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==Significance== |
==Significance== |
||
===Industry=== |
===Industry=== |
||
''Ganoderma'' are wood-decaying fungi with a cosmopolitan distribution, and can grow on both coniferous and hardwood species. They are white-rot fungi, and have enzymes that allow them to break down wood components such as [[lignin]] and [[cellulose]]. There has been significant research interest in trying to harness the power of these wood-degrading enzymes for industrial applications such as biopulping<ref name="urlFBRI: New Enzymes for Biopulping">{{cite web |url=http://www.forestbioproducts.umaine.edu/project_enzymes_biopulping.php |title=FBRI: New Enzymes for Biopulping |work= |accessdate=2008-11-15}}</ref> or [[bioremediation]].<ref name="pmid17718838">{{cite journal |author=Matos AJ, Bezerra RM, Dias AA |title=Screening of fungal isolates and properties of ''Ganoderma applanatum'' intended for olive mill wastewater decolourization and dephenolization |journal=Lett. Appl. Microbiol. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=270–5 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17718838 |doi=10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02181.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17055642">{{cite journal |author=Rigas F, Papadopoulou K, Dritsa V, Doulia D |title=Bioremediation of a soil contaminated by lindane utilizing the fungus ''Ganoderma australe'' via response surface methodology |journal=J. Hazard. Mater. |volume=140 |issue=1-2 |pages=325–32 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17055642 |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.035 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18319622">{{cite journal |author=Joo SS, Ryu IW, Park JK, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular cloning and expression of a laccase from ''Ganoderma lucidum'', and its antioxidative properties |journal=Mol. Cells |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=112–8 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18319622 |doi= |url=http://www.molcells.org/home/journal/article_read.asp?volume=25&number=1&startpage=112}}</ref> |
''Ganoderma'' are wood-decaying fungi with a cosmopolitan distribution, and can grow on both coniferous and hardwood species. They are white-rot fungi, and have enzymes that allow them to break down wood components such as [[lignin]] and [[cellulose]]. There has been significant research interest in trying to harness the power of these wood-degrading enzymes for industrial applications such as biopulping<ref name="urlFBRI: New Enzymes for Biopulping">{{cite web |url=http://www.forestbioproducts.umaine.edu/project_enzymes_biopulping.php |title=FBRI: New Enzymes for Biopulping |work= |accessdate=2008-11-15}}</ref> or [[bioremediation]].<ref name="pmid17718838">{{cite journal |author=Matos AJ, Bezerra RM, Dias AA |title=Screening of fungal isolates and properties of ''Ganoderma applanatum'' intended for olive mill wastewater decolourization and dephenolization |journal=Lett. Appl. Microbiol. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=270–5 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17718838 |doi=10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02181.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17055642">{{cite journal |author=Rigas F, Papadopoulou K, Dritsa V, Doulia D |title=Bioremediation of a soil contaminated by lindane utilizing the fungus ''Ganoderma australe'' via response surface methodology |journal=J. Hazard. Mater. |volume=140 |issue=1-2 |pages=325–32 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17055642 |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.035 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18319622">{{cite journal |author=Joo SS, Ryu IW, Park JK, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular cloning and expression of a laccase from ''Ganoderma lucidum'', and its antioxidative properties |journal=Mol. Cells |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=112–8 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18319622 |doi= |url=http://www.molcells.org/home/journal/article_read.asp?volume=25&number=1&startpage=112}}</ref> It has also recently been harvested and fused with coffee to make it readily available for public consumption [http://www.energydrinkz.organogold.com/r/UK/beverages.html] |
||
===Medicine=== |
===Medicine=== |
Ganoderma | |||
---|---|---|---|
![]() | |||
Ganoderma applanatum | |||
Scientific classification | |||
Kingdom: | |||
Division: | |||
Class: | |||
Order: | |||
Family: | |||
Genus: | Ganoderma
P.Karst (1881)
| ||
Type species | |||
Ganoderma lucidum (
Curtis) P.Karst. (1881)
| |||
Species | |||
|
Ganoderma is a genus of polypore mushrooms which grow on wood and include about 80 species, many from tropical regions. [1] Because of their extensive use in traditional Asian medicines, and their potential in bioremediation, they are a very important genus economically. Ganoderma can be differentiated from other polypores because they have a double walled basidiospore. They are popularly referred to as shelf mushrooms or bracket fungi.
