Hamiltonella defensa | |
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Scientific classification | |
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Phylum: | |
Class: | |
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Genus: | |
Species: | H. defensa
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Binomial name | |
Hamiltonella defensa Moran et al., 2005
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Hamiltonella defensa (H. defensa) is a species of bacteria. It is maternally or sexually transmitted and lives as an endosymbiont of whiteflies and aphids, [1] meaning that it lives within a host, protecting its host from attack. It does this through bypassing the host's immune responses by protecting its host against parasitoid wasps. [2] However, H. defensa is only defensive if infected by a virus. H. defensa shows a relationship with Photorhabdus species, together with Regiella insecticola. Together with other endosymbionts, it provides aphids protection against parasitoids. [2] It is known to habitate Bemisia tabaci. [3]
H. defensa is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae. [4] It can be found both extracellularly and intracellulary in H. defensa itself, and also the bacteriocytes. [4] It is a gram-negative bacteria and has been found to have six distinct secretion systems that mediate the export of protein through the inner and outer membranes. [4] [5] In general, " Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa's" functions are relatively unknown, [3] and the H. defensa's discovery was not specified by a particular person.
H. defensa's draft genome sequence was first discovered in the B. tabaci complex of the "Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa". [3] This is only found in two invasive cryptic species: Mediterranean and Middle East-Asia. [3]
The H. defensa is significantly smaller (at 1.84-Mpb) than its bacteria relatives; Yersinia and Serratia species. It is also dependent on the essential amino acids produced by Buchnera. [2] It is autotrophic for eight out of the ten essential amino acids that Buchnera produces. [6] Although dependent, the H. defensa genome preserves more genes and pathways for cell structures and processes, than that of obligate symbionts. It also has several abundances: toxin homologs, encoding type-3 secretion systems, and putative pathogenicity loci. [2] Additionally, H. defensa holds mobile DNA, like phage-derived genes, plasmids, and insertion-sequence elements, that feature H. defensa's dynamicness, and also show the role horizontal gene transfer has on shaping it. [2] The H. defensa genome holds a 2,110,331- bp circular chromosome and a 59,034-bp conjugative plasmid. The chromosome carries a canonical origin of replication. [6] It has notably more cell structure, DNA replication, recombination, and repair of genes than obligate endosymbionts, despite its limited biosynthetic abilities. [6] The proteins present in H. defensa vary in length significantly. They have a double cycled nonapeptide sequence involved in binding calcium. [6]
H. defensa has two types of type-3 secretion systems (T3SS). [6] These translocation systems are typically used by pathogens to occupy host cells and elude immune responses. [6] They are also necessary for the perseverance of certain symbiosis. [6]
There have been recent studies done attempting to find ways to manipulate H.defensa's "self-fighting" qualities, and create a cure for certain illnesses.[ vague][ citation needed]
Hamiltonella defensa | |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | |
Phylum: | |
Class: | |
Order: | |
Family: | |
Genus: | |
Species: | H. defensa
|
Binomial name | |
Hamiltonella defensa Moran et al., 2005
|
Hamiltonella defensa (H. defensa) is a species of bacteria. It is maternally or sexually transmitted and lives as an endosymbiont of whiteflies and aphids, [1] meaning that it lives within a host, protecting its host from attack. It does this through bypassing the host's immune responses by protecting its host against parasitoid wasps. [2] However, H. defensa is only defensive if infected by a virus. H. defensa shows a relationship with Photorhabdus species, together with Regiella insecticola. Together with other endosymbionts, it provides aphids protection against parasitoids. [2] It is known to habitate Bemisia tabaci. [3]
H. defensa is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae. [4] It can be found both extracellularly and intracellulary in H. defensa itself, and also the bacteriocytes. [4] It is a gram-negative bacteria and has been found to have six distinct secretion systems that mediate the export of protein through the inner and outer membranes. [4] [5] In general, " Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa's" functions are relatively unknown, [3] and the H. defensa's discovery was not specified by a particular person.
H. defensa's draft genome sequence was first discovered in the B. tabaci complex of the "Candidatus Hamiltonella defensa". [3] This is only found in two invasive cryptic species: Mediterranean and Middle East-Asia. [3]
The H. defensa is significantly smaller (at 1.84-Mpb) than its bacteria relatives; Yersinia and Serratia species. It is also dependent on the essential amino acids produced by Buchnera. [2] It is autotrophic for eight out of the ten essential amino acids that Buchnera produces. [6] Although dependent, the H. defensa genome preserves more genes and pathways for cell structures and processes, than that of obligate symbionts. It also has several abundances: toxin homologs, encoding type-3 secretion systems, and putative pathogenicity loci. [2] Additionally, H. defensa holds mobile DNA, like phage-derived genes, plasmids, and insertion-sequence elements, that feature H. defensa's dynamicness, and also show the role horizontal gene transfer has on shaping it. [2] The H. defensa genome holds a 2,110,331- bp circular chromosome and a 59,034-bp conjugative plasmid. The chromosome carries a canonical origin of replication. [6] It has notably more cell structure, DNA replication, recombination, and repair of genes than obligate endosymbionts, despite its limited biosynthetic abilities. [6] The proteins present in H. defensa vary in length significantly. They have a double cycled nonapeptide sequence involved in binding calcium. [6]
H. defensa has two types of type-3 secretion systems (T3SS). [6] These translocation systems are typically used by pathogens to occupy host cells and elude immune responses. [6] They are also necessary for the perseverance of certain symbiosis. [6]
There have been recent studies done attempting to find ways to manipulate H.defensa's "self-fighting" qualities, and create a cure for certain illnesses.[ vague][ citation needed]