This help page needs to be updated. The reason given is: this manual may contain out of date information, examples or images. Please help update this help page to reflect recent events or newly available information. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (February 2020) |
One of the most striking features of Wikipedia articles is that most articles include at least one image. Editors have added those images, one by one, and now an article without at least one illustration seems incomplete.
This chapter shows you how to upload an image for use in a Wikipedia article. Until you get an image off your computer and onto a server that Wikipedia uses, you can't use that image in an article. This chapter also shows you how to place an image in an article, after you or someone else has uploaded it.
When it comes to images, less is usually more. A glut of images in an article may make it worse, not better. Don't overwhelm a medium-sized or small article by adding lots of images to it. Focus on uploading images that can support and illustrate the text of an article, not replace that text.
If you do have a bunch of images that you could use for an article, but that you don't intend to use unless the article becomes much larger, you can still upload them. Instead of uploading them to the English Wikipedia (where every uploaded image needs to have a home in an article), you'll upload such images to the Wikimedia Commons, the place where all the 250-plus different language Wikipedias can use it. In fact, this chapter recommends uploading all your images to Commons, whether you immediately put them into articles or not.
Wikimedia Commons holds uploaded media files like photos, diagrams, animations, music, spoken text, video clips and PDFs. You can think of it as a stock media site for Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects.
Before getting to the tutorial on uploading, you need to go through a short checklist. While this list talks about photos, a similar policy applies to other types of images.
Once the answer to all four questions is "yes," you're ready to upload your image, following the steps in the section about uploading an image to Commons.
Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Commons aren't file-sharing storage sites. If you upload a photo, it must be of the quality and type that would be suitable in an encyclopedia. That means no tiny photos, no blurry photos, and no sets of 47 poses by your dog.
The recommended format for photos is JPEG. Other acceptable formats are SVG, PNG, JPEG, XCF (GIMP), SXD ( OpenOffice.org 1.x), and (since March 2009) TIFF files.
Most images on Wikipedia are JPEGs, which is the default setting on most digital cameras.
Images at Wikimedia Commons are available to all Wikipedias, not just the English one. Images at Commons don't have to actually be used in an article. They are there because they could be used in an article. You can take useful photos, upload them, and come back later to use them. Or not—they're still available to every other editor at the different language Wikipedias.
To upload images to Commons, you need to log in. Commons uses the same accounts as Wikipedia. Hence, if you are already logged in to Wikipedia, to get started on Commons just go to https://commons.wikimedia.org/. You are logged in as soon as the page loads.
As with the English Wikipedia, you have the option of creating user pages. If you have an account only for the purpose of uploading images, you probably won't want to bother. But if you do want to, the process is exactly the same as at Wikipedia; Commons runs on the same MediaWiki software.
The standard setting in your user preferences at Commons is "E-mail me when my user talk page is changed" (Figure 15-1). Keep it turned on. That way, you don't have to log in periodically to check for notifications—for example, that there was a problem with an image you uploaded. Instead, you can just assume that no news in your email inbox is good news. If you use your watchlist on Commons, you might also want to turn on the "E-mail me when a page on my watchlist is changed" option.
Always upload the highest resolution version of your image, keeping within Commons' 100MB limit. A high-resolution image makes it easier for other editors to crop a photo, if needed. (Or, if you have the tools and time, you can do so before uploading.) Plus, as computer screens continue to increase in size, viewing larger images is becoming more common. Don't worry about the space your photo will take up in the article—that's controlled by displaying a smaller, thumbnail version and letting readers choose their preferred image sizes.
Images should be free from distortion, watermarks, credits, and anything else that would hamper their free use. If you create an image that contains text that you added, you should also upload a version without any text, so projects in other languages can use the image.
For a number of specific suggestions about image quality, see the page Wikipedia:How to improve image quality (shortcut: WP:HIIQ). You'll also find JPEG tips in a section of the guideline Wikipedia:Preparing images for upload (shortcut: WP:PIFU).
Once you've gone through the checklist in the section about pre-upload checks to determine whether you can use an image in Wikipedia, and you've got your Commons user account, you're ready to upload an image.
