Part of a series on |
Sustainable energy |
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Environmental technology (envirotech) is the application of technology to improve or monitor the environment or inputs into the natural environment in order to minise adverse environmental impacts. The technology involved can utilise environmental science, green chemistry, environmental monitoring and electronic devices.
The term is sometimes also used to describe sustainable energy generation technologies such as photovoltaics, wind turbines, etc.[ citation needed]
The concept of environmental technology refers to the use of engineering principles to understand and address issues that affect the environment with the aim of fostering environmental improvement. It involves the application of science and technology in the process of addressing environmental challenges through environmental conservation and the mitigation of human impact to the environment.
Environmental technology covers a wide domain of interventions aimed at conservation of the environment including;
Water purification [1]" [2] is the process of removing contaminants whether chemical, biological, gases or suspended solids from water, to make it suitable for its intended end use. The purification process may be physical, biological or chemical. Physical water purification involves methods such as distillation, sedimentation or filtration. Biological processes use slow sand filter, trickling filters reed beds etc.Physical processes can involving sand filters, ultraviolet light, chlorine hydrocyclones or flocculation.
Air purification describes the processes used to remove contaminants and pollutants from the air to reduce the potential adverse effects on humans and the environment. The process of air purification may be performed using methods such as mechanic filtration, ionization, activated carbon adsorption, photocatalytic oxidation, and ultraviolet light germicidal irradiation.
Sewage treatment involves removing impurities from sewage before reintroducing it to natural water bodies or aquifers. Industrial (manufacturing plants) and residential (laundry, bathing, toilets, dishwashing) activities generates sewage and wastewater in the form of grey and black water. The treatment process may involve storage of sewage in containers for solids to sediment, the use of microorganisms to remove dissolved and suspended biological matter, and subsequently, the discharge of the treated water into sensitive ecosystem. Some of the common methods of wastewater and sewage treatment include trickling filters, activated sludge, settlement and lagooning.
Environmental remediation is the process through which contaminant or pollutants in soil, water and other media are removed to improve environmental quality. The main focus is the reduction of hazardous substances within the environment. Some of the areas involved in environment remediation include; soil contamination, hazardous waste, groundwater contamination, oil, gas and chemical spills.There are three most common types of environmental remediation. These include soil, water, and sediment remediation. [3]
Soil remediation consists of removing contaminants in soil, as these pose great risk to humans and the ecosystem. Some examples of this are heavy metals, pesticides, and radioactive materials. Depending on the contaminant the remedial processes can be physical, chemical, thermal, or biological.
Water remediation is one of the most important considering water is an essential natural resource. Depending on the source of water there will be different contaminants. Surface water contaminationand mainly consists of agricultural, animal, and industrial waste, as well as acid mine drainage. [4] There has been a rise in the need for water remediation due to the increased discharge of industrial waste, leading to a demand for sustainable water solutions. The market for water remediation is expected to consistently increase to $19.6 billion by 2030. [5]
Sediment remediation consists of removing contaminated sediments.using physical, chemical, and biological processes. [3] [6]
Solid waste management is the purification, consumption, reuse, disposal and treatment of solid waste that is undertaken by the government or the ruling bodies of a city/town. [7] It refers to the collection, treatment, and disposal of non-soluble, solid waste material. Solid waste is associated with both industrial, institutional, commercial and residential activities. Hazardous solid waste, when improperly disposed can encourage the infestation of insects and rodents, contributing to the spread of diseases. Some of the most common types of solid waste management include; landfills, vermicomposting, composting, recycling, and incineration. However, a major barrier for solid waste management practices is the high costs associated with recycling and the risks of creating more pollution.
The recycling of electronic waste (e-waste) has seen significant technological advancements due to increasing environmental concerns and the growing volume of electronic product disposals. Traditional e-waste recycling methods, which often involve manual disassembly, expose workers to hazardous materials and are labor-intensive. Recent innovations have introduced automated processes that improve safety and efficiency, allowing for more precise separation and recovery of valuable materials [8].
