Mathematical formulas that relate the speed, flow, and diameter of pumps, fans, blowers, and turbines, useful for predicting output under varying conditions.
agbioeletric
A brand name of a kind of vegetable oil for use in transformers.
A power transformer where the metallic core is made of metals cooled so quickly that they do not form a crystal structure; such transformers can reduce some kinds of energy loss.
The mathematical relation between the integral of the magnetic field over some closed curve to the
current passing through the region bound by the curve.
A network of individual logic elements in multiple layers that mimics the function of a biological nervous system; a technique in artificial intelligence.
A circuit protection device for overhead power distribution lines which briefly interrupts a circuit when a fault is detected, then restores the circuit in the expectation the fault has cleared.
A diode intended for regular operation in the reverse, avalanche breakdown, mode. Used as a
voltage reference, noise source, and in certain classes of microwave oscillator device.
The average value of an
alternating current waveform, taking the absolute value of the waveform. The average value is generally different from the root-mean-square value.
An imaging sensor or data storage device that represents a signal, or pixel, by the charge stored in a capacitor and is able to move that charge from one capacitor to the next.
Any controller that manipulates some process variable to minimize the difference between the current state of the variable and the desired set point, such as temperature, flow, or others.
A thermal power plant that improves efficiency with two different kinds of energy extraction from the combustion products gas stream, such as a gas turbine followed by a steam boiler.
Electronic devices intended to be owned by consumers directly; a mobile cell phone is "consumer electronics" but the cell site it communicates with is not.
The equipment used to adjust some parameter of an ongoing process to regulate its behavior to a desired goal, such as positioning a disk drive head or regulating temperature of a furnace.
An analysis of an electric circuit where capacitance, inductance, and resistance are distributed along the circuit, as in a transmission line, not concentrated in lumped components.
A braking system that extracts energy from a moving system to bring it to rest; a dynamic braking system generally is not used to hold a position of a stationary object.
A type of semiconductor memory where data is stored as electric charges on capacitors; the charges must be refreshed periodically or else they will leak away, losing the stored data.
The emission of an electric current from a hot wire; Edison did not realize he'd discovered the fundamental mechanism of the vacuum tube, thermionic emission.
Discharge of electric current through an open space between conductors; may be produced intentionally as a source of intense light and heat, or may be a result of an electrical fault.
Applying electric power to a process that was previously done by other means, or, development of an electric power system in a region that previously had none.
A railway locomotive with a diesel engine, generator, and electric driving motors that can be powered by the diesel engine or the track electrical supply.
The common operating environment that supports embedded software; it may be a highly tailored version of a general-purpose operating system, or written solely for the purpose of embedded system operations.
A computer system that controls a device or system, with no or a minimal user interface; for example, the ignition system in a car may have a microprocessor to control it.
Facsimile, the transmission of paper images by radio or by wire.
feed forward
A control system that adjusts the controlled variable based on a model of the process and measurements of disturbances, instead of feedback from measurement of the process.
A system that samples part of its output and adds that to its input; feedback may be either positive or negative, aiding or opposing the initial input signal.
Software of a computer that is never or rarely altered during its working life, for example, the control computer program for an automotive ignition system.
An electric machine used to transfer power between two networks with different frequencies, or, an electronic device (more usually called a frequency mixer) that changes the frequency of an input signal to some other frequency.
Any system tied to an electrical grid that stores electrical energy at low demand times and releases it to meet peak loads; it might be a centralized station like a pumped-storage hydroelectric plant, or might be distributed over many customer sites such as by the use of electric vehicle batteries.
A flexible insulated electrical conductor designed to withstand a significant
voltage; "high" voltage may be hundreds or hundreds of thousands of volts, depending on the context.
Any voltage at which safety concerns apply; in some contexts, anything over 100 volts may be a high voltage; in electric power transmission, voltages over 66,000 volts are considered "high voltage".
An element of a high-voltage
direct current power transmission system; each end of the transmission line has a converter station connected to the local AC grid.
A filter which, mathematically, never gets to a zero effect of an impulse at its input, though practically the response may become negligible after a definite time.
Conceptually, an embedded computer system with a specialized user interface designed to simplify one task, such as e-mail or photos; a modern smart phone approaches this concept.
An energy source whose availability is not under human control; it may be sporadically available or available on some natural schedule not coincident with human demands; energy sources that are not dispatchable.