The name Ganoderma is derived from the Greek ganos/γανος "brightness, sheen", hence "shining" and derma/δερμα "skin". [2]
Ganoderma are characterized by basidiocarps that are large, perennial, woody brackets, also called " conks". They are lignicolous, leathery, and either with or without a stem. The fruit bodies typically grow in a fanlike or hooflike form on the trunks of living or dead trees. They have double-walled, truncate spores with yellow to brown ornamented inner layers.
The genus was named by Karsten in 1881. [3] Members of the family Ganodermataceae were traditionally considered difficult to classify because of the lack of reliable morphological characteristics, the overabundance of synonyms, and the widespread misuse of names. [4] [5] Until recently, the genus was divided into two sections – Section Ganoderma with a shiny cap surface (like Ganoderma lucidum) and Elfvingia, with a dull cap surface, like Ganoderma applanatum.
Phylogenetic analysis using DNA sequence information derived from mitochondrial SSU rDNA, have helped to clarify our understanding of the relationships amongst Ganoderma species. [6] [7] The genus may now be divided into six monophyletic groups: [8]
In 1905, American mycologist William Murrill delineated the genus Tomophagus to accommodate the single species G. colossus (then known as Polyporus colossus) which had distinctive morphological features that did not fit in with the other species. [9] Historically, however, Tomophagus has generally been regarded as a synonym for Ganoderma. [10] Nearly a century later, phylogenetic analyses vindicated Murrill's original placement, as it has shown to be a taxonomically distinct appropriate genus. [8]
Ganoderma are wood-decaying fungi with a cosmopolitan distribution, and can grow on both coniferous and hardwood species. They are white-rot fungi, and have enzymes that allow them to break down wood components such as lignin and cellulose. There has been significant research interest in trying to harness the power of these wood-degrading enzymes for industrial applications such as biopulping [11] or bioremediation. [12] [13] [14] It has also recently been harvested and fused with coffee to make it readily available for public consumption [1]
Several species of Ganoderma have been used medicinally in traditional Asian medicines (specifically in Korea, Japan and China) for thousands of years. Collectively, the Ganoderma are being investigated for a variety of potential therapeutic benefits: [15] [16] [17] [18] [16]
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Line 64: | Line 64: | ||
==Significance== |
==Significance== |
||
===Industry=== |
===Industry=== |
||
''Ganoderma'' are wood-decaying fungi with a cosmopolitan distribution, and can grow on both coniferous and hardwood species. They are white-rot fungi, and have enzymes that allow them to break down wood components such as [[lignin]] and [[cellulose]]. There has been significant research interest in trying to harness the power of these wood-degrading enzymes for industrial applications such as biopulping<ref name="urlFBRI: New Enzymes for Biopulping">{{cite web |url=http://www.forestbioproducts.umaine.edu/project_enzymes_biopulping.php |title=FBRI: New Enzymes for Biopulping |work= |accessdate=2008-11-15}}</ref> or [[bioremediation]].<ref name="pmid17718838">{{cite journal |author=Matos AJ, Bezerra RM, Dias AA |title=Screening of fungal isolates and properties of ''Ganoderma applanatum'' intended for olive mill wastewater decolourization and dephenolization |journal=Lett. Appl. Microbiol. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=270–5 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17718838 |doi=10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02181.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17055642">{{cite journal |author=Rigas F, Papadopoulou K, Dritsa V, Doulia D |title=Bioremediation of a soil contaminated by lindane utilizing the fungus ''Ganoderma australe'' via response surface methodology |journal=J. Hazard. Mater. |volume=140 |issue=1-2 |pages=325–32 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17055642 |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.035 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18319622">{{cite journal |author=Joo SS, Ryu IW, Park JK, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular cloning and expression of a laccase from ''Ganoderma lucidum'', and its antioxidative properties |journal=Mol. Cells |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=112–8 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18319622 |doi= |url=http://www.molcells.org/home/journal/article_read.asp?volume=25&number=1&startpage=112}}</ref> |