These steps assume that you're uploading for the first time, and that it's a photo you took yourself. After you have more experience, you can skip to the upload form (see the bottom of Figure 15-2). Here's the step-by-step process.
1. Once you've logged into your Commons account, click the "Upload file" link on the left side of the screen.
2. Click the link on the line, "It is entirely my own work".
3. Select "Own work, all rights released (Public domain)."
4. Click the "Choose" button to the right of the "Source filename" field.
5. Double-click the file name.
6. Change the "Destination filename" from whatever was put automatically into the field (see Figure 15-6) to something that describes the image.
7. The name you type becomes the name of the image page after you've finished uploading your photo. Make sure it ends with the correct suffix, such as ".jpg," to match the actual file type. (See the box about image types for what file types are acceptable, if you're not uploading a JPEG file.)
Short or cryptic names for images make them a lot harder to find and use. If you use a short name, or the default filename from your camera (like DSC123456.jpg), it's much more likely that someone else will later upload an image with exactly the same name, and that will overwrite what you uploaded. Or, if you're uploading to Commons with the intent to add an image to the English Wikipedia, you'll discover that an image file with the name you picked already exists on Wikipedia, so you can't use the one at Commons.
The best image name is a fairly long description. A bonus of using such a name is that you can copy and paste it into the Description field for the image, saving yourself some typing. (The maximum file name length is around 250 characters, but you won't need a name that long.)
Finally, the image name you use has to have a three-letter extension, such as .jpg or .svg. The extension must match the actual file type, or the photo won't display correctly. That makes image pages different from regular pages (articles, talk pages, portals, categories, and so on), which don't have a suffix. If you forget the extension, you're going to have to upload the photo again. Lowercase extensions, such as .jpg, are preferred over uppercase, like .JPG, though both work. Note that Commons (and other MediaWiki websites) considers them two totally different files.
8. Next is the large Summary field, which has already been partially filled out to indicate what is needed. You just add information to two parts. The information you enter here will appear on the image page.
If you chose a license that requires re-users of the image to give attribution to its creator, then the Author field is important: it tells people who they should credit for the image. For your own work, Author is already filled in with your user name, so you don't need to change it. If someone else has given you permission to upload their work, you'll need to put their name here instead.
9. Below the licensing information (scroll down as needed) you'll see the "Upload file" button. Click that.
At this point, you're done uploading. But it's very helpful to add some categories to the photo, so others can find it more easily. To do so, see the next section.
The process of uploading someone else's work (with their permission, of course) is similar to uploading your own work. There is one important extra step, though: After uploading, you must e-mail a statement to Wikimedia Commons from the image's author, where the author states the license they want to use. Though you selected the license during the upload, for legal reasons Wikimedia need a message from the image's creator to confirm the license.
For information on this process, see the page Commons:OTRS on Wikimedia Commons.
At Commons, you can add categories to an image page to help other editors find the page (for example, for a different language Wikipedia). These steps continue with the same image from the previous tutorial:
1. Click the "find categories" tab at the top of the image page.
2. With keywords entered, click the Find Categories button.
3. Back at the image page (Figure 15-8), click the "edit" tab, scroll down to the bottom of the page, and copy or type the category or categories you've decided fit the photo.
4. Once you've entered the category you want, add an edit summary, like Adding categories.
5. Click the "Show preview" button.
6. When all looks well, click the "Publish changes" button to make your change take effect.
Only Commons administrators can change the name of an image page. If you get it wrong—for example, you forgot the extension (like ".jpg"), or you used a non-descriptive name that already existed on Wikipedia (blocking you from using the image you uploaded to Commons)—then you need to request that the file be renamed.
Images on Commons can be freely reused by anyone, including websites not owned by Wikimedia. Hence, renaming an image that has been around for a while can break links on other websites, as well as on Wikipedia and its sister projects. Because of this, images can only be renamed for one of the few reasons listed in the Commons:File renaming guideline (shortcut: COM:FR). Renames requested by the person who uploaded the file are allowed by this guideline, but read through the other reasons in the guideline if you want an image uploaded by someone else to be renamed.