Modern e-waste recycling techniques now leverage automated shredding and advanced sorting technologies, which help in effectively segregating different types of materials for recycling. This not only enhances the recovery rate of precious metals but also minimizes the environmental impact by reducing the amount of waste destined for landfills. Furthermore, research into biodegradable electronics aims to reduce future e-waste through the development of electronics that can decompose more naturally in the environment [9].
These advancements support a shift towards a circular economy, where the lifecycle of materials is extended, and environmental impacts are significantly minimized.
Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, plant enzymes, and yeast to neutrilize hazardous containments that can be in the environment. This could help mitigate a variety of environmental hazards, including oil spills, pesticides, heavy metals, and other pollutants. [10] Bioremediation can be conducted either on-site ('in situ') or off-site ('ex situ') which is often necessary if the climate is too cold. Factors influencing the duration of bioremediation would include to the extent of the contamination, environmental conditions, and with timelines that can range from months to years. [11]
Concerns over pollution and greenhouse gases have spurred the search for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel use. The global reduction of greenhouse gases requires the adoption of energy conservation as well as sustainable generation. That environmental harm reduction involves global changes such as:
Since fuel used by industry and transportation account for the majority of world demand[ citation needed], by investing in conservation and efficiency (using less fuel), pollution and greenhouse gases from these two sectors can be reduced around the globe. Advanced energy efficient electric motor (and electric generator) technology that are cost effective to encourage their application, such as variable speed generators and efficient energy use, can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) that would otherwise be introduced to the atmosphere, if electricity were generated using fossil fuels. Some scholars have expressed concern that the implementation of new environmental technologies in highly-developed national economies may cause economic and social disruption in less-developed economies. [12]
Renewable energy is the energy that can be replenished easily. For years we have been using sources such as wood, sun, water, etc. for means for producing energy. Energy that can be produced by natural objects like the sun, wind, etc. is considered to be renewable. Technologies that have been in usage include wind power, hydropower, solar energy, geothermal energy, and biomass/bioenergy. It refers to any form of energy that naturally regenerates over time, and does not run out. This form of energy naturally replenishes, and are characterized by low carbon foot print. Some of the most common types of renewable energy sources include; solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power, and bioenergy which is generated by burning organic matter.
The intersection of technology and sustainability has led to innovative solutions aimed at enhancing the efficiency of renewable energy systems. One such innovation is the integration of wind and solar power to maximize energy production. Companies like Unéole are pioneering technologies that combine solar panels with wind turbines on the same platform, which is particularly advantageous for urban environments with limited space. This hybrid system not only conserves space but also increases the energy yield by leveraging the complementary nature of solar and wind energy availability. [13]
Furthermore, advancements in offshore wind technology have significantly increased the viability and efficiency of wind energy. Modern offshore wind turbines feature improvements in structural design and aerodynamics, which enhance their energy capture and reduce costs. These turbines are now more adaptable to various marine environments, allowing for greater flexibility in location and potentially reducing visual pollution. The floating wind turbines, for example, use tension leg platforms and spar buoys that can be deployed in deeper waters, significantly expanding the potential areas for wind energy generation [14]
Such innovations not only advance the capabilities of individual renewable technologies but also contribute to a more resilient and sustainable energy grid. By optimizing the integration and efficiency of renewable resources, these technologies play a crucial role in the transition towards a sustainable energy future.
Energy conservation is the utilization of devices that require smaller amounts of energy in order to reduce the consumption of electricity. Reducing the use of electricity causes less fossil fuels to be burned to provide that electricity. And it refers to the practice of using less energy through changes in individual behaviours and habits. The main emphasis for energy conservation is the prevention of wasteful use of energy in the environment, to enhance its availability. Some of the main approaches to energy conservation involves refraining from using devices which consume more energy, where possible.
