As in other regions of Yemen, Hadhrami society is stratified into several groups. At the top of hierarchy are the religious elites or
sayyids, who trace their descent to
Muhammad. These are followed by the
Sheikhs, Tribesmen, Townspeople, Dhu'afa (Farmers, Fishers and Builders). At the bottom of the hierarchy are
al-Muhamashīn "the Marginalized" (previously referred to as al-akhdam "the servants")[3]
After Islam, the majority of Hadhramaut used to follow Ibadi Islam until in 951 AD when they abandoned Ibadism and accepted Sunni Islam. Shafi'ism (of Sunni Islam) is the biggest school In Hadhramaut. Hadharem women have more freedom and education than women in many other Arab countries.[2]
Language
The Hadharem speak
Hadhrami Arabic, a dialect of
Arabic, although Hadharem living in the diaspora that have acculturated mainly speak the local language of the region they live in.[4]
Diaspora
Hadhrami immigrants in
Surabaya (Indonesia), 1920Hadhrami Arab neighborhood in Surabaya, 1880Hadharem of
Palembang, 22 February 1937
The Hadharem have long had a presence in the Horn of Africa (
Djibouti,
Ethiopia and
Somalia), and also comprise a notable part of the
Harari population. Hadhrami settlers were instrumental in helping to consolidate the
Muslim community in the coastal
Benadir province of Somalia, in particular.[7] During the colonial period, disgruntled Hadharem from the tribal wars settled in various Somali towns.[8] They were also frequently recruited into the armies of the
Somali Sultanates.[9]
Lemba people (Sena) who are of paternal Yemeni ancestry via Hadhramautic settlers in South East Africa; These Hadhrami settlers were primarily from the city of
Sana.
^Boxberger, Linda (February 2012). On the Edge of Empire. State University of New York Press. pp. 18–36.
^Al Kharusi, Aisha Sahar Waheed (17 June 2021). Arab Worlds Beyond the Middle East and North Africa. Lexington Books. p. 86.
^Ho, Engseng (2006). The graves of Tarim: Genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean. University of California Press.
ISBN9780520244535.
OCLC123768411.
Aljunied, Syed Muhd Khairudin (2007). "The Role of Hadramis in Post-Second World War Singapore – A Reinterpretation". Immigrants & Minorities. 25 (2): 163–183.
doi:
10.1080/02619280802018165.
ISSN0261-9288.
S2CID144316388.
Al-Saqqaf, Abdullah Hassan (2008). "The Linguistics of Loanwords in Hadrami Arabic". International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 9 (1): 75–93.
doi:
10.1080/13670050608668631.
ISSN1367-0050.
S2CID145299220.
Freitag, Ulrike (1999). "Hadhramaut: A Religious Centre for the Indian Ocean in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?". Studia Islamica (89): 165–183.
doi:
10.2307/1596090.
JSTOR1596090.
Jacobsen, Frode F. (2008). Hadrami Arabs in present-day Indonesia: An Indonesia-oriented group with an Arab signature. Routledge.
ISBN9780203884614.
OCLC310362117.
Manger, Leif (2007). "Hadramis in Hyderabad: From Winners to Losers". Asian Journal of Social Science. 35 (4): 405–433.
doi:
10.1163/156853107x240279.
ISSN1568-5314.
Manger, Leif (2010). The Hadrami diaspora: Community-building on the Indian Ocean rim. Berghahn Books.
ISBN9781845459789.
OCLC732958389.
Miran, Jonathan (2012). "Red Sea Translocals: Hadrami Migration, Entrepreneurship, and Strategies of Integration in Eritrea, 1840s–1970s". Northeast African Studies. 12 (1): 129–167.
doi:
10.1353/nas.2012.0035.
ISSN1535-6574.
S2CID143621961.
Romero, Patricia W. (1997). Lamu: History, society, and family in an East African port city. Markus Wiener. pp. 93–108, 167–184.
ISBN9781558761070.
OCLC35919259.