Once you've checked that your rename is for an allowed reason, you can turn to the next step: nominating the image to be renamed. Here's the process:
{{
rename|newname.ext|reason}}
, where newname.ext is the new name you want for the image, and reason explains why you want it renamed.Once you complete these steps, you're done. Check back in a day or so, to see if the image has been renamed. If not, check the talk page and the page history to see if the editor who declined the request gave a reason. They might also have put an explanation on your own talk page.
If you want to replace an image (you just found another photo of the same thing that's much better than the one you uploaded, for example), simply upload it with the same name as the original image. The system asks if you're sure you want to overwrite the old image; confirm that you do.
There's no automatic way to move an image from Wikipedia to Commons. The standard way is to download the image to your computer (often right-clicking the image gives you this option), and then upload it to Commons. This procedure gives you a chance to give the image a better (longer, more descriptive) name. If you do change the name, remember to change all links to that image in Wikipedia articles to point to the new image at Commons, not to the old image.
If you want an image for an article and aren't in a position to take a photo to create that image, you have a number of options:
For even more information, see the page Wikipedia:Finding images tutorial (shortcut: WP:FIT).
Once you've uploaded an image to Commons, adding it to a Wikipedia article is very simple. You just go to the article, click "edit this page," decide where you want the image to be, and type a link to the image page. It'll look something like this: [[File:Nameofimage.ext|some other optional stuff]]. (More on the "other optional stuff" in a moment.) Add an edit summary, do a quick preview, and save the page.
The software assumes that the image name you add to an article refers to one at the English Wikipedia, if one exists there. If the English Wikipedia doesn't have an image with that name, the software looks at Commons. That's another good reason to name an image at Commons in such detail that it's unlikely you'll accidentally choose one that already exists at the English Wikipedia. (No, the software won't warn you.)
Image licenses often require that the author of the image is attributed whenever the image is used. Though this is an important consideration for people that re-use the images outside of Wikipedia, you don't need to worry about this in articles. The software that runs Wikipedia automatically links an image to its image page, allowing any reader to click the image to see its author and license. This satisfies the attribution requirements of image licenses allowed on Wikipedia.
When there is more than one image in an article, spread the images evenly within that article. Each image should be relevant to the section it is in, and normally there should be only one image per section.
For accessibility and other reasons, you should put an image inside the section it belongs to, after any "Main" or "See also" template at the top of the section. The more general rule is to put an image immediately above the paragraph of text to which it most closely belongs. It's certainly okay to have text following the image, within the section where it's placed.
Multiple images within a single section, while not forbidden, can cause problems, particularly if the section is short. In particular, don't place an image on the left side of a section and a second image directly opposite, on the right side. For some readers, this squeezes text into a tiny column between the two images. On some computer screens the images may even overlap. (Even if you know how to use special parameters in the image links to force blank space between the images to avoid squeezing the text, don't do it. The blank text looks terrible on larger computer screens.)
Some editors prefer to put all images on the right side of an article, aligned with any info boxes. Other editors prefer them to be evenly alternated between left and right (for example, one image on the left in one section, and the next image, in a following section, on the right). Either approach is acceptable, but don't get into ownership issues over the arrangement of images—aesthetic judgments are inherently subjective, and not worth fighting about.
You control the alignment of images by typing instructions into the wikitext for the link. The next section tells all.
Once you decide in what section you want an image to appear, and where within that section, you simply place a link to the image within the wikitext. At its simplest, this would be [[File:Nameofimage.ext]]. But you almost never find such a simple image link in an article, because it plops the image, at full size, wherever the image link appears in the wikitext, even if that's in the middle of the screen. Nor, with this simple link, will text flow around the image. So don't create image links like this one, and if you see one, fix it.
The way that you control how an image appears is to specify various options. Here's a common specification: [[File:Nameofimage.ext | thumb | 200px | right | caption text]]. Here's what the details of the options mean:
For more image syntax, see the pages Help:Images and other uploaded files (shortcut: H:IOUF) and Wikipedia:Picture tutorial (shortcut: WP:PIC).
