. doi: 10.1515/znc-1980-11-1236. ISSN 1865-7125. PMID 7210806. S2CID 33753825.
- ^ Mitra, Sanchita; Tomar, Pushpa Chaudhary (December 2021). "Hybridoma technology; advancements, clinical significance, and future aspects". Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology. 19 (1): 159. doi: 10.1186/s43141-021-00264-6. ISSN 2090-5920. PMC 8521504. PMID 34661773.
- ^ Gast, Charles E.; Silk, Alain D.; Zarour, Luai; Riegler, Lara; Burkhart, Joshua G.; Gustafson, Kyle T.; Parappilly, Michael S.; Roh-Johnson, Minna; Goodman, James R.; Olson, Brennan; Schmidt, Mark; Swain, John R.; Davies, Paige S.; Shasthri, Vidya; Iizuka, Shinji (2018-09-07). "Cell fusion potentiates tumor heterogeneity and reveals circulating hybrid cells that correlate with stage and survival". Science Advances. 4 (9): eaat7828. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat7828. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 6135550. PMID 30214939.
- ^ Brito, Ariadna; Merle, Candice; Lagarde, Pauline; Faustin, Benjamin; Devin, Anne; Lartigue, Lydia; Chibon, Frederic (2021-07-28). "Cell fusion enhances energy metabolism of mesenchymal tumor hybrid cells to sustain their proliferation and invasion". BMC Cancer. 21 (1): 863. doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-08561-6. ISSN 1471-2407. PMC 8317390. PMID 34320948.
- ^ Tretyakova, Maria S.; Subbalakshmi, Ayalur R.; Menyailo, Maxim E.; Jolly, Mohit Kumar; Denisov, Evgeny V. (2022-02-15). "Tumor Hybrid Cells: Nature and Biological Significance". Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 10: 814714. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2022.814714. ISSN 2296-634X. PMC 8886020. PMID 35242760.
- ^ Harris, Henry; Watkins, J. F. (February 1965). "Hybrid Cells Derived from Mouse and Man : Artificial Heterokaryons of Mammalian Cells from Different Species". Nature. 205 (4972): 640–646. doi: 10.1038/205640a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 14287398. S2CID 4184451.
- ^ Athwal, Raghbir S.; Sandhu, Shahbeg S. (1985-03-01). "Use of human × mouse hybrid cell line to detect aneuploidy induced by environmental chemicals". Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 149 (1): 73–81. doi: 10.1016/0027-5107(85)90011-9. ISSN 0027-5107. PMID 3974624.
- ^ Hwang, Kathleen; Lamb, Dolores J. (2013), Carrell, Douglas T.; Aston, Kenneth I. (eds.), "The Sperm Penetration Assay for the Assessment of Fertilization Capacity", Spermatogenesis, Methods in Molecular Biology, vol. 927, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 103–111, doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-038-0_10, ISBN 978-1-62703-037-3, PMC 3633452, PMID 22992907