This article appears to contradict another article. Please discuss at the
talk page and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.(March 2022)
This article appears to contradict the article
Turkic peoples. Please discuss at the
talk page and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.(March 2022)
Turkic history is the systematic documentation and study of events involving the
Turkic peoples.
Origins
Turks were an important political identity of
Eurasia. They first appeared at
Inner Eurasiansteppes and migrated to many various regions (such as Central Asia,
West Asia,
Siberia, and Eastern Europe.) and participated in many local civilizations there. It is not yet known when, where, and how the Turks formed as a population identity. However, it is predicted that
Proto-Turkic populations have inhabited regions that they could have the lifestyle of
Eurasianequestrianpastoralnomadic culture.[1]
Although there are debates about its inception, the history of the Turks is an important part of
world history. The history of all people that emerged in
Eurasia and North Africa has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree. Turks also played an important role in bringing
Eastern cultures to the West and
Western cultures to the
East. Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted after
Tengrism, and they helped their spread and development (
Manichaeism, Judaism,
Buddhism,
Orthodox,
Nestorian Christianity and
Islam).
The beginning of Turkic history
3rd century BC
240 BC: Great Wall of China started to be built to protect the nation against
Inner Asian nomads.
750: The strengthening of
Arab-
Turkish relations after the
Abbasids came to the head of the Arab Empire
751: The entry of the Chinese into Central Asia, the defeat of the Chinese by the Arabs with the help of the
Karluks in the
Battle of Talas, the conversion of the
Karluks to
Islam
924: The destruction of the
Kyrgyz State by the
Mongol Khtai, the end of the Turkic rule in
Ötüken, the migration of the
Kyrgyz to their present homeland.
979: The
Shatuo Turks came under the domination of the Han Chinese Northern
Song dynasty, the Shatuo flee to Inner Mongolia where they come the
Ongud Turks.[17][18] The Ongud assimilated to the Mongols.[19][20][21][22]
1001–1027: The expeditions of
Mahmud of Ghazni, the ruler of the
Ghaznavids, in Indian subcontinent resulted in the spread of Turkic sovereignty and
Islam to the north of India
1190: The invasion of
Konya by the German arm of the Crusaders in the
Third Crusade, the disintegration of the German army after the drowning of the German Emperor
Frederick Barbarossa in
Silifke
Iran and Central Asia
1092–1118: Internal turmoil and emergence of semi-independent atabeyliks within the
Great Seljuk State
1132: The Mongolian
Karahitays started to move towards Turkic lands by eliminating the
Qocho.
1134:
Karahitays overthrow the Eastern Karakhanids
1137:
Karahitays overthrow the Western Karakhanids and demolish their dominance in Central Asia
1370: The
Salars are desended from Turkmen who migrated from Central Asia and settled in a Tibetan area of Qinghai under Ming Chinese rule. The Salar ethnicity formed and underwent ethnogenesis from a process of male Turkmen migrants from Central Asia marrying
AmdoTibetan women during the early Ming dynasty.[25][26][27][28]
1993: In 1993, the Turkish Culture and Arts Joint Administration was established in
Almaty, which provides cooperation in the fields of culture and arts of Turkic Speaking Countries.
1993: The first Turkic Congress, which was a cultural, economic and political forum and was attended by all Turkic states and communities and related communities.
^Shiwei were stated in most Chinese sources (e.g.
Weishu 100,
Suishu 84,
Jiu Tangshu 199) to be relatives to para-Mongolic-speaking
Khitans; the sub-tribe Mengwu Shiwei 蒙兀室韋 were identitied as ancestors and namesakes of the
Mongols[11]
^Curta states "The Cumans defeated Sviatopolk II, grand prince of Kiev in 1093 and took Torchesk."[23]
Turkish books
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Türk Millî Kültürü, Ankara, 1983.
Zeki. Velidi Togan, Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1970.
Faruk Sümer, Oğuzlar, İstanbul, 1980.
