HoyeraalâHreidarsson syndrome | |
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Other names | Progressive pancytopenia-immunodeficiency-cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome [1] |
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This condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner. | |
Specialty |
Medical genetics
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Causes | Mutation in genes related to telomere maintenance |
HoyeraalâHreidasson syndrome [2] is a very rare multisystem X-linked recessive disorder characterized by excessively short telomeres and is considered a severe form of dyskeratosis congenita. [2] [3] Being an X-linked disorder, HoyeraalâHreidasson syndrome primarily affects males. Patients typically present in early childhood with cerebellar hypoplasia, immunodeficiency, progressive bone marrow failure, and intrauterine growth restriction. [2] The primary cause of death in HoyeraalâHreidasson syndrome is bone marrow failure, but mortality from cancer and pulmonary fibrosis is also significant. [4] [5] [6]
The currently recognized features are cerebellar hypoplasia, immunodeficiency, progressive bone marrow failure, and intrauterine growth restriction. Patients also commonly exhibit symptoms such as microcephaly, aplastic anemia, and intellectual disability. [3]
Patients with HoyeraalâHreidasson syndrome frequently present with the mucocutaneous triad of nail dysplasia, lacy skin pigmentation, and oral leukoplakia.[ citation needed]
Although the pathogenesis remains unknown, it is strongly suspected that the clinical sequelae of HoyeraalâHreidasson syndrome arise from the accelerated telomere shortening. [2] It has been associated with mutations in DKC1, TERT, RTEL1, TINF2, ACD, and PARN. [7] [8]
Current treatment is supportive:[ citation needed]
HoyeraalâHreidarsson syndrome | |
---|---|
Other names | Progressive pancytopenia-immunodeficiency-cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome [1] |
![]() | |
This condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner. | |
Specialty |
Medical genetics
![]() |
Causes | Mutation in genes related to telomere maintenance |
HoyeraalâHreidasson syndrome [2] is a very rare multisystem X-linked recessive disorder characterized by excessively short telomeres and is considered a severe form of dyskeratosis congenita. [2] [3] Being an X-linked disorder, HoyeraalâHreidasson syndrome primarily affects males. Patients typically present in early childhood with cerebellar hypoplasia, immunodeficiency, progressive bone marrow failure, and intrauterine growth restriction. [2] The primary cause of death in HoyeraalâHreidasson syndrome is bone marrow failure, but mortality from cancer and pulmonary fibrosis is also significant. [4] [5] [6]
The currently recognized features are cerebellar hypoplasia, immunodeficiency, progressive bone marrow failure, and intrauterine growth restriction. Patients also commonly exhibit symptoms such as microcephaly, aplastic anemia, and intellectual disability. [3]
Patients with HoyeraalâHreidasson syndrome frequently present with the mucocutaneous triad of nail dysplasia, lacy skin pigmentation, and oral leukoplakia.[ citation needed]
Although the pathogenesis remains unknown, it is strongly suspected that the clinical sequelae of HoyeraalâHreidasson syndrome arise from the accelerated telomere shortening. [2] It has been associated with mutations in DKC1, TERT, RTEL1, TINF2, ACD, and PARN. [7] [8]
Current treatment is supportive:[ citation needed]