Eyes are the round holes that are a characteristic feature of Swiss-type cheese [1] (e.g. Emmentaler cheese) and some Dutch-type cheeses. The eyes are bubbles of carbon dioxide gas. The gas is produced by various species of bacteria in the cheese. [2]
In Swiss-type cheeses, the eyes form as a result of the activity of propionic acid bacteria ( propionibacteria), notably Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii. [3] [4] These bacteria transform lactic acid into propionic acid and carbon dioxide, according to the formula:
The CO2 so produced accumulates at weak points in the curd, where it forms the bubbles that become the cheese's eyes. [3] Not all CO2 is so trapped: in an 80 kg (180 lb) cheese, about 20 L of CO2 remain in the eyes, while 60 L remain dissolved in the cheese mass and 40 L are lost from the cheese. [1]
In Dutch-type cheeses, the CO2 that forms the eyes results from the metabolisation of citrate by citrate-positive ("Cit+") strains of lactococci. [1]
Eyes are the round holes that are a characteristic feature of Swiss-type cheese [1] (e.g. Emmentaler cheese) and some Dutch-type cheeses. The eyes are bubbles of carbon dioxide gas. The gas is produced by various species of bacteria in the cheese. [2]
In Swiss-type cheeses, the eyes form as a result of the activity of propionic acid bacteria ( propionibacteria), notably Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii. [3] [4] These bacteria transform lactic acid into propionic acid and carbon dioxide, according to the formula:
The CO2 so produced accumulates at weak points in the curd, where it forms the bubbles that become the cheese's eyes. [3] Not all CO2 is so trapped: in an 80 kg (180 lb) cheese, about 20 L of CO2 remain in the eyes, while 60 L remain dissolved in the cheese mass and 40 L are lost from the cheese. [1]
In Dutch-type cheeses, the CO2 that forms the eyes results from the metabolisation of citrate by citrate-positive ("Cit+") strains of lactococci. [1]