Bahaeddin Ögel, İslamiyetten Önce Türk Kültür Tarihi, Ankara, 1962.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1978.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1981.
Çeçen Anıl, Tarihte Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1986.
O. Esad Arseven, Türk Sanat Tarihi, İstanbul, 1955.
Muharrem Ergin, Orhun Abideleri, İstanbul, 1977.
Erol Güngör, Tarihte Türkler, İstanbul, 1989.
Abdülkadir İnan, Eski Türk Dini Tarihi, İstanbul, 1976.
A. Nimet Kurat, Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, Ankara, 1972.
Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Eski Türk Yazıtları, İstanbul, 1986.
Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Türk Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
Osman Turan, Türk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefrukesi Tarihi, İstanbul, 1978.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Mitolojisi, Ankara, 1971.
Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, Hindistan Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Selçuklu Tarihi, İstanbul, 1972.
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Harzemşahlar Devleti Tarihi, Ankara, 1956.
M. Altay Köymen, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1954.
Çağatay Uluçay, İlk Müslüman Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1977.
Faruk Sümer, Karakoyunlular, Ankara, 1984.
A.N. Kurat, Peçenek Tarihi, İstanbul, 1937.
B. Yenilmez, Yenilmez, Rize, 2002.
English and foreign books
R. Grousset, L'Empire des steppes, Paris, 1960 (Türkçe çevirisi: Reşat Uzmen-Bozkır İmparatorluğu, 1996.)
DE. Guignes, Histoire generale des Huns des Turcs et des Mongols, Paris, 1756.
Jean-Paul Roux, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
Jean-Paul Roux, Timur, 1994.
Fayard Paris, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
D.Sinor, Aspects of Altaic Civilization, 1963.
M. Barthold, Turkestan down to the Mongol Invansıon, Londra, 1968.
E. Berl, Historie de l'Europe d'Attila a Tamerlan, Paris, 1946.
M.A. Czaplıcka, The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day, Oxford, 1918.
W. Eberhard, Kultur und Siedlung der Randvölker China, 1942.
L. Hambis, La Haute-Asie, Paris, 1953.
Hammer-Purgstall, Von, Historie de l'Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu!a nos jours, Paris, 1835.
H.H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, Londra, 1876.
Jean-Paul Roux, Türklerin Tarihi – Pasifikten Akdenize 2000 Yıl, 2004
^West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 829.
ISBN978-1-4381-1913-7. The first people to use the ethnonym Turk to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth-century
^Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478
^Sima QianRecords of the Grand HistorianVol. 110 "後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。…… 是時漢初定中國,……。" translation: "Later in the North [Modun] subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli. [...] It was when the
Han had just stabilized the Central Region, [...]. [i.e. 202 BCE]"
^Pulleyblank, E. G. "The Name of the Kirghiz." Central Asiatic Journal 34, no. 1/2 (1990). p. 99
^Pulleyblank, "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China", p. VII 21–26.
^Xin Tangshuvol. 219 "Shiwei" txt: "室韋, 契丹别種, 東胡之北邊, 蓋丁零苗裔也" translation by Xu (2005:176) "The Shiwei, who were a collateral branch of the Khitan inhabited the northern boundary of the Donghu, were probably the descendants of the Dingling ... Their language was the same as that of the Mohe."
^Xu Elina-Qian,
Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 176. quote: "The Mohe were descendants of the Sushen and ancestors of the Jurchen, and identified as Tungus speakers."
^Werner, Heinrich Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2004
abstract.
p. 25
^Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica) Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
^Ozkan Izgi, "The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization" The Turks, Ankara, 2002, p. 98,
ISBN975-6782-56-0
^Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica) Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
^Sandman, Erika.
A Grammar of Wutun(PDF) (PhD Thesis. Department of World Cultures thesis). University of Helsinki. p. 15.
^Han, Deyan (1999). Mostaert, Antoine (ed.).
"The Salar Khazui System". Central Asiatic Journal. 43–44. Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart, translators (2 ed.). O. Harrassowitz: 212.