In some articles, a lot of images are useful—for example, the article Great Wall of China. But you don't want to put images into sections where they don't really belong just because that's the only place you can think of. Instead, you can put a gallery at the end of an article, with lots of images for the reader to see. That way, the images don't get in the way of the content of the article, but they're available to the reader.
The wikicode for creating a standard gallery is very simple; here's an example with three images (and made-up image filenames):
<gallery> File:Firstphoto.jpg File:Secondphoto.jpg | Caption for second image File:Thirdphoto.jpg </gallery>
You can have captions on all images, of course, and aren't limited to JPEG images. The page Wikipedia:Gallery tag (shortcut: WP:GALLERY) has full details.
Sometimes you want to mention an image on an article talk page, or at a discussion page such as the Village Pump. If you type [[File:imagename.jpg]], you insert the image itself onto that talk page, not a link to the image page, as you wanted. Displayed images don't belong on talk pages. To create a link to the image page instead, type a colon just after the first two square brackets, so the link looks like this: [[:File:imagename.jpg]]. Then those interested in actually seeing the image can click the link.
If you find an image that you think has copyright problems, you should:
In March 2007, the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation passed a policy (see https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy) banning future uploads of any media unless the media is licensed as free content. Free content is any work that doesn't require permission or payment for any use, including commercial. At most, free content requires attribution: crediting the person who created the image. Free content also has no restrictions on redistribution of the image by others.
The Foundation's resolution allows exceptions only as provided by a project-specific exemption policy. That policy for the English Wikipedia is Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria (shortcut: WP:NFCC). It sets out a list of 10 criteria for copyrighted images and other media files that lack a free content license (see Figure 15-12). You may use such media only where all ten of the criteria are met. Otherwise, as explained in the section about pre-upload checks, the images you upload must be your own work, or in the public domain, or licensed as free content by their owner.
The Foundation's policy is especially strict about images of living people: An exemption policy must not allow non-free material when freely licensed pictures are readily available, as is almost always the case for celebrities, politicians, and other notable people.
Wikipedia takes copyright issues seriously. Almost every day, at least 1500 images are deleted (see Figure 15-13). Some are deleted because they're orphans—Wikipedia isn't a file-sharing service. Some are deleted because the image was uploaded to Commons and now isn't needed at Wikipedia. Many, if not the majority, have copyright issues.
The graph shows that beginning in the second half of 2007 there has been essentially no net addition of images to Wikipedia. In other words, as many photos are being removed as added. That's certainly due to Commons: Either images are being uploaded directly there, or images that were at Wikipedia are being uploaded to Commons and then deleted at Wikipedia.
Implementation of the Wikipedia policy on non-free content criteria is discussed in the guideline Wikipedia:Non-free content (shortcut: WP:NFC). If you're thinking about uploading a "fair use" image (one you didn't create, isn't in the public domain, and hasn't been released as free content by the owner), read this guideline first.
If after reading the guidelines you have decided to upload the image, go to Wikipedia:Upload (shortcut: WP:UL) and follow the directions there. Before you upload, make sure that one or more articles will use your image. One way to ensure this is to start editing a page, add the image under the filename you will upload the image under, then save as soon as the image is uploaded. If the image is removed from all articles, you will shortly receive a notice from a bot warning you about an "orphan non-free image." In that case, re-add the image to the article and then discuss the image on the article's talk page.
As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, an image doesn't have to be a photo. It could be a map, an illustration, a graphic, or even an animated gif. The SVG format is preferred for drawings and line-art illustration. The PNG format is preferred for non-vector graphic iconic images, including screenshots. The GIF format is used for animations, but not for static images.
If you're interested in using these file types, here are some places at Wikipedia that you can get more information:
Maps:
Graphics and illustrations:
You can also upload other types of media besides images: audio and video files. Because of licensing issues, the file formats acceptable for uploads are very limited:
.mid
). Ogg Vorbis for general application or FLAC for lossless audio encoding are preferred.If audio or video files interest you, here are some places at Wikipedia where you can get further information:
This help page needs to be updated. The reason given is: this manual may contain out of date information, examples or images. Please help update this help page to reflect recent events or newly available information. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. (February 2020) |
One of the most striking features of Wikipedia articles is that most articles include at least one image. Editors have added those images, one by one, and now an article without at least one illustration seems incomplete.