Egain forecasting is a method using forecasting technology to predict the future weather's impact on a building. [15] By adjusting the heat based on the weather forecast, the system eliminates redundant use of heat, thus reducing the energy consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases. [16] It is a technology introduced by the eGain International, a Swedish company that intelligently balances building power consumption. The technology involves forecasting the amount of heating energy required by a building within a specific period, which results in energy efficiency and sustainability. eGain lowers building energy consumption and emissions while determining time for maintenance where inefficiencies are observed.
Solar power, also known as solar electricity, is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Solar panels use the photovoltaic effect to convert light into an electric current. [18] Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and solar tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight to a hot spot, often to drive a steam turbine.
Photovoltaics (PV) were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off-grid rooftop PV system. Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since then, as the cost of solar panels has fallen, grid-connected solar PV systems' capacity and production has doubled about every three years. Three-quarters of new generation capacity is solar, [19] with both millions of rooftop installations and gigawatt-scale photovoltaic power stations continuing to be built.
In 2023, solar power systems generated 5% of the world's electricity, [20] compared to 1% in 2015, when the Paris Agreement to limit climate change was signed. [21] Along with onshore wind, in most countries, the cheapest levelised cost of electricity for new installations is utility-scale solar. [22] [23]
Almost half the solar power installed in 2022 was rooftop. [24] Much more low-carbon power is needed for electrification and to limit climate change. [19] The International Energy Agency said in 2022 that more effort was needed for grid integration and the mitigation of policy, regulation and financing challenges. [25]Computational sustainability is an emerging field that attempts to balance societal, economic, and environmental resources for the future well-being of humanity using methods from mathematics, computer science, and information science fields. [26] [27] Sustainability in this context refers to the world's ability to sustain biological, social, and environmental systems in the long term.
Using the power of computers to process large quantities of information, decision making algorithms allocate resources based on real-time information. [28] Applications advanced by this field are widespread across various areas. For example, artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques are created to promote long-term biodiversity conservation and species protection. [29] [30] Smart grids implement renewable resources and storage capabilities to control the production and expenditure of energy. [31] Intelligent transportation system technologies can analyze road conditions and relay information to drivers so they can make smarter, more environmentally-beneficial decisions based on real-time traffic information. [32] [33]Sustainable agriculture is an approach to farming that utilizes technology in a way that ensures food protection, while ensuring the long-term health and productivity of agricultural systems, ecosystems, and communities. Historically, technological advancements have significantly contributed to increasing agricultural productivity and reducing physical labor. [34]
The National Institue of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) improves sustainable agriculture though the use of funded programs aimed at fulfilling human food and fiber needs, improving environmental quality and preserving natural resources vital to the agricultural economy, optimizing the utilization of both nonrenewable and on-farm resources while integrating natural biological cycles and controls as appropriate, maintaining the economic viability of farm operations, and to foster an improved quality of life for farmers and society at large. Among its initiatives, the NIFA wants to improve farm and ranch practices, integrated pest management, rotational grazing, soil conservation, water quality/wetlands, cover crops, crop/landscape diversity, nutrient management, agroforestry, and alternative marketing. [35]
Courses aimed at developing graduates with some specific skills in environmental systems or environmental technology are becoming more common and fall into three broads classes:
Orszulik, S. T. (Ed.). (2008). Environmental technology in the oil industry (pp. 78-79). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Ahuja, S. (Ed.). (2022). Separations of Water Pollutants with Nanotechnology. Elsevier.
Pokhum, C., Intasanta, V., Yaipimai, W., Subjalearndee, N., Srisitthiratkul, C., Pongsorrarith, V., ... & Chawengkijwanich, C. (2018). A facile and cost-effective method for removal of indoor airborne psychrotrophic bacterial and fungal flora based on silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles decorated on fibrous air filter. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9(1), 172-177.