A bus where each phase is in its own grounded metal enclosure to prevent faults from spreading from phase to phase; often used in large power plant generators.
The observation that the sum of the
currents at any node of a
circuit must be zero, and the sum of the
voltage differences around any loop must be zero; often abbreviated "KCL" and "KVL" in lecture notes.
A mathematical prediction of the flow of electric power in a network, based on a model of the actual or proposed system; necessary for planning of electrical grids.
Any data compression method which allows only a close approximation of the source to be reconstructed; useful for images or music, where the human perceptual system compensates for the errors.
In a satellite radio receiving system, a device that amplifies and converts signals to a lower frequency band that will have lower losses in interconnecting cables.
A criterion for stability of a dynamical system; if disturbances from a stable point reduce and the system returns to that stable point, it can be said to be Lyapunov stable.
A large centralized computer system, used for large volumes of data or supporting multiple interactive terminals, with large input/output capacity, generally expected to provide critical services to a business or institution with a predictable degree of reliability.
Commercial electric power, purchased from an off-site source shared by many consumers. Regional supplies vary in
voltage, frequency, and technical standards.
A mercury-arc valve; a vacuum tube device that converts
alternating current to
direct current by an arc in mercury vapor; displaced by solid-state devices, but formerly much used especially in high-voltage
direct current transmission.
A lamp that generates light from a discharge struck in mercury vapor; formerly widely used in outdoor lighting, now replaced by lamps with better efficacy.
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor, a class of transistor using a single type of charge carrier and with a very thin insulating layer between current channel and control gate. If you count those built into integrated circuits, nearly all transistors are MOSFETs.
Electrical apparatus that regulates and protects an electric motor, which may be as simple as an on-off switch or a servo system for precision machine tools.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a technique for examining the interiors of, for example, medical patients, using sensitive measurements of the magnetic fields of atomic nuclei.
A theorem which states that any network of
current sources,
voltage sources, and
resistors can be simplified to an equivalent network with only a current source and shunt
admittance; the dual of
Thevenin's theorem.
The US National Television Systems Committee, that developed the analog monochrome and color television standards used for more than 60 years for broadcasting.
The maximum rate at which energy is consumed from an electrical grid; may be either an instantaneous measure or the maximum energy transferred in some interval such as 15 minutes.
A system that measures the timing and amplitude of
voltages and
currents on an electrical grid, synchronized over a wide geographic area; the resulting measurements can be used to manage power flow on the grid.
An
alternating current power transmission system using three or more wires, each of which carries a current that is displaced in time with respect to the others.
Any system intended to alter some property of the bulk power supply to improve it for some application; such as filters, surge suppressors, voltage regulators, uninterruptible power supplies, and many others.
Apparatus intended to convert electric power to another form of electric power, such as conversion between AC and DC or changing frequency or phase number.
A load flow study; mathematical prediction of the magnitudes and direction of power flow in an existing or planned power grid; an essential part of grid management.
A facility that changes electric power into some form that can be stored and usefully reconverted back to electric power, for example, pumped storage or battery systems.
A subsystem of a computer or other electronic device that turns electric power from a wall plug or batteries into a form suitable for use by the system.
The technology of limiting the spread of failures of a power system to a minimum, and of preventing permanent damage to apparatus or conductors by such faults.
A computer system designed to be rugged enough for industrial use and with a programming environment highly tuned to the domain of industrial control problems.
Transmission of information by varying the duration of pulses, or, varying the average output voltage of a power converter by varying the duration of pulses.
Electromagnetic waves with frequencies less than that of infrared radiation; commercially important radio frequencies range from tens of kilohertz up to around a terahertz.
That component of apparent power flow due to the return to the source of energy stored in a load's electric or magnetic fields, that does no useful work at the load.
A theorem that states that the current injected into one point in a network will produce a
voltage at a second point that is identical to the voltage produced at the first point by injection of the same current at the first point
An observation that electric currents and electric fields can be analyzed from either point of view as regards the source of the energy in the system; for example, in radio, a good transmitting antenna is generally also a good receiving antenna.
A device that converts
alternating current (which periodically reverses) to
direct current that flows in only one direction; may be a solid-state, vacuum tube or electromechanical device.
An oscillator that relies on an active device periodically changing state; such oscillators usually produce a square-wave or sawtooth waveform, different from the approximately sinusoidal waveshape of a harmonic oscillator.