This chapter shows you how to upload an image for use in a Wikipedia article. Until you get an image off your computer and onto a server that Wikipedia uses, you can't use that image in an article. This chapter also shows you how to place an image in an article, after you or someone else has uploaded it.
When it comes to images, less is usually more. A glut of images in an article may make it worse, not better. Don't overwhelm a medium-sized or small article by adding lots of images to it. Focus on uploading images that can support and illustrate the text of an article, not replace that text.
If you do have a bunch of images that you could use for an article, but that you don't intend to use unless the article becomes much larger, you can still upload them. Instead of uploading them to the English Wikipedia (where every uploaded image needs to have a home in an article), you'll upload such images to the Wikimedia Commons, the place where all the 250-plus different language Wikipedias can use it. In fact, this chapter recommends uploading all your images to Commons, whether you immediately put them into articles or not.
Wikimedia Commons holds uploaded media files like photos, diagrams, animations, music, spoken text, video clips and PDFs. You can think of it as a stock media site for Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Foundation projects.
Before getting to the tutorial on uploading, you need to go through a short checklist. While this list talks about photos, a similar policy applies to other types of images.
Once the answer to all four questions is "yes," you're ready to upload your image, following the steps in the section about uploading an image to Commons.
Wikipedia and the Wikimedia Commons aren't file-sharing storage sites. If you upload a photo, it must be of the quality and type that would be suitable in an encyclopedia. That means no tiny photos, no blurry photos, and no sets of 47 poses by your dog.
The recommended format for photos is JPEG. Other acceptable formats are SVG, PNG, JPEG, XCF (GIMP), SXD ( OpenOffice.org 1.x), and (since March 2009) TIFF files.
Most images on Wikipedia are JPEGs, which is the default setting on most digital cameras.
Images at Wikimedia Commons are available to all Wikipedias, not just the English one. Images at Commons don't have to actually be used in an article. They are there because they could be used in an article. You can take useful photos, upload them, and come back later to use them. Or not—they're still available to every other editor at the different language Wikipedias.
To upload images to Commons, you need to log in. Commons uses the same accounts as Wikipedia. Hence, if you are already logged in to Wikipedia, to get started on Commons just go to https://commons.wikimedia.org/. You are logged in as soon as the page loads.
As with the English Wikipedia, you have the option of creating user pages. If you have an account only for the purpose of uploading images, you probably won't want to bother. But if you do want to, the process is exactly the same as at Wikipedia; Commons runs on the same MediaWiki software.
The standard setting in your user preferences at Commons is "E-mail me when my user talk page is changed" (Figure 15-1). Keep it turned on. That way, you don't have to log in periodically to check for notifications—for example, that there was a problem with an image you uploaded. Instead, you can just assume that no news in your email inbox is good news. If you use your watchlist on Commons, you might also want to turn on the "E-mail me when a page on my watchlist is changed" option.
Always upload the highest resolution version of your image, keeping within Commons' 100MB limit. A high-resolution image makes it easier for other editors to crop a photo, if needed. (Or, if you have the tools and time, you can do so before uploading.) Plus, as computer screens continue to increase in size, viewing larger images is becoming more common. Don't worry about the space your photo will take up in the article—that's controlled by displaying a smaller, thumbnail version and letting readers choose their preferred image sizes.
Images should be free from distortion, watermarks, credits, and anything else that would hamper their free use. If you create an image that contains text that you added, you should also upload a version without any text, so projects in other languages can use the image.
For a number of specific suggestions about image quality, see the page Wikipedia:How to improve image quality (shortcut: WP:HIIQ). You'll also find JPEG tips in a section of the guideline Wikipedia:Preparing images for upload (shortcut: WP:PIFU).
Once you've gone through the checklist in the section about pre-upload checks to determine whether you can use an image in Wikipedia, and you've got your Commons user account, you're ready to upload an image.