Stein, A., & Kerle, N. (2008). Environmental remediation. Encyclopedia of Quantitative Risk Analysis and Assessment, 2.
Twidell, J. (2021). Renewable energy resources. Routledge.
Nosonovsky, M., & Bhushan, B. (Eds.). (2012). Green tribology: biomimetics, energy conservation and sustainability. Springer Science & Business Media.
Abbas, O. M. (2017). Forecasting with machine learning. International Journal of Computer (IJC), 26(1), 184-194.
Sanamdikar, S. T., & Harne, K. R. (2012). Advanced method for sewage water treatment. International Journal of Advanced Technology in Civil Engineering, ISSN, 2231-5721.
Topare, N. S., Attar, S. J., & Manfe, M. M. (2011). Sewage/wastewater treatment technologies: a review. Sci. Revs. Chem. Commun, 1(1), 18-24.
Allesch, A., & Brunner, P. H. (2014). Assessment methods for solid waste management: A literature review. Waste Management & Research, 32(6), 461-473.
Gomes, C., Dietterich, T., Barrett, C., Conrad, J., Dilkina, B., Ermon, S., ... & Zeeman, M. L. (2019). Computational sustainability: Computing for a better world and a sustainable future. Communications of the ACM, 62(9), 56-65.
Lässig, J., Kersting, K., & Morik, K. (Eds.). (2016). Computational Sustainability (Vol. 645). Springer.
· “AI in Renewable Energy: Powering up for a Greener Tomorrow.” Www.linkedin.com, www.linkedin.com/pulse/ai-renewable-energy-powering-up-greener-tomorrow-neil-sahota. Accessed 16 Apr. 2024.
· This is content published by linkedin press, so it should be a reliable source. And it provides an in-depth plumbing of the environmental content
· Wikipedia Contributors. “Sewage Treatment.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Apr. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment.
· This Wikipedia article delves into the section on wastewater treatment in environmental technology and explains this section in detail and is a reliable source.
Part of a series on |
Sustainable energy |
---|
Environmental technology (envirotech) is the application of technology to improve or monitor the environment or inputs into the natural environment in order to minise adverse environmental impacts. The technology involved can utilise environmental science, green chemistry, environmental monitoring and electronic devices.
The term is sometimes also used to describe sustainable energy generation technologies such as photovoltaics, wind turbines, etc.[ citation needed]
The concept of environmental technology refers to the use of engineering principles to understand and address issues that affect the environment with the aim of fostering environmental improvement. It involves the application of science and technology in the process of addressing environmental challenges through environmental conservation and the mitigation of human impact to the environment.
Environmental technology covers a wide domain of interventions aimed at conservation of the environment including;
Water purification [1]" [2] is the process of removing contaminants whether chemical, biological, gases or suspended solids from water, to make it suitable for its intended end use. The purification process may be physical, biological or chemical. Physical water purification involves methods such as distillation, sedimentation or filtration. Biological processes use slow sand filter, trickling filters reed beds etc.Physical processes can involving sand filters, ultraviolet light, chlorine hydrocyclones or flocculation.
Air purification describes the processes used to remove contaminants and pollutants from the air to reduce the potential adverse effects on humans and the environment. The process of air purification may be performed using methods such as mechanic filtration, ionization, activated carbon adsorption, photocatalytic oxidation, and ultraviolet light germicidal irradiation.
Sewage treatment involves removing impurities from sewage before reintroducing it to natural water bodies or aquifers. Industrial (manufacturing plants) and residential (laundry, bathing, toilets, dishwashing) activities generates sewage and wastewater in the form of grey and black water. The treatment process may involve storage of sewage in containers for solids to sediment, the use of microorganisms to remove dissolved and suspended biological matter, and subsequently, the discharge of the treated water into sensitive ecosystem. Some of the common methods of wastewater and sewage treatment include trickling filters, activated sludge, settlement and lagooning.
