You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (August 2012) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 5,023 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Puente General Rafael Urdaneta]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Puente General Rafael Urdaneta}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge
Coordinates	10°34′27.38″N 71°34′33.73″W / 10.5742722°N 71.5760361°W / 10.5742722; -71.5760361
Carries	vehicles
Crosses	Tablazo Strait
Locale	Maracaibo, Zulia, Venezuela [1]
Characteristics
Design	Cable-stayed bridge [1]
Material	Reinforced concrete [1]
Total length	8.7 kilometres (5.4 mi) [1]
Height	86.6 metres (284 ft) [1]
Longest span	235 metres (771 ft) x 5
No. of spans	135
History
Designer	Riccardo Morandi
Construction start	1958 [1]
Construction end	1962 [1]
Construction cost	Bs. 350 million [2]
Location

The General Rafael Urdaneta Bridge is located at the Tablazo Strait outlet of Lake Maracaibo, in western Venezuela. The bridge connects Maracaibo with much of the rest of the country. It is named after General Rafael Urdaneta, a Venezuelan hero of Independence who was born in Maracaibo.

Design and construction

Made of reinforced and prestressed concrete, the cable-stayed bridge spans 8.678 kilometres (5.392 mi) from shore to shore. The five main spans are each 235 metres (771 ft) long. ^[3] They are supported from 92-metre (302 ft) tall towers, and provide 46 metres (151 ft) of clearance to the water below. ^[4] The bridge carries only vehicles.

The competition to design the bridge started in 1957 and was won by Riccardo Morandi, an Italian civil engineer. Morandi's was the only concrete design out of twelve entries, and was expected to be less expensive to maintain, as well as providing valuable experience of prestressed concrete technology for Venezuela. ^[4] Construction was carried out by several companies, including Grün & Bilfinger, Julius Berger, Bauboag AG, Philipp Holzmann AG, Precomprimido C.A., Wayss & Freytag and K Ingeniería.

According to eminent bridge engineer Michel Virlogeux: ^[3]

the Lake Maracaibo Bridge deserves to be part of the series of the most famous bridges over the world, with the Golden Gate Bridge, the bridge over the Firth of Forth, the Brooklyn Bridge, and the Garabit Viaduct.

History

It was opened on 24 August 1962 by the then-president of Venezuela Romulo Betancourt.

In April 1964, parts of the bridge collapsed after a collision with the tanker Esso Maracaibo, causing the deaths of seven people. ^[5]

The construction of a second cable-stayed bridge has been proposed since 1982, with a series of studies made since 2000. The cost of the new bridge has been estimated at US$440m, to be largely privately financed via tolls.

The bridge's structural integrity received heightened concern after the August 2018 collapse of a stayed pier on a similar bridge, Ponte Morandi in Genoa, Italy.

See also

• List of bridges by length

References

• Dupré, Judith: "Bridges", Könemann, 1998, ISBN  3-8290-0408-7
• Virlogeux, Michel: "Bridges with Multiple Cable Stayed Spans", Structural Engineering International, 1/2001

Notes

External links

• General Rafael Urdaneta Website in spanish
• Second Lake Maracaibo Bridge at Structurae
• Info on Maracaibo including the bridge
• Esso Maracaibo website
• https://www.venezuelatuya.com/occidente/puenterafaelurdanetaeng.htm