As in other regions of Yemen, Hadhrami society is stratified into several groups. At the top of hierarchy are the religious elites or
sayyids, who trace their descent to
Muhammad. These are followed by the
Sheikhs, Tribesmen, Townspeople, Dhu'afa (Farmers, Fishers and Builders). At the bottom of the hierarchy are
al-Muhamashīn "the Marginalized" (previously referred to as al-akhdam "the servants")[3]
After Islam, the majority of Hadhramaut used to follow Ibadi Islam until in 951 AD when they abandoned Ibadism and accepted Sunni Islam. Shafi'ism (of Sunni Islam) is the biggest school In Hadhramaut. Hadharem women have more freedom and education than women in many other Arab countries.[2]
Language
The Hadharem speak
Hadhrami Arabic, a dialect of
Arabic, although Hadharem living in the diaspora that have acculturated mainly speak the local language of the region they live in.[4]
Diaspora
Hadhrami immigrants in
Surabaya (Indonesia), 1920Hadhrami Arab neighborhood in Surabaya, 1880Hadharem of
Palembang, 22 February 1937
The Hadharem have long had a presence in the Horn of Africa (
Djibouti,
Ethiopia and
Somalia), and also comprise a notable part of the
Harari population. Hadhrami settlers were instrumental in helping to consolidate the
Muslim community in the coastal
Benadir province of Somalia, in particular.[7] During the colonial period, disgruntled Hadharem from the tribal wars settled in various Somali towns.[8] They were also frequently recruited into the armies of the
Somali Sultanates.[9]
Lemba people (Sena) who are of paternal Yemeni ancestry via Hadhramautic settlers in South East Africa; These Hadhrami settlers were primarily from the city of
Sana.
^Boxberger, Linda (February 2012). On the Edge of Empire. State University of New York Press. pp. 18–36.
^Al Kharusi, Aisha Sahar Waheed (17 June 2021). Arab Worlds Beyond the Middle East and North Africa. Lexington Books. p. 86.
^Ho, Engseng (2006). The graves of Tarim: Genealogy and mobility across the Indian Ocean. University of California Press.
ISBN9780520244535.
OCLC123768411.
Aljunied, Syed Muhd Khairudin (2007). "The Role of Hadramis in Post-Second World War Singapore – A Reinterpretation". Immigrants & Minorities. 25 (2): 163–183.
doi:
10.1080/02619280802018165.
ISSN0261-9288.
S2CID144316388.
Al-Saqqaf, Abdullah Hassan (2008). "The Linguistics of Loanwords in Hadrami Arabic". International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. 9 (1): 75–93.
doi:
10.1080/13670050608668631.
ISSN1367-0050.
S2CID145299220.
Freitag, Ulrike (1999). "Hadhramaut: A Religious Centre for the Indian Ocean in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries?". Studia Islamica (89): 165–183.
doi:
10.2307/1596090.
JSTOR1596090.
Jacobsen, Frode F. (2008). Hadrami Arabs in present-day Indonesia: An Indonesia-oriented group with an Arab signature. Routledge.
ISBN9780203884614.
OCLC310362117.
Manger, Leif (2007). "Hadramis in Hyderabad: From Winners to Losers". Asian Journal of Social Science. 35 (4): 405–433.
doi:
10.1163/156853107x240279.
ISSN1568-5314.
Manger, Leif (2010). The Hadrami diaspora: Community-building on the Indian Ocean rim. Berghahn Books.
ISBN9781845459789.
OCLC732958389.
Miran, Jonathan (2012). "Red Sea Translocals: Hadrami Migration, Entrepreneurship, and Strategies of Integration in Eritrea, 1840s–1970s". Northeast African Studies. 12 (1): 129–167.
doi:
10.1353/nas.2012.0035.
ISSN1535-6574.
S2CID143621961.
Romero, Patricia W. (1997). Lamu: History, society, and family in an East African port city. Markus Wiener. pp. 93–108, 167–184.
ISBN9781558761070.
OCLC35919259.