Christian, David (1998). A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire. Blackwell.
Curta, Florin (2019). "Oghuz, Pechenegs, and Cumans: Nomads of Medieval Eastern Europe?". Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300). Vol. 1. Brill. pp. 152–178.
Di Cosmo, Nicola (2004). Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. (First paperback edition)
Geng, Shimin [耿世民] (2005).
阿尔泰共同语、匈奴语探讨 [On Altaic Common Language and Xiongnu Language]. Yu Yan Yu Fan Yi 语言与翻译(汉文版) [Language and Translation] (2).
ISSN1001-0823.
OCLC123501525. Archived from
the original on 25 February 2012.
Guimon, Timofey V. (2021). Historical Writing of Early Rus (c. 1000–c. 1400) in a Comparative Perspective. Brill.
Hucker, Charles O. (1975). China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Stanford University Press.
ISBN0-8047-2353-2. The proto-Turkic Hsiung-nu were now challenged by other alien groups — proto-Tibetans, proto-Mongol tribes called the Hsien-pi, and separate proto-Turks called To-pa (Toba).
Jankowski, Henryk[in Polish] (2006). Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Russian Habitation Names of the Crimea. Handbuch der Orientalistik [HdO], 8: Central Asia; 15.
Brill.
ISBN978-90-04-15433-9.
This article appears to contradict another article. Please discuss at the
talk page and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.(March 2022)
This article appears to contradict the article
Turkic peoples. Please discuss at the
talk page and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.(March 2022)
Turkic history is the systematic documentation and study of events involving the
Turkic peoples.
Origins
Turks were an important political identity of
Eurasia. They first appeared at
Inner Eurasiansteppes and migrated to many various regions (such as Central Asia,
West Asia,
Siberia, and Eastern Europe.) and participated in many local civilizations there. It is not yet known when, where, and how the Turks formed as a population identity. However, it is predicted that
Proto-Turkic populations have inhabited regions that they could have the lifestyle of
Eurasianequestrianpastoralnomadic culture.[1]
Although there are debates about its inception, the history of the Turks is an important part of
world history. The history of all people that emerged in
Eurasia and North Africa has been affected by the movements of the Turks to some degree. Turks also played an important role in bringing
Eastern cultures to the West and
Western cultures to the
East. Their own religion became the pioneer and defender of the foreign religions they adopted after
Tengrism, and they helped their spread and development (
Manichaeism, Judaism,
Buddhism,
Orthodox,
Nestorian Christianity and
Islam).
The beginning of Turkic history
3rd century BC
240 BC: Great Wall of China started to be built to protect the nation against
Inner Asian nomads.
750: The strengthening of
Arab-
Turkish relations after the
Abbasids came to the head of the Arab Empire
751: The entry of the Chinese into Central Asia, the defeat of the Chinese by the Arabs with the help of the
Karluks in the
Battle of Talas, the conversion of the
Karluks to
Islam
924: The destruction of the
Kyrgyz State by the
Mongol Khtai, the end of the Turkic rule in
Ötüken, the migration of the
Kyrgyz to their present homeland.
979: The
Shatuo Turks came under the domination of the Han Chinese Northern
Song dynasty, the Shatuo flee to Inner Mongolia where they come the
Ongud Turks.[17][18] The Ongud assimilated to the Mongols.[19][20][21][22]
1001–1027: The expeditions of
Mahmud of Ghazni, the ruler of the
Ghaznavids, in Indian subcontinent resulted in the spread of Turkic sovereignty and
Islam to the north of India
1190: The invasion of
Konya by the German arm of the Crusaders in the
Third Crusade, the disintegration of the German army after the drowning of the German Emperor
Frederick Barbarossa in
Silifke
Iran and Central Asia
1092–1118: Internal turmoil and emergence of semi-independent atabeyliks within the
Great Seljuk State
1132: The Mongolian
Karahitays started to move towards Turkic lands by eliminating the
Qocho.