A type of electric motor that induces non-permanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor, relying on varying magnetic reluctance; the rotor carries no windings.
A current sensing coil that produces a
voltage proportional to the rate of change of current; by integration, this can be turned into a measure of current.
An electric machine that converts electric power between two forms, say, AC and DC or single-phase and three phase, or between two different frequencies of AC (the latter two can be performed by the same machine).
That point in the magnetization of a substance where most magnetic domains are aligned with the external field; further increase of the magnetizing force (H) gives only small increase in the magnetization (B).
A Laplace transform converts a function from the time domain to the "complex frequency" s-domain; making certain mathematical operations much simpler to evaluate.
A step in digital image processing that groups picture elements of an image that notionally represent some physically significant property of the imaged objects.
A substance with electrical conductivity between that of insulators and conductors; displays a negative temperature coefficient of resistance, and is also sensitive to light. The conductivity of semiconductors can readily be altered by trace amounts of other substances, leading to devices that are the foundation of nearly all modern electronics.
A device that relies on substances with electrical conductivity between that of insulators and conductors; the controllable conductivity of these materials makes most of modern electronics possible.
A test of machines or apparatus where the load terminals are directly connected; usually done at reduced power to prevent damage, but destructive short circuit testing may be carried out on circuit protective devices.
A measure of the power contained in the useful part of the signal, to the power contained in noise. Often measured in decibels; for example, in sound reproduction a 40 or 50 decibel signal to noise ratio would be broadcast quality, whereas a 10 decibel ratio would represent very difficult operating conditions for a voice radio system.
A radio carrier modulation system where redundant frequencies of one duplicate side band are filtered out along with the carrier, to save transmitter power.
The tendency of
alternating current to flow at the periphery of a conductor; significant for large conductors at power frequencies, and increasingly significant as the frequency increases.
A graphical tool for display of the impedance of devices at varying frequencies, and for solution of problems of impedance matching in radio frequency design.
A former type of radio transmitter that generated radio frequency current by exciting resonance of a tuned system with an electric spark, used almost entirely for transmission of Morse code.
A computer with a substantially higher level of performance than a general-purpose machine; especially adapted for high intensity calculation on large data sets.
An electrical device that opens and closes a circuit; it may be manually operated, automatically operated by some other electrical circuit, or operated by the change in some physical condition such as flow, level, or temperature.
A power converter that regulates
voltage by adjusting the time duration of a switching device; this gives reduced heat dissipation compared to an equivalent linear regulator device.
A converter from alternating to
direct current, where switching devices actively are operated in step with the positive and negative excursions of the supply.
An integrated circuit that combines multiple significant subsystems of a product on one die, for example, analog signal processing and digital controls.
A switch that selects which transformer tap is connected to an external circuit; may be manually operated, or power operated; some types can be operated under load for voltage regulation purposes.
A kind of resonant transformer capable of very high voltages; almost identical to an Oudin coil except that it has separately wound primary and secondary.
A theorem which states that any network of current sources, voltage sources and resistors can be simplified to an equivalent network with only a
voltage source and series impedance; the dual of Norton's Theorem.
A system whereby multiple human users of a computer can proceed as if they had sole use, while the computer processes each user's software in round-robin fashion.
A switching element (mercury arc,
thyristor, or other device) in a high-voltage
direct current converter; each phase contains two or more valves, which may be series-connected for higher voltages. Or, a vacuum tube.
Variable resistor – a protective device that has a high resistance at low voltage but momentarily switches to lower resistance on exposure to a high voltage.
An electromechanical interrupter, part of a DC-to-AC converter in a battery-operated vacuum tube radio, or similar application. Some had additional contacts to act as a synchronous rectifier.
A software-intensive measuring system that can be programmed to emulate any of a number of conventional measuring instruments, or some combination of measuring functions.
A strategy for managing a collection of disparate power sources, interconnected with a communications network, as if they were a single centralized power plant.
Generally, adjustment of a voltage source to compensate for voltage drop; techniques differ widely between a computer power supply and a long-distance power line.
A type of radio antenna using a feeder element, one or more parasitic reflector elements, and one or more director parasitic elements to provide a directional characteristic; the classic home TV rooftop antenna was usually a Yagi antenna .
Nickname for "voltage regulator diodes" which may rely either on the Zener effect or avalanche breakdown to maintain a roughly constant voltage; the two effects have opposite temperature coefficients of voltage.