Environmental remediation is the process through which contaminant or pollutants in soil, water and other media are removed to improve environmental quality. The main focus is the reduction of hazardous substances within the environment. Some of the areas involved in environment remediation include; soil contamination, hazardous waste, groundwater contamination, oil, gas and chemical spills.There are three most common types of environmental remediation. These include soil, water, and sediment remediation. [3]
Soil remediation consists of removing contaminants in soil, as these pose great risk to humans and the ecosystem. Some examples of this are heavy metals, pesticides, and radioactive materials. Depending on the contaminant the remedial processes can be physical, chemical, thermal, or biological.
Water remediation is one of the most important considering water is an essential natural resource. Depending on the source of water there will be different contaminants. Surface water contaminationand mainly consists of agricultural, animal, and industrial waste, as well as acid mine drainage. [4] There has been a rise in the need for water remediation due to the increased discharge of industrial waste, leading to a demand for sustainable water solutions. The market for water remediation is expected to consistently increase to $19.6 billion by 2030. [5]
Sediment remediation consists of removing contaminated sediments.using physical, chemical, and biological processes. [3] [6]
Solid waste management is the purification, consumption, reuse, disposal and treatment of solid waste that is undertaken by the government or the ruling bodies of a city/town. [7] It refers to the collection, treatment, and disposal of non-soluble, solid waste material. Solid waste is associated with both industrial, institutional, commercial and residential activities. Hazardous solid waste, when improperly disposed can encourage the infestation of insects and rodents, contributing to the spread of diseases. Some of the most common types of solid waste management include; landfills, vermicomposting, composting, recycling, and incineration. However, a major barrier for solid waste management practices is the high costs associated with recycling and the risks of creating more pollution.
The recycling of electronic waste (e-waste) has seen significant technological advancements due to increasing environmental concerns and the growing volume of electronic product disposals. Traditional e-waste recycling methods, which often involve manual disassembly, expose workers to hazardous materials and are labor-intensive. Recent innovations have introduced automated processes that improve safety and efficiency, allowing for more precise separation and recovery of valuable materials [8].
Modern e-waste recycling techniques now leverage automated shredding and advanced sorting technologies, which help in effectively segregating different types of materials for recycling. This not only enhances the recovery rate of precious metals but also minimizes the environmental impact by reducing the amount of waste destined for landfills. Furthermore, research into biodegradable electronics aims to reduce future e-waste through the development of electronics that can decompose more naturally in the environment [9].
These advancements support a shift towards a circular economy, where the lifecycle of materials is extended, and environmental impacts are significantly minimized.
Bioremediation is a process that uses microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, plant enzymes, and yeast to neutrilize hazardous containments that can be in the environment. This could help mitigate a variety of environmental hazards, including oil spills, pesticides, heavy metals, and other pollutants. [10] Bioremediation can be conducted either on-site ('in situ') or off-site ('ex situ') which is often necessary if the climate is too cold. Factors influencing the duration of bioremediation would include to the extent of the contamination, environmental conditions, and with timelines that can range from months to years. [11]
Concerns over pollution and greenhouse gases have spurred the search for sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel use. The global reduction of greenhouse gases requires the adoption of energy conservation as well as sustainable generation. That environmental harm reduction involves global changes such as:
Since fuel used by industry and transportation account for the majority of world demand[ citation needed], by investing in conservation and efficiency (using less fuel), pollution and greenhouse gases from these two sectors can be reduced around the globe. Advanced energy efficient electric motor (and electric generator) technology that are cost effective to encourage their application, such as variable speed generators and efficient energy use, can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) that would otherwise be introduced to the atmosphere, if electricity were generated using fossil fuels. Some scholars have expressed concern that the implementation of new environmental technologies in highly-developed national economies may cause economic and social disruption in less-developed economies. [12]
Renewable energy is the energy that can be replenished easily. For years we have been using sources such as wood, sun, water, etc. for means for producing energy. Energy that can be produced by natural objects like the sun, wind, etc. is considered to be renewable. Technologies that have been in usage include wind power, hydropower, solar energy, geothermal energy, and biomass/bioenergy. It refers to any form of energy that naturally regenerates over time, and does not run out. This form of energy naturally replenishes, and are characterized by low carbon foot print. Some of the most common types of renewable energy sources include; solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power, and bioenergy which is generated by burning organic matter.