''Ganoderma'' are wood-decaying fungi with a cosmopolitan distribution, and can grow on both coniferous and hardwood species. They are white-rot fungi, and have enzymes that allow them to break down wood components such as [[lignin]] and [[cellulose]]. There has been significant research interest in trying to harness the power of these wood-degrading enzymes for industrial applications such as biopulping<ref name="urlFBRI: New Enzymes for Biopulping">{{cite web |url=http://www.forestbioproducts.umaine.edu/project_enzymes_biopulping.php |title=FBRI: New Enzymes for Biopulping |work= |accessdate=2008-11-15}}</ref> or [[bioremediation]].<ref name="pmid17718838">{{cite journal |author=Matos AJ, Bezerra RM, Dias AA |title=Screening of fungal isolates and properties of ''Ganoderma applanatum'' intended for olive mill wastewater decolourization and dephenolization |journal=Lett. Appl. Microbiol. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=270–5 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17718838 |doi=10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02181.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17055642">{{cite journal |author=Rigas F, Papadopoulou K, Dritsa V, Doulia D |title=Bioremediation of a soil contaminated by lindane utilizing the fungus ''Ganoderma australe'' via response surface methodology |journal=J. Hazard. Mater. |volume=140 |issue=1-2 |pages=325–32 |year=2007 |month=February |pmid=17055642 |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.09.035 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18319622">{{cite journal |author=Joo SS, Ryu IW, Park JK, ''et al.'' |title=Molecular cloning and expression of a laccase from ''Ganoderma lucidum'', and its antioxidative properties |journal=Mol. Cells |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=112–8 |year=2008 |month=February |pmid=18319622 |doi= |url=http://www.molcells.org/home/journal/article_read.asp?volume=25&number=1&startpage=112}}</ref> It has also recently been harvested and fused with coffee to make it readily available for public consumption [http://www.energydrinkz.organogold.com/r/UK/beverages.html] |
||
===Medicine=== |
===Medicine=== |
Ganoderma | |||
---|---|---|---|
![]() | |||
Ganoderma applanatum | |||
Scientific classification | |||
Kingdom: | |||
Division: | |||
Class: | |||
Order: | |||
Family: | |||
Genus: | Ganoderma
P.Karst (1881)
| ||
Type species | |||
Ganoderma lucidum (
Curtis) P.Karst. (1881)
| |||
Species | |||
|
Ganoderma is a genus of polypore mushrooms which grow on wood and include about 80 species, many from tropical regions. [1] Because of their extensive use in traditional Asian medicines, and their potential in bioremediation, they are a very important genus economically. Ganoderma can be differentiated from other polypores because they have a double walled basidiospore. They are popularly referred to as shelf mushrooms or bracket fungi.
The name Ganoderma is derived from the Greek ganos/γανος "brightness, sheen", hence "shining" and derma/δερμα "skin". [2]
Ganoderma are characterized by basidiocarps that are large, perennial, woody brackets, also called " conks". They are lignicolous, leathery, and either with or without a stem. The fruit bodies typically grow in a fanlike or hooflike form on the trunks of living or dead trees. They have double-walled, truncate spores with yellow to brown ornamented inner layers.
The genus was named by Karsten in 1881. [3] Members of the family Ganodermataceae were traditionally considered difficult to classify because of the lack of reliable morphological characteristics, the overabundance of synonyms, and the widespread misuse of names. [4] [5] Until recently, the genus was divided into two sections – Section Ganoderma with a shiny cap surface (like Ganoderma lucidum) and Elfvingia, with a dull cap surface, like Ganoderma applanatum.
Phylogenetic analysis using DNA sequence information derived from mitochondrial SSU rDNA, have helped to clarify our understanding of the relationships amongst Ganoderma species. [6] [7] The genus may now be divided into six monophyletic groups: [8]
In 1905, American mycologist William Murrill delineated the genus Tomophagus to accommodate the single species G. colossus (then known as Polyporus colossus) which had distinctive morphological features that did not fit in with the other species. [9] Historically, however, Tomophagus has generally been regarded as a synonym for Ganoderma. [10] Nearly a century later, phylogenetic analyses vindicated Murrill's original placement, as it has shown to be a taxonomically distinct appropriate genus. [8]
Ganoderma are wood-decaying fungi with a cosmopolitan distribution, and can grow on both coniferous and hardwood species. They are white-rot fungi, and have enzymes that allow them to break down wood components such as lignin and cellulose. There has been significant research interest in trying to harness the power of these wood-degrading enzymes for industrial applications such as biopulping [11] or bioremediation. [12] [13] [14] It has also recently been harvested and fused with coffee to make it readily available for public consumption [1]
Several species of Ganoderma have been used medicinally in traditional Asian medicines (specifically in Korea, Japan and China) for thousands of years. Collectively, the Ganoderma are being investigated for a variety of potential therapeutic benefits: [15] [16] [17] [18] [16]
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