Mathematical formulas that relate the speed, flow, and diameter of pumps, fans, blowers, and turbines, useful for predicting output under varying conditions.
agbioeletric
A brand name of a kind of vegetable oil for use in transformers.
A power transformer where the metallic core is made of metals cooled so quickly that they do not form a crystal structure; such transformers can reduce some kinds of energy loss.
The mathematical relation between the integral of the magnetic field over some closed curve to the
current passing through the region bound by the curve.
A network of individual logic elements in multiple layers that mimics the function of a biological nervous system; a technique in artificial intelligence.
A circuit protection device for overhead power distribution lines which briefly interrupts a circuit when a fault is detected, then restores the circuit in the expectation the fault has cleared.
A diode intended for regular operation in the reverse, avalanche breakdown, mode. Used as a
voltage reference, noise source, and in certain classes of microwave oscillator device.
The average value of an
alternating current waveform, taking the absolute value of the waveform. The average value is generally different from the root-mean-square value.
An imaging sensor or data storage device that represents a signal, or pixel, by the charge stored in a capacitor and is able to move that charge from one capacitor to the next.
Any controller that manipulates some process variable to minimize the difference between the current state of the variable and the desired set point, such as temperature, flow, or others.
A thermal power plant that improves efficiency with two different kinds of energy extraction from the combustion products gas stream, such as a gas turbine followed by a steam boiler.
Electronic devices intended to be owned by consumers directly; a mobile cell phone is "consumer electronics" but the cell site it communicates with is not.
The equipment used to adjust some parameter of an ongoing process to regulate its behavior to a desired goal, such as positioning a disk drive head or regulating temperature of a furnace.
An analysis of an electric circuit where capacitance, inductance, and resistance are distributed along the circuit, as in a transmission line, not concentrated in lumped components.
A braking system that extracts energy from a moving system to bring it to rest; a dynamic braking system generally is not used to hold a position of a stationary object.
A type of semiconductor memory where data is stored as electric charges on capacitors; the charges must be refreshed periodically or else they will leak away, losing the stored data.
The emission of an electric current from a hot wire; Edison did not realize he'd discovered the fundamental mechanism of the vacuum tube, thermionic emission.
Discharge of electric current through an open space between conductors; may be produced intentionally as a source of intense light and heat, or may be a result of an electrical fault.
Applying electric power to a process that was previously done by other means, or, development of an electric power system in a region that previously had none.
A railway locomotive with a diesel engine, generator, and electric driving motors that can be powered by the diesel engine or the track electrical supply.
The common operating environment that supports embedded software; it may be a highly tailored version of a general-purpose operating system, or written solely for the purpose of embedded system operations.
A computer system that controls a device or system, with no or a minimal user interface; for example, the ignition system in a car may have a microprocessor to control it.
Facsimile, the transmission of paper images by radio or by wire.
feed forward
A control system that adjusts the controlled variable based on a model of the process and measurements of disturbances, instead of feedback from measurement of the process.
A system that samples part of its output and adds that to its input; feedback may be either positive or negative, aiding or opposing the initial input signal.
Software of a computer that is never or rarely altered during its working life, for example, the control computer program for an automotive ignition system.
An electric machine used to transfer power between two networks with different frequencies, or, an electronic device (more usually called a frequency mixer) that changes the frequency of an input signal to some other frequency.
Any system tied to an electrical grid that stores electrical energy at low demand times and releases it to meet peak loads; it might be a centralized station like a pumped-storage hydroelectric plant, or might be distributed over many customer sites such as by the use of electric vehicle batteries.
A flexible insulated electrical conductor designed to withstand a significant
voltage; "high" voltage may be hundreds or hundreds of thousands of volts, depending on the context.
Any voltage at which safety concerns apply; in some contexts, anything over 100 volts may be a high voltage; in electric power transmission, voltages over 66,000 volts are considered "high voltage".
An element of a high-voltage
direct current power transmission system; each end of the transmission line has a converter station connected to the local AC grid.
A filter which, mathematically, never gets to a zero effect of an impulse at its input, though practically the response may become negligible after a definite time.
Conceptually, an embedded computer system with a specialized user interface designed to simplify one task, such as e-mail or photos; a modern smart phone approaches this concept.
An energy source whose availability is not under human control; it may be sporadically available or available on some natural schedule not coincident with human demands; energy sources that are not dispatchable.