These steps assume that you're uploading for the first time, and that it's a photo you took yourself. After you have more experience, you can skip to the upload form (see the bottom of Figure 15-2). Here's the step-by-step process.
1. Once you've logged into your Commons account, click the "Upload file" link on the left side of the screen.
2. Click the link on the line, "It is entirely my own work".
3. Select "Own work, all rights released (Public domain)."
4. Click the "Choose" button to the right of the "Source filename" field.
5. Double-click the file name.
6. Change the "Destination filename" from whatever was put automatically into the field (see Figure 15-6) to something that describes the image.
7. The name you type becomes the name of the image page after you've finished uploading your photo. Make sure it ends with the correct suffix, such as ".jpg," to match the actual file type. (See the box about image types for what file types are acceptable, if you're not uploading a JPEG file.)
Short or cryptic names for images make them a lot harder to find and use. If you use a short name, or the default filename from your camera (like DSC123456.jpg), it's much more likely that someone else will later upload an image with exactly the same name, and that will overwrite what you uploaded. Or, if you're uploading to Commons with the intent to add an image to the English Wikipedia, you'll discover that an image file with the name you picked already exists on Wikipedia, so you can't use the one at Commons.
The best image name is a fairly long description. A bonus of using such a name is that you can copy and paste it into the Description field for the image, saving yourself some typing. (The maximum file name length is around 250 characters, but you won't need a name that long.)
Finally, the image name you use has to have a three-letter extension, such as .jpg or .svg. The extension must match the actual file type, or the photo won't display correctly. That makes image pages different from regular pages (articles, talk pages, portals, categories, and so on), which don't have a suffix. If you forget the extension, you're going to have to upload the photo again. Lowercase extensions, such as .jpg, are preferred over uppercase, like .JPG, though both work. Note that Commons (and other MediaWiki websites) considers them two totally different files.
8. Next is the large Summary field, which has already been partially filled out to indicate what is needed. You just add information to two parts. The information you enter here will appear on the image page.
If you chose a license that requires re-users of the image to give attribution to its creator, then the Author field is important: it tells people who they should credit for the image. For your own work, Author is already filled in with your user name, so you don't need to change it. If someone else has given you permission to upload their work, you'll need to put their name here instead.
9. Below the licensing information (scroll down as needed) you'll see the "Upload file" button. Click that.
At this point, you're done uploading. But it's very helpful to add some categories to the photo, so others can find it more easily. To do so, see the next section.
The process of uploading someone else's work (with their permission, of course) is similar to uploading your own work. There is one important extra step, though: After uploading, you must e-mail a statement to Wikimedia Commons from the image's author, where the author states the license they want to use. Though you selected the license during the upload, for legal reasons Wikimedia need a message from the image's creator to confirm the license.
For information on this process, see the page Commons:OTRS on Wikimedia Commons.
At Commons, you can add categories to an image page to help other editors find the page (for example, for a different language Wikipedia). These steps continue with the same image from the previous tutorial:
1. Click the "find categories" tab at the top of the image page.
2. With keywords entered, click the Find Categories button.
3. Back at the image page (Figure 15-8), click the "edit" tab, scroll down to the bottom of the page, and copy or type the category or categories you've decided fit the photo.
4. Once you've entered the category you want, add an edit summary, like Adding categories.
5. Click the "Show preview" button.
6. When all looks well, click the "Publish changes" button to make your change take effect.
Only Commons administrators can change the name of an image page. If you get it wrong—for example, you forgot the extension (like ".jpg"), or you used a non-descriptive name that already existed on Wikipedia (blocking you from using the image you uploaded to Commons)—then you need to request that the file be renamed.
Images on Commons can be freely reused by anyone, including websites not owned by Wikimedia. Hence, renaming an image that has been around for a while can break links on other websites, as well as on Wikipedia and its sister projects. Because of this, images can only be renamed for one of the few reasons listed in the Commons:File renaming guideline (shortcut: COM:FR). Renames requested by the person who uploaded the file are allowed by this guideline, but read through the other reasons in the guideline if you want an image uploaded by someone else to be renamed.
