Gulsum Asfendiyarova | |
|---|---|
| Асфендиярова Гүлсім Жафарқызы | |
.png) Asfendiyarova in a 1920 illustration | |
| Born | 12 November 1880 |
| Died | 1941 (aged 60–61) |
| Education |
Tashkent Women's Gymnasium (1890) Medical Institute for Women (now First Pavlov State Medical University) (1897) |
| Known for | first Kazakh female doctor medical educator |
| Parents |
|
| Family | Sanjar Asfendiyarov (brother) |
Gulsum Asfendiyarova (November 12 1880, Tashkent – 1941, Tashkent) was the first Kazakh woman to earn a medical degree. She played a key role in organizing the healthcare system in the Turkestan region and was also a dedicated medical educator.
Biography
Early life and education
Asfendiyarova is the third daughter of Seitzhafar Asfendiyarov, the great-grandson of Aishuak Khan, ruler the Junior jüz, and Gulyandam Asfendiyarova (neé Kasymova). Seitzhafar served as a military interpreter under the Turkestan Governor-General and retired in 1916 with the rank of Major-General. Like her siblings, Gulsum received primary education at home. In 1890, at the age of ten, she enrolled in the Tashkent Women's Gymanisum, from which she successfully graduated in 1899. [1]
The Medical Institute for Women (now First Pavlov State Medical University) opened in St. Petersburg in 1897. It was the first institution in Europe where women could obtain higher medical education. Some officials from the Turkestan Governorate were eager for their daughters to be educated there. However, travelling to the capital was costly, and few could afford it.
In 1902, after two graduates from the Medical Institute began working in Turkestan, the Governorate Council established a scholarship for 10 local girls to study at the institute. That same year, two Kazakh girls, Gulsum Asfendiyarova and Zeyneb Abdurakhmanova, received scholarship along with daughters of Russian officials. After graduating in 1908, Asfendiyarova and Abdurakhmanova became the first female doctors from the indigenous ethnicities of Russian Turkestan. [1]
Zeyneb Abdurakhmanova worked for several years before marrying and leaving the region. In contrast, Asfendiyarova's fate and career remained closely connected with Turkestan, earning her the distinction of being the first indigenous female doctor.
Career
After graduating from the Institute, Asfendiyarova filed a petition to Emperor Nicholas II on May 16, 1908, to be appointed as a district doctor in the Turkestan Military District, the village of Temirlanovka, Shymkent district of Syr-Darya. [2] The petition was likely motivated by the desite to be closer to her father in Shymkent. Less than a month later, on June 5, her request was granted, and she officially became a district physician.
Poverty and lack of access to medical care were significant sources of epidemiological problems in the district. Asfendiyarova conducted house-to-house visits, discussing home and personal hygiene with residents. Despite minimal funding, she remained resilient, writing to her father: "I was deeply honored to hold a high position at the hospital, where female doctors had rarely been seen before." [3]
In 1910, Asfendiyarova transferred to the Pop District of Namangan County, where working conditions were slightly better. On the eve of 1912, Asfendiyarova's father conveyed a proposal from the Khiva Khan for her to work at a city hospital, then still under construction. Gulsum agreed, provided that her salary and benefits were not less than those in the Russian medical service. In 1913, she began her duties as an obstetrician-assistant to the chief physician in Khiva. Here, for the first time in the local history, she performed a Caesarean section.
In 1914, during turbulent times, Asfendiyarova returned to Tashkent. Over time, her father, a supporter of patriotic and social movements in Turkestan, involved her in his activities. During the February and October revolutions, her role as the head of a city maternity hospital, along with her personal reputation, led to her nomination in 1918 as a delegate to the All-Russian Congress of Muslim Women in Kazan. There, Asfendiyarova was elected a member of the Organizing Bureau. [4]
Returning to Tashkent, Asfendiarova continued leading the city maternity hospital and actively participated in the political life of the Turkestan ASSR. She also assisted her brother, Sanjar Asfendiarov, a fellow physician and future Minister of Health of the Kazakh ASSR, in his efforts to organize aid for the hungry and homeless.
In 1920, with the support of the Muslim Bureau of the Turkestan Communist Party and its head, Turar Ryskulov, Asfandiarova organized obstetric courses for women. The courses were later incorporated into the Akhunbaev Medical College in Tashkent. She continued to teach there until her death. [3] Asfendiyarova was also repeatedly elected a member of the Tashkent City Council, publicly advocating for improvements in the social sphere and the protection of motherhood and childhood. [5]
Since 1922, Asfendiyarova combined teaching with work in the Children's City Hospital, where her assistant was Akkagaz Dosjanova, the first graduate of the National University of Uzbekistan. Asfendiyarova had known Dosjanova from the 1918 Congress of Muslim Women in Kazan. In this way, the pursuit of equal professional rights for women in Central Asia continued.
Later life
Asfendiyarova's later life is largely unknown. During the Great Purge, Asfendiyarova's brother was executed, and his wife and daughter were exiled to Siberia. As the daughter of a tsarist military Major-General and the sister of an enemy of the people, Asfendiyarova's life hung in the balance. According to some reports, she managed to survive Stalin's purges, ultimately dying a natural death in Tashkent in 1941. [6] Her burial place is unknown.
References
- ^ a b Махмудов, Мадирим (18 October 2015). "Гульсум Асфендиарова — первая врач-казашка" (in Russian). Библиотека Хуршида Даврона. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
- ^ Жүнісбаев, А. (2014). Санжар Асфендиаров: өмірі мен қызметі» (1889—1938 жж.). Т. І (1889—1918 жж.). Алматы: Елтаным баспасы. p. Б. 45.
- ^ a b "Профессия Врач: первые степные врачи" (PDF) (in Russian). Медикер. p. 58-59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
- ^ Личное дело Умми-Гульсум Асфендаровой (находится в Центральном государственном историческом архиве Санкт-Петербурга).
- ^ Послужной список участкового лекаря Умми-Гульсум Асфендиаровой. 22 августа 1908 г. // ЦГА РУз. Ф. И-17. оп. 1. д. 34836. л. 79;
- ^ Центральный Государственный архив Республики Узбекистан (ЦГА РУз.). — [ www.kungrad.com›history/doc/gulsum/ Ф. И-125, оп. 1, д. 2, лл. 11–12].
This article is translated from the corresponding article in the Russian Wikipedia, ru:Асфендиарова, Гульсум Джафаровна [1]
Gulsum Asfendiyarova | |
|---|---|
| Асфендиярова Гүлсім Жафарқызы | |
|
Asfendiyarova in a 1920 illustration | |
| Born | 12 November 1880 |
| Died | 1941 (aged 60–61) |
| Education |
Tashkent Women's Gymnasium (1890) Medical Institute for Women (now First Pavlov State Medical University) (1897) |
| Known for | first Kazakh female doctor medical educator |
| Parents |
|
| Family | Sanjar Asfendiyarov (brother) |
Gulsum Asfendiyarova (November 12 1880, Tashkent – 1941, Tashkent) was the first Kazakh woman to earn a medical degree. She played a key role in organizing the healthcare system in the Turkestan region and was also a dedicated medical educator.
Biography
Early life and education
Asfendiyarova is the third daughter of Seitzhafar Asfendiyarov, the great-grandson of Aishuak Khan, ruler the Junior jüz, and Gulyandam Asfendiyarova (neé Kasymova). Seitzhafar served as a military interpreter under the Turkestan Governor-General and retired in 1916 with the rank of Major-General. Like her siblings, Gulsum received primary education at home. In 1890, at the age of ten, she enrolled in the Tashkent Women's Gymanisum, from which she successfully graduated in 1899. [1]
The Medical Institute for Women (now First Pavlov State Medical University) opened in St. Petersburg in 1897. It was the first institution in Europe where women could obtain higher medical education. Some officials from the Turkestan Governorate were eager for their daughters to be educated there. However, travelling to the capital was costly, and few could afford it.
In 1902, after two graduates from the Medical Institute began working in Turkestan, the Governorate Council established a scholarship for 10 local girls to study at the institute. That same year, two Kazakh girls, Gulsum Asfendiyarova and Zeyneb Abdurakhmanova, received scholarship along with daughters of Russian officials. After graduating in 1908, Asfendiyarova and Abdurakhmanova became the first female doctors from the indigenous ethnicities of Russian Turkestan. [1]
Zeyneb Abdurakhmanova worked for several years before marrying and leaving the region. In contrast, Asfendiyarova's fate and career remained closely connected with Turkestan, earning her the distinction of being the first indigenous female doctor.
Career
After graduating from the Institute, Asfendiyarova filed a petition to Emperor Nicholas II on May 16, 1908, to be appointed as a district doctor in the Turkestan Military District, the village of Temirlanovka, Shymkent district of Syr-Darya. [2] The petition was likely motivated by the desite to be closer to her father in Shymkent. Less than a month later, on June 5, her request was granted, and she officially became a district physician.
Poverty and lack of access to medical care were significant sources of epidemiological problems in the district. Asfendiyarova conducted house-to-house visits, discussing home and personal hygiene with residents. Despite minimal funding, she remained resilient, writing to her father: "I was deeply honored to hold a high position at the hospital, where female doctors had rarely been seen before." [3]
In 1910, Asfendiyarova transferred to the Pop District of Namangan County, where working conditions were slightly better. On the eve of 1912, Asfendiyarova's father conveyed a proposal from the Khiva Khan for her to work at a city hospital, then still under construction. Gulsum agreed, provided that her salary and benefits were not less than those in the Russian medical service. In 1913, she began her duties as an obstetrician-assistant to the chief physician in Khiva. Here, for the first time in the local history, she performed a Caesarean section.
In 1914, during turbulent times, Asfendiyarova returned to Tashkent. Over time, her father, a supporter of patriotic and social movements in Turkestan, involved her in his activities. During the February and October revolutions, her role as the head of a city maternity hospital, along with her personal reputation, led to her nomination in 1918 as a delegate to the All-Russian Congress of Muslim Women in Kazan. There, Asfendiyarova was elected a member of the Organizing Bureau. [4]
Returning to Tashkent, Asfendiarova continued leading the city maternity hospital and actively participated in the political life of the Turkestan ASSR. She also assisted her brother, Sanjar Asfendiarov, a fellow physician and future Minister of Health of the Kazakh ASSR, in his efforts to organize aid for the hungry and homeless.
In 1920, with the support of the Muslim Bureau of the Turkestan Communist Party and its head, Turar Ryskulov, Asfandiarova organized obstetric courses for women. The courses were later incorporated into the Akhunbaev Medical College in Tashkent. She continued to teach there until her death. [3] Asfendiyarova was also repeatedly elected a member of the Tashkent City Council, publicly advocating for improvements in the social sphere and the protection of motherhood and childhood. [5]
Since 1922, Asfendiyarova combined teaching with work in the Children's City Hospital, where her assistant was Akkagaz Dosjanova, the first graduate of the National University of Uzbekistan. Asfendiyarova had known Dosjanova from the 1918 Congress of Muslim Women in Kazan. In this way, the pursuit of equal professional rights for women in Central Asia continued.
Later life
Asfendiyarova's later life is largely unknown. During the Great Purge, Asfendiyarova's brother was executed, and his wife and daughter were exiled to Siberia. As the daughter of a tsarist military Major-General and the sister of an enemy of the people, Asfendiyarova's life hung in the balance. According to some reports, she managed to survive Stalin's purges, ultimately dying a natural death in Tashkent in 1941. [6] Her burial place is unknown.
References
- ^ a b Махмудов, Мадирим (18 October 2015). "Гульсум Асфендиарова — первая врач-казашка" (in Russian). Библиотека Хуршида Даврона. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 2024-07-05.
- ^ Жүнісбаев, А. (2014). Санжар Асфендиаров: өмірі мен қызметі» (1889—1938 жж.). Т. І (1889—1918 жж.). Алматы: Елтаным баспасы. p. Б. 45.
- ^ a b "Профессия Врач: первые степные врачи" (PDF) (in Russian). Медикер. p. 58-59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2024.
- ^ Личное дело Умми-Гульсум Асфендаровой (находится в Центральном государственном историческом архиве Санкт-Петербурга).
- ^ Послужной список участкового лекаря Умми-Гульсум Асфендиаровой. 22 августа 1908 г. // ЦГА РУз. Ф. И-17. оп. 1. д. 34836. л. 79;
- ^ Центральный Государственный архив Республики Узбекистан (ЦГА РУз.). — [ www.kungrad.com›history/doc/gulsum/ Ф. И-125, оп. 1, д. 2, лл. 11–12].
This article is translated from the corresponding article in the Russian Wikipedia, ru:Асфендиарова, Гульсум Джафаровна [1]