The intersection of technology and sustainability has led to innovative solutions aimed at enhancing the efficiency of renewable energy systems. One such innovation is the integration of wind and solar power to maximize energy production. Companies like Unéole are pioneering technologies that combine solar panels with wind turbines on the same platform, which is particularly advantageous for urban environments with limited space. This hybrid system not only conserves space but also increases the energy yield by leveraging the complementary nature of solar and wind energy availability. [13]
Furthermore, advancements in offshore wind technology have significantly increased the viability and efficiency of wind energy. Modern offshore wind turbines feature improvements in structural design and aerodynamics, which enhance their energy capture and reduce costs. These turbines are now more adaptable to various marine environments, allowing for greater flexibility in location and potentially reducing visual pollution. The floating wind turbines, for example, use tension leg platforms and spar buoys that can be deployed in deeper waters, significantly expanding the potential areas for wind energy generation [14]
Such innovations not only advance the capabilities of individual renewable technologies but also contribute to a more resilient and sustainable energy grid. By optimizing the integration and efficiency of renewable resources, these technologies play a crucial role in the transition towards a sustainable energy future.
Energy conservation is the utilization of devices that require smaller amounts of energy in order to reduce the consumption of electricity. Reducing the use of electricity causes less fossil fuels to be burned to provide that electricity. And it refers to the practice of using less energy through changes in individual behaviours and habits. The main emphasis for energy conservation is the prevention of wasteful use of energy in the environment, to enhance its availability. Some of the main approaches to energy conservation involves refraining from using devices which consume more energy, where possible.
Egain forecasting is a method using forecasting technology to predict the future weather's impact on a building. [15] By adjusting the heat based on the weather forecast, the system eliminates redundant use of heat, thus reducing the energy consumption and the emission of greenhouse gases. [16] It is a technology introduced by the eGain International, a Swedish company that intelligently balances building power consumption. The technology involves forecasting the amount of heating energy required by a building within a specific period, which results in energy efficiency and sustainability. eGain lowers building energy consumption and emissions while determining time for maintenance where inefficiencies are observed.
Solar power, also known as solar electricity, is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar power. Solar panels use the photovoltaic effect to convert light into an electric current. [18] Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and solar tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight to a hot spot, often to drive a steam turbine.
Photovoltaics (PV) were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off-grid rooftop PV system. Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since then, as the cost of solar panels has fallen, grid-connected solar PV systems' capacity and production has doubled about every three years. Three-quarters of new generation capacity is solar, [19] with both millions of rooftop installations and gigawatt-scale photovoltaic power stations continuing to be built.
In 2023, solar power systems generated 5% of the world's electricity, [20] compared to 1% in 2015, when the Paris Agreement to limit climate change was signed. [21] Along with onshore wind, in most countries, the cheapest levelised cost of electricity for new installations is utility-scale solar. [22] [23]
Almost half the solar power installed in 2022 was rooftop. [24] Much more low-carbon power is needed for electrification and to limit climate change. [19] The International Energy Agency said in 2022 that more effort was needed for grid integration and the mitigation of policy, regulation and financing challenges. [25]Computational sustainability is an emerging field that attempts to balance societal, economic, and environmental resources for the future well-being of humanity using methods from mathematics, computer science, and information science fields. [26] [27] Sustainability in this context refers to the world's ability to sustain biological, social, and environmental systems in the long term.
