| Glt_symporter | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | Glt_symporter | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF03616 | ||||||||
| Pfam clan | CL0064 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR004445 | ||||||||
| TCDB | 2.A.27 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The sodium/glutamate symporter, also known as glutamate permease, is a transmembrane protein family found in bacteria and archaea. These proteins are symporters that are responsible for the sodium-dependent uptake of extracellular glutamate into the cell. They are integral membrane proteins located in the bacterial inner membrane. [1] The best-studied member of the family is GltS from Escherichia coli. GltS contains ten transmembrane helices arranged in two antiparallel 5-helix domains and functions as a homodimer. [1] [2] [3] Substrates for GltS include L- and D-glutamate, as well as toxic analogs α- methylglutamate, and homocysteate. [1] In studies of E. coli growth, bacteria without GltS were unable to grow in a medium where glutamate is the only source of carbon. [4]
The family is evolutionarily distant from other glutamate transporters. Phylogenetic analyses of GltS genes suggest that their presence in cyanobacteria can be attributed to at least two horizontal gene transfer events. [5]
- ^ a b c Szvetnik A, Gál J, Kálmán M (October 2007). "Membrane topology of the GltS Na+/glutamate permease of Escherichia coli". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 275 (1): 71–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00863.x. PMID 17662058.
- ^ Mościcka KB, Krupnik T, Boekema EJ, Lolkema JS (July 2009). "Projection structure by single-particle electron microscopy of secondary transport proteins GltT, CitS, and GltS" (PDF). Biochemistry. 48 (28): 6618–23. doi: 10.1021/bi900838d. PMID 19518127.
- ^ Dobrowolski A, Lolkema JS (July 2010). "Evolution of antiparallel two-domain membrane proteins. Swapping domains in the glutamate transporter GltS" (PDF). Biochemistry. 49 (29): 5972–4. doi: 10.1021/bi100918j. hdl: 11370/dd55689b-07f6-4f1e-9482-e4dee579418f. PMID 20557112. S2CID 261253917.
- ^ Kalman, Miklos; Gentry, DanielR.; Cashel, Michael (March 1991). "Characterization of the Escherichia coli K12 gltS glutamate permease gene". MGG Molecular & General Genetics. 225 (3): 379–86. doi: 10.1007/BF00261677. PMID 2017136. S2CID 45433198.
- ^ Flores E, Munro-Pastor AM, Meeks JC (2008). "Gene Transfer to Cyanobacteria in the Laboratory and in Nature". In Herrero A, Flores E (eds.). The cyanobacteria : molecular biology, genomics, and evolution. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. ISBN 9781904455158.
| Glt_symporter | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | Glt_symporter | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF03616 | ||||||||
| Pfam clan | CL0064 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR004445 | ||||||||
| TCDB | 2.A.27 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The sodium/glutamate symporter, also known as glutamate permease, is a transmembrane protein family found in bacteria and archaea. These proteins are symporters that are responsible for the sodium-dependent uptake of extracellular glutamate into the cell. They are integral membrane proteins located in the bacterial inner membrane. [1] The best-studied member of the family is GltS from Escherichia coli. GltS contains ten transmembrane helices arranged in two antiparallel 5-helix domains and functions as a homodimer. [1] [2] [3] Substrates for GltS include L- and D-glutamate, as well as toxic analogs α- methylglutamate, and homocysteate. [1] In studies of E. coli growth, bacteria without GltS were unable to grow in a medium where glutamate is the only source of carbon. [4]
The family is evolutionarily distant from other glutamate transporters. Phylogenetic analyses of GltS genes suggest that their presence in cyanobacteria can be attributed to at least two horizontal gene transfer events. [5]
- ^ a b c Szvetnik A, Gál J, Kálmán M (October 2007). "Membrane topology of the GltS Na+/glutamate permease of Escherichia coli". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 275 (1): 71–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00863.x. PMID 17662058.
- ^ Mościcka KB, Krupnik T, Boekema EJ, Lolkema JS (July 2009). "Projection structure by single-particle electron microscopy of secondary transport proteins GltT, CitS, and GltS" (PDF). Biochemistry. 48 (28): 6618–23. doi: 10.1021/bi900838d. PMID 19518127.
- ^ Dobrowolski A, Lolkema JS (July 2010). "Evolution of antiparallel two-domain membrane proteins. Swapping domains in the glutamate transporter GltS" (PDF). Biochemistry. 49 (29): 5972–4. doi: 10.1021/bi100918j. hdl: 11370/dd55689b-07f6-4f1e-9482-e4dee579418f. PMID 20557112. S2CID 261253917.
- ^ Kalman, Miklos; Gentry, DanielR.; Cashel, Michael (March 1991). "Characterization of the Escherichia coli K12 gltS glutamate permease gene". MGG Molecular & General Genetics. 225 (3): 379–86. doi: 10.1007/BF00261677. PMID 2017136. S2CID 45433198.
- ^ Flores E, Munro-Pastor AM, Meeks JC (2008). "Gene Transfer to Cyanobacteria in the Laboratory and in Nature". In Herrero A, Flores E (eds.). The cyanobacteria : molecular biology, genomics, and evolution. Norfolk, UK: Caister Academic Press. ISBN 9781904455158.