A bus where each phase is in its own grounded metal enclosure to prevent faults from spreading from phase to phase; often used in large power plant generators.
The observation that the sum of the
currents at any node of a
circuit must be zero, and the sum of the
voltage differences around any loop must be zero; often abbreviated "KCL" and "KVL" in lecture notes.
A mathematical prediction of the flow of electric power in a network, based on a model of the actual or proposed system; necessary for planning of electrical grids.
Any data compression method which allows only a close approximation of the source to be reconstructed; useful for images or music, where the human perceptual system compensates for the errors.
In a satellite radio receiving system, a device that amplifies and converts signals to a lower frequency band that will have lower losses in interconnecting cables.
A criterion for stability of a dynamical system; if disturbances from a stable point reduce and the system returns to that stable point, it can be said to be Lyapunov stable.
A large centralized computer system, used for large volumes of data or supporting multiple interactive terminals, with large input/output capacity, generally expected to provide critical services to a business or institution with a predictable degree of reliability.
Commercial electric power, purchased from an off-site source shared by many consumers. Regional supplies vary in
voltage, frequency, and technical standards.
A mercury-arc valve; a vacuum tube device that converts
alternating current to
direct current by an arc in mercury vapor; displaced by solid-state devices, but formerly much used especially in high-voltage
direct current transmission.
A lamp that generates light from a discharge struck in mercury vapor; formerly widely used in outdoor lighting, now replaced by lamps with better efficacy.
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor, a class of transistor using a single type of charge carrier and with a very thin insulating layer between current channel and control gate. If you count those built into integrated circuits, nearly all transistors are MOSFETs.
Electrical apparatus that regulates and protects an electric motor, which may be as simple as an on-off switch or a servo system for precision machine tools.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a technique for examining the interiors of, for example, medical patients, using sensitive measurements of the magnetic fields of atomic nuclei.
A theorem which states that any network of
current sources,
voltage sources, and
resistors can be simplified to an equivalent network with only a current source and shunt
admittance; the dual of
Thevenin's theorem.
The US National Television Systems Committee, that developed the analog monochrome and color television standards used for more than 60 years for broadcasting.
The maximum rate at which energy is consumed from an electrical grid; may be either an instantaneous measure or the maximum energy transferred in some interval such as 15 minutes.
A system that measures the timing and amplitude of
voltages and
currents on an electrical grid, synchronized over a wide geographic area; the resulting measurements can be used to manage power flow on the grid.
An
alternating current power transmission system using three or more wires, each of which carries a current that is displaced in time with respect to the others.
Any system intended to alter some property of the bulk power supply to improve it for some application; such as filters, surge suppressors, voltage regulators, uninterruptible power supplies, and many others.
Apparatus intended to convert electric power to another form of electric power, such as conversion between AC and DC or changing frequency or phase number.
A load flow study; mathematical prediction of the magnitudes and direction of power flow in an existing or planned power grid; an essential part of grid management.
A facility that changes electric power into some form that can be stored and usefully reconverted back to electric power, for example, pumped storage or battery systems.
A subsystem of a computer or other electronic device that turns electric power from a wall plug or batteries into a form suitable for use by the system.
The technology of limiting the spread of failures of a power system to a minimum, and of preventing permanent damage to apparatus or conductors by such faults.
A computer system designed to be rugged enough for industrial use and with a programming environment highly tuned to the domain of industrial control problems.
Transmission of information by varying the duration of pulses, or, varying the average output voltage of a power converter by varying the duration of pulses.
Electromagnetic waves with frequencies less than that of infrared radiation; commercially important radio frequencies range from tens of kilohertz up to around a terahertz.
That component of apparent power flow due to the return to the source of energy stored in a load's electric or magnetic fields, that does no useful work at the load.
A theorem that states that the current injected into one point in a network will produce a
voltage at a second point that is identical to the voltage produced at the first point by injection of the same current at the first point
An observation that electric currents and electric fields can be analyzed from either point of view as regards the source of the energy in the system; for example, in radio, a good transmitting antenna is generally also a good receiving antenna.
A device that converts
alternating current (which periodically reverses) to
direct current that flows in only one direction; may be a solid-state, vacuum tube or electromechanical device.
An oscillator that relies on an active device periodically changing state; such oscillators usually produce a square-wave or sawtooth waveform, different from the approximately sinusoidal waveshape of a harmonic oscillator.