1134:
Karahitays overthrow the Eastern Karakhanids
1137:
Karahitays overthrow the Western Karakhanids and demolish their dominance in Central Asia
1370: The
Salars are desended from Turkmen who migrated from Central Asia and settled in a Tibetan area of Qinghai under Ming Chinese rule. The Salar ethnicity formed and underwent ethnogenesis from a process of male Turkmen migrants from Central Asia marrying
AmdoTibetan women during the early Ming dynasty.[25][26][27][28]
1993: In 1993, the Turkish Culture and Arts Joint Administration was established in
Almaty, which provides cooperation in the fields of culture and arts of Turkic Speaking Countries.
1993: The first Turkic Congress, which was a cultural, economic and political forum and was attended by all Turkic states and communities and related communities.
^Shiwei were stated in most Chinese sources (e.g.
Weishu 100,
Suishu 84,
Jiu Tangshu 199) to be relatives to para-Mongolic-speaking
Khitans; the sub-tribe Mengwu Shiwei 蒙兀室韋 were identitied as ancestors and namesakes of the
Mongols[11]
^Curta states "The Cumans defeated Sviatopolk II, grand prince of Kiev in 1093 and took Torchesk."[23]
Turkish books
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Türk Millî Kültürü, Ankara, 1983.
Zeki. Velidi Togan, Umumi Türk Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1970.
Faruk Sümer, Oğuzlar, İstanbul, 1980.
Bahaeddin Ögel, İslamiyetten Önce Türk Kültür Tarihi, Ankara, 1962.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Kültür Tarihine Giriş, İstanbul, 1978.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Büyük Hun İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1981.
Çeçen Anıl, Tarihte Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1986.
O. Esad Arseven, Türk Sanat Tarihi, İstanbul, 1955.
Muharrem Ergin, Orhun Abideleri, İstanbul, 1977.
Erol Güngör, Tarihte Türkler, İstanbul, 1989.
Abdülkadir İnan, Eski Türk Dini Tarihi, İstanbul, 1976.
A. Nimet Kurat, Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki Türk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, Ankara, 1972.
Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Eski Türk Yazıtları, İstanbul, 1986.
Hüseyin Namık Orkun, Türk Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
Osman Turan, Türk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefrukesi Tarihi, İstanbul, 1978.
Bahaeddin Ögel, Türk Mitolojisi, Ankara, 1971.
Yusuf Hikmet Bayur, Hindistan Tarihi, Ankara, 1946.
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Selçuklu Tarihi, İstanbul, 1972.
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Harzemşahlar Devleti Tarihi, Ankara, 1956.
M. Altay Köymen, Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Tarihi, Ankara, 1954.
Çağatay Uluçay, İlk Müslüman Türk Devletleri, İstanbul, 1977.
Faruk Sümer, Karakoyunlular, Ankara, 1984.
A.N. Kurat, Peçenek Tarihi, İstanbul, 1937.
B. Yenilmez, Yenilmez, Rize, 2002.
English and foreign books
R. Grousset, L'Empire des steppes, Paris, 1960 (Türkçe çevirisi: Reşat Uzmen-Bozkır İmparatorluğu, 1996.)
DE. Guignes, Histoire generale des Huns des Turcs et des Mongols, Paris, 1756.
Jean-Paul Roux, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
Jean-Paul Roux, Timur, 1994.
Fayard Paris, Historie des Turcs, 1984.
D.Sinor, Aspects of Altaic Civilization, 1963.
M. Barthold, Turkestan down to the Mongol Invansıon, Londra, 1968.
E. Berl, Historie de l'Europe d'Attila a Tamerlan, Paris, 1946.
M.A. Czaplıcka, The Turks of Central Asia in History and at the Present Day, Oxford, 1918.
W. Eberhard, Kultur und Siedlung der Randvölker China, 1942.
L. Hambis, La Haute-Asie, Paris, 1953.
Hammer-Purgstall, Von, Historie de l'Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu!a nos jours, Paris, 1835.
H.H. Howorth, History of the Mongols, Londra, 1876.
Jean-Paul Roux, Türklerin Tarihi – Pasifikten Akdenize 2000 Yıl, 2004
^West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 829.
ISBN978-1-4381-1913-7. The first people to use the ethnonym Turk to refer to themselves were the Turuk people of the Gokturk Khanate in the mid sixth-century
^Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann, (1996), History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D., p. 478
^Sima QianRecords of the Grand HistorianVol. 110 "後北服渾庾、屈射、丁零、鬲昆、薪犁之國。…… 是時漢初定中國,……。" translation: "Later in the North [Modun] subdued the Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Gekun, and Xinli. [...] It was when the
Han had just stabilized the Central Region, [...]. [i.e. 202 BCE]"
^Pulleyblank, E. G. "The Name of the Kirghiz." Central Asiatic Journal 34, no. 1/2 (1990). p. 99
^Pulleyblank, "Central Asia and Non-Chinese Peoples of Ancient China", p. VII 21–26.
^Xin Tangshuvol. 219 "Shiwei" txt: "室韋, 契丹别種, 東胡之北邊, 蓋丁零苗裔也" translation by Xu (2005:176) "The Shiwei, who were a collateral branch of the Khitan inhabited the northern boundary of the Donghu, were probably the descendants of the Dingling ... Their language was the same as that of the Mohe."
^Xu Elina-Qian,
Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, University of Helsinki, 2005. p. 176. quote: "The Mohe were descendants of the Sushen and ancestors of the Jurchen, and identified as Tungus speakers."
^Werner, Heinrich Zur jenissejisch-indianischen Urverwandtschaft. Harrassowitz Verlag. 2004
abstract.
p. 25
^Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica) Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
^Ozkan Izgi, "The ancient cultures of Central Asia and the relations with the Chinese civilization" The Turks, Ankara, 2002, p. 98,
ISBN975-6782-56-0
^Paulillo, Mauricio. "White Tatars: The Problem of the Öngũt conversion to Jingjiao and the Uighur Connection" in From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia (orientalia - patristica - oecumenica) Ed. Tang, Winkler. (2013) pp. 237-252
^Sandman, Erika.
A Grammar of Wutun(PDF) (PhD Thesis. Department of World Cultures thesis). University of Helsinki. p. 15.
^Han, Deyan (1999). Mostaert, Antoine (ed.).
"The Salar Khazui System". Central Asiatic Journal. 43–44. Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart, translators (2 ed.). O. Harrassowitz: 212.
Christian, David (1998). A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire. Blackwell.
Curta, Florin (2019). "Oghuz, Pechenegs, and Cumans: Nomads of Medieval Eastern Europe?". Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages (500–1300). Vol. 1. Brill. pp. 152–178.
Di Cosmo, Nicola (2004). Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge University Press. (First paperback edition)
Geng, Shimin [耿世民] (2005).
阿尔泰共同语、匈奴语探讨 [On Altaic Common Language and Xiongnu Language]. Yu Yan Yu Fan Yi 语言与翻译(汉文版) [Language and Translation] (2).
ISSN1001-0823.
OCLC123501525. Archived from
the original on 25 February 2012.
Guimon, Timofey V. (2021). Historical Writing of Early Rus (c. 1000–c. 1400) in a Comparative Perspective. Brill.
Hucker, Charles O. (1975). China's Imperial Past: An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture. Stanford University Press.
ISBN0-8047-2353-2. The proto-Turkic Hsiung-nu were now challenged by other alien groups — proto-Tibetans, proto-Mongol tribes called the Hsien-pi, and separate proto-Turks called To-pa (Toba).
Jankowski, Henryk[in Polish] (2006). Historical-Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Russian Habitation Names of the Crimea. Handbuch der Orientalistik [HdO], 8: Central Asia; 15.
Brill.
ISBN978-90-04-15433-9.