Once you've checked that your rename is for an allowed reason, you can turn to the next step: nominating the image to be renamed. Here's the process:
{{
rename|newname.ext|reason}}
, where newname.ext is the new name you want for the image, and reason explains why you want it renamed.Once you complete these steps, you're done. Check back in a day or so, to see if the image has been renamed. If not, check the talk page and the page history to see if the editor who declined the request gave a reason. They might also have put an explanation on your own talk page.
If you want to replace an image (you just found another photo of the same thing that's much better than the one you uploaded, for example), simply upload it with the same name as the original image. The system asks if you're sure you want to overwrite the old image; confirm that you do.
There's no automatic way to move an image from Wikipedia to Commons. The standard way is to download the image to your computer (often right-clicking the image gives you this option), and then upload it to Commons. This procedure gives you a chance to give the image a better (longer, more descriptive) name. If you do change the name, remember to change all links to that image in Wikipedia articles to point to the new image at Commons, not to the old image.
If you want an image for an article and aren't in a position to take a photo to create that image, you have a number of options:
For even more information, see the page Wikipedia:Finding images tutorial (shortcut: WP:FIT).
Once you've uploaded an image to Commons, adding it to a Wikipedia article is very simple. You just go to the article, click "edit this page," decide where you want the image to be, and type a link to the image page. It'll look something like this: [[File:Nameofimage.ext|some other optional stuff]]. (More on the "other optional stuff" in a moment.) Add an edit summary, do a quick preview, and save the page.
The software assumes that the image name you add to an article refers to one at the English Wikipedia, if one exists there. If the English Wikipedia doesn't have an image with that name, the software looks at Commons. That's another good reason to name an image at Commons in such detail that it's unlikely you'll accidentally choose one that already exists at the English Wikipedia. (No, the software won't warn you.)
Image licenses often require that the author of the image is attributed whenever the image is used. Though this is an important consideration for people that re-use the images outside of Wikipedia, you don't need to worry about this in articles. The software that runs Wikipedia automatically links an image to its image page, allowing any reader to click the image to see its author and license. This satisfies the attribution requirements of image licenses allowed on Wikipedia.
When there is more than one image in an article, spread the images evenly within that article. Each image should be relevant to the section it is in, and normally there should be only one image per section.
For accessibility and other reasons, you should put an image inside the section it belongs to, after any "Main" or "See also" template at the top of the section. The more general rule is to put an image immediately above the paragraph of text to which it most closely belongs. It's certainly okay to have text following the image, within the section where it's placed.
Multiple images within a single section, while not forbidden, can cause problems, particularly if the section is short. In particular, don't place an image on the left side of a section and a second image directly opposite, on the right side. For some readers, this squeezes text into a tiny column between the two images. On some computer screens the images may even overlap. (Even if you know how to use special parameters in the image links to force blank space between the images to avoid squeezing the text, don't do it. The blank text looks terrible on larger computer screens.)
Some editors prefer to put all images on the right side of an article, aligned with any info boxes. Other editors prefer them to be evenly alternated between left and right (for example, one image on the left in one section, and the next image, in a following section, on the right). Either approach is acceptable, but don't get into ownership issues over the arrangement of images—aesthetic judgments are inherently subjective, and not worth fighting about.
You control the alignment of images by typing instructions into the wikitext for the link. The next section tells all.
Once you decide in what section you want an image to appear, and where within that section, you simply place a link to the image within the wikitext. At its simplest, this would be [[File:Nameofimage.ext]]. But you almost never find such a simple image link in an article, because it plops the image, at full size, wherever the image link appears in the wikitext, even if that's in the middle of the screen. Nor, with this simple link, will text flow around the image. So don't create image links like this one, and if you see one, fix it.
The way that you control how an image appears is to specify various options. Here's a common specification: [[File:Nameofimage.ext | thumb | 200px | right | caption text]]. Here's what the details of the options mean:
For more image syntax, see the pages Help:Images and other uploaded files (shortcut: H:IOUF) and Wikipedia:Picture tutorial (shortcut: WP:PIC).