Using the power of computers to process large quantities of information, decision making algorithms allocate resources based on real-time information. [28] Applications advanced by this field are widespread across various areas. For example, artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques are created to promote long-term biodiversity conservation and species protection. [29] [30] Smart grids implement renewable resources and storage capabilities to control the production and expenditure of energy. [31] Intelligent transportation system technologies can analyze road conditions and relay information to drivers so they can make smarter, more environmentally-beneficial decisions based on real-time traffic information. [32] [33]Sustainable agriculture is an approach to farming that utilizes technology in a way that ensures food protection, while ensuring the long-term health and productivity of agricultural systems, ecosystems, and communities. Historically, technological advancements have significantly contributed to increasing agricultural productivity and reducing physical labor. [34]
The National Institue of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) improves sustainable agriculture though the use of funded programs aimed at fulfilling human food and fiber needs, improving environmental quality and preserving natural resources vital to the agricultural economy, optimizing the utilization of both nonrenewable and on-farm resources while integrating natural biological cycles and controls as appropriate, maintaining the economic viability of farm operations, and to foster an improved quality of life for farmers and society at large. Among its initiatives, the NIFA wants to improve farm and ranch practices, integrated pest management, rotational grazing, soil conservation, water quality/wetlands, cover crops, crop/landscape diversity, nutrient management, agroforestry, and alternative marketing. [35]
Courses aimed at developing graduates with some specific skills in environmental systems or environmental technology are becoming more common and fall into three broads classes:
Orszulik, S. T. (Ed.). (2008). Environmental technology in the oil industry (pp. 78-79). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Ahuja, S. (Ed.). (2022). Separations of Water Pollutants with Nanotechnology. Elsevier.
Pokhum, C., Intasanta, V., Yaipimai, W., Subjalearndee, N., Srisitthiratkul, C., Pongsorrarith, V., ... & Chawengkijwanich, C. (2018). A facile and cost-effective method for removal of indoor airborne psychrotrophic bacterial and fungal flora based on silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles decorated on fibrous air filter. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 9(1), 172-177.
Stein, A., & Kerle, N. (2008). Environmental remediation. Encyclopedia of Quantitative Risk Analysis and Assessment, 2.
Twidell, J. (2021). Renewable energy resources. Routledge.
Nosonovsky, M., & Bhushan, B. (Eds.). (2012). Green tribology: biomimetics, energy conservation and sustainability. Springer Science & Business Media.
Abbas, O. M. (2017). Forecasting with machine learning. International Journal of Computer (IJC), 26(1), 184-194.
Sanamdikar, S. T., & Harne, K. R. (2012). Advanced method for sewage water treatment. International Journal of Advanced Technology in Civil Engineering, ISSN, 2231-5721.
Topare, N. S., Attar, S. J., & Manfe, M. M. (2011). Sewage/wastewater treatment technologies: a review. Sci. Revs. Chem. Commun, 1(1), 18-24.
Allesch, A., & Brunner, P. H. (2014). Assessment methods for solid waste management: A literature review. Waste Management & Research, 32(6), 461-473.
Gomes, C., Dietterich, T., Barrett, C., Conrad, J., Dilkina, B., Ermon, S., ... & Zeeman, M. L. (2019). Computational sustainability: Computing for a better world and a sustainable future. Communications of the ACM, 62(9), 56-65.
Lässig, J., Kersting, K., & Morik, K. (Eds.). (2016). Computational Sustainability (Vol. 645). Springer.
· “AI in Renewable Energy: Powering up for a Greener Tomorrow.” Www.linkedin.com, www.linkedin.com/pulse/ai-renewable-energy-powering-up-greener-tomorrow-neil-sahota. Accessed 16 Apr. 2024.
· This is content published by linkedin press, so it should be a reliable source. And it provides an in-depth plumbing of the environmental content
· Wikipedia Contributors. “Sewage Treatment.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 25 Apr. 2019, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment.
· This Wikipedia article delves into the section on wastewater treatment in environmental technology and explains this section in detail and is a reliable source.