A type of electric motor that induces non-permanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor, relying on varying magnetic reluctance; the rotor carries no windings.
A current sensing coil that produces a
voltage proportional to the rate of change of current; by integration, this can be turned into a measure of current.
An electric machine that converts electric power between two forms, say, AC and DC or single-phase and three phase, or between two different frequencies of AC (the latter two can be performed by the same machine).
That point in the magnetization of a substance where most magnetic domains are aligned with the external field; further increase of the magnetizing force (H) gives only small increase in the magnetization (B).
A Laplace transform converts a function from the time domain to the "complex frequency" s-domain; making certain mathematical operations much simpler to evaluate.
A step in digital image processing that groups picture elements of an image that notionally represent some physically significant property of the imaged objects.
A substance with electrical conductivity between that of insulators and conductors; displays a negative temperature coefficient of resistance, and is also sensitive to light. The conductivity of semiconductors can readily be altered by trace amounts of other substances, leading to devices that are the foundation of nearly all modern electronics.
A device that relies on substances with electrical conductivity between that of insulators and conductors; the controllable conductivity of these materials makes most of modern electronics possible.
A test of machines or apparatus where the load terminals are directly connected; usually done at reduced power to prevent damage, but destructive short circuit testing may be carried out on circuit protective devices.
A measure of the power contained in the useful part of the signal, to the power contained in noise. Often measured in decibels; for example, in sound reproduction a 40 or 50 decibel signal to noise ratio would be broadcast quality, whereas a 10 decibel ratio would represent very difficult operating conditions for a voice radio system.
A radio carrier modulation system where redundant frequencies of one duplicate side band are filtered out along with the carrier, to save transmitter power.
The tendency of
alternating current to flow at the periphery of a conductor; significant for large conductors at power frequencies, and increasingly significant as the frequency increases.
A graphical tool for display of the impedance of devices at varying frequencies, and for solution of problems of impedance matching in radio frequency design.
A former type of radio transmitter that generated radio frequency current by exciting resonance of a tuned system with an electric spark, used almost entirely for transmission of Morse code.
A computer with a substantially higher level of performance than a general-purpose machine; especially adapted for high intensity calculation on large data sets.
An electrical device that opens and closes a circuit; it may be manually operated, automatically operated by some other electrical circuit, or operated by the change in some physical condition such as flow, level, or temperature.
A power converter that regulates
voltage by adjusting the time duration of a switching device; this gives reduced heat dissipation compared to an equivalent linear regulator device.
A converter from alternating to
direct current, where switching devices actively are operated in step with the positive and negative excursions of the supply.
An integrated circuit that combines multiple significant subsystems of a product on one die, for example, analog signal processing and digital controls.
A switch that selects which transformer tap is connected to an external circuit; may be manually operated, or power operated; some types can be operated under load for voltage regulation purposes.
A kind of resonant transformer capable of very high voltages; almost identical to an Oudin coil except that it has separately wound primary and secondary.
A theorem which states that any network of current sources, voltage sources and resistors can be simplified to an equivalent network with only a
voltage source and series impedance; the dual of Norton's Theorem.
A system whereby multiple human users of a computer can proceed as if they had sole use, while the computer processes each user's software in round-robin fashion.
A switching element (mercury arc,
thyristor, or other device) in a high-voltage
direct current converter; each phase contains two or more valves, which may be series-connected for higher voltages. Or, a vacuum tube.
Variable resistor – a protective device that has a high resistance at low voltage but momentarily switches to lower resistance on exposure to a high voltage.
An electromechanical interrupter, part of a DC-to-AC converter in a battery-operated vacuum tube radio, or similar application. Some had additional contacts to act as a synchronous rectifier.
A software-intensive measuring system that can be programmed to emulate any of a number of conventional measuring instruments, or some combination of measuring functions.
A strategy for managing a collection of disparate power sources, interconnected with a communications network, as if they were a single centralized power plant.
Generally, adjustment of a voltage source to compensate for voltage drop; techniques differ widely between a computer power supply and a long-distance power line.
A type of radio antenna using a feeder element, one or more parasitic reflector elements, and one or more director parasitic elements to provide a directional characteristic; the classic home TV rooftop antenna was usually a Yagi antenna .
Nickname for "voltage regulator diodes" which may rely either on the Zener effect or avalanche breakdown to maintain a roughly constant voltage; the two effects have opposite temperature coefficients of voltage.