In some articles, a lot of images are useful—for example, the article Great Wall of China. But you don't want to put images into sections where they don't really belong just because that's the only place you can think of. Instead, you can put a gallery at the end of an article, with lots of images for the reader to see. That way, the images don't get in the way of the content of the article, but they're available to the reader.
The wikicode for creating a standard gallery is very simple; here's an example with three images (and made-up image filenames):
<gallery> File:Firstphoto.jpg File:Secondphoto.jpg | Caption for second image File:Thirdphoto.jpg </gallery>
You can have captions on all images, of course, and aren't limited to JPEG images. The page Wikipedia:Gallery tag (shortcut: WP:GALLERY) has full details.
Sometimes you want to mention an image on an article talk page, or at a discussion page such as the Village Pump. If you type [[File:imagename.jpg]], you insert the image itself onto that talk page, not a link to the image page, as you wanted. Displayed images don't belong on talk pages. To create a link to the image page instead, type a colon just after the first two square brackets, so the link looks like this: [[:File:imagename.jpg]]. Then those interested in actually seeing the image can click the link.
If you find an image that you think has copyright problems, you should:
In March 2007, the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation passed a policy (see https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy) banning future uploads of any media unless the media is licensed as free content. Free content is any work that doesn't require permission or payment for any use, including commercial. At most, free content requires attribution: crediting the person who created the image. Free content also has no restrictions on redistribution of the image by others.
The Foundation's resolution allows exceptions only as provided by a project-specific exemption policy. That policy for the English Wikipedia is Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria (shortcut: WP:NFCC). It sets out a list of 10 criteria for copyrighted images and other media files that lack a free content license (see Figure 15-12). You may use such media only where all ten of the criteria are met. Otherwise, as explained in the section about pre-upload checks, the images you upload must be your own work, or in the public domain, or licensed as free content by their owner.
The Foundation's policy is especially strict about images of living people: An exemption policy must not allow non-free material when freely licensed pictures are readily available, as is almost always the case for celebrities, politicians, and other notable people.
Wikipedia takes copyright issues seriously. Almost every day, at least 1500 images are deleted (see Figure 15-13). Some are deleted because they're orphans—Wikipedia isn't a file-sharing service. Some are deleted because the image was uploaded to Commons and now isn't needed at Wikipedia. Many, if not the majority, have copyright issues.
The graph shows that beginning in the second half of 2007 there has been essentially no net addition of images to Wikipedia. In other words, as many photos are being removed as added. That's certainly due to Commons: Either images are being uploaded directly there, or images that were at Wikipedia are being uploaded to Commons and then deleted at Wikipedia.
Implementation of the Wikipedia policy on non-free content criteria is discussed in the guideline Wikipedia:Non-free content (shortcut: WP:NFC). If you're thinking about uploading a "fair use" image (one you didn't create, isn't in the public domain, and hasn't been released as free content by the owner), read this guideline first.
If after reading the guidelines you have decided to upload the image, go to Wikipedia:Upload (shortcut: WP:UL) and follow the directions there. Before you upload, make sure that one or more articles will use your image. One way to ensure this is to start editing a page, add the image under the filename you will upload the image under, then save as soon as the image is uploaded. If the image is removed from all articles, you will shortly receive a notice from a bot warning you about an "orphan non-free image." In that case, re-add the image to the article and then discuss the image on the article's talk page.
As mentioned at the beginning of this chapter, an image doesn't have to be a photo. It could be a map, an illustration, a graphic, or even an animated gif. The SVG format is preferred for drawings and line-art illustration. The PNG format is preferred for non-vector graphic iconic images, including screenshots. The GIF format is used for animations, but not for static images.
If you're interested in using these file types, here are some places at Wikipedia that you can get more information:
Maps:
Graphics and illustrations:
You can also upload other types of media besides images: audio and video files. Because of licensing issues, the file formats acceptable for uploads are very limited:
.mid
). Ogg Vorbis for general application or FLAC for lossless audio encoding are preferred.If audio or video files interest you, here are some places at Wikipedia where you can get further information: