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This is an extended version of the energy density table from the main
Energy density page:
Energy densities table
Storage type
Specific energy (
MJ /kg)
Energy density (MJ/
L )
Peak
recovery efficiency %
Practical recovery efficiency %
Arbitrary
Antimatter
89,875,517,874
depends on density
Deuterium–tritium fusion
576,000,000
[1]
Uranium-235 fissile isotope
144,000,000
[1]
1,500,000,000
Natural uranium (99.3% U-238, 0.7% U-235) in
fast breeder reactor
86,000,000
Reactor-grade uranium (3.5% U-235) in
light-water reactor
3,456,000
35%
Pu-238 α-decay
2,200,000
Hf-178m2
isomer
1,326,000
17,649,060
Natural uranium (0.7% U235) in
light-water reactor
443,000
35%
Ta-180m isomer
41,340
689,964
Metallic hydrogen (recombination energy)
216
[2]
Specific orbital energy of
Low Earth orbit (approximate)
33.0
Beryllium +
Oxygen
23.9
[3]
Lithium +
Fluorine
23.75[
citation needed ]
Octaazacubane potential explosive
22.9
[4]
Ammonia (
NH3 )
16.9
11.5
[5] [
circular reference ]
Hydrogen +
Oxygen
13.4
[6]
Gasoline +
Oxygen –> Derived from
Gasoline
13.3[
citation needed ]
Dinitroacetylene explosive - computed[
citation needed ]
9.8
Octanitrocubane explosive
8.5
[7]
16.9
[8]
Tetranitrotetrahedrane explosive - computed[
citation needed ]
8.3
Heptanitrocubane explosive - computed[
citation needed ]
8.2
Sodium (reacted with chlorine)[
citation needed ]
7.0349
Hexanitrobenzene explosive
7
[9]
Tetranitrocubane explosive - computed[
citation needed ]
6.95
Ammonal (Al+
NH4 NO3
oxidizer )[
citation needed ]
6.9
12.7
Tetranitromethane +
hydrazine bipropellant - computed[
citation needed ]
6.6
Nitroglycerin
6.38
[10]
10.2
[11]
ANFO -
ANNM [
citation needed ]
6.26
battery, Lithium–air
6.12
Octogen (HMX)
5.7
[10]
10.8
[12]
TNT [Kinney, G.F.; K.J. Graham (1985).
Explosive shocks in air .
Springer-Verlag .
ISBN
978-3-540-15147-0 . [
citation needed ]
4.610
6.92
Copper
Thermite (Al +
CuO as
oxidizer )[
citation needed ]
4.13
20.9
Thermite (powder Al +
Fe2 O3 as
oxidizer )
4.00
18.4
Hydrogen peroxide decomposition (as
monopropellant )
2.7
3.8
battery, Lithium-ion nanowire
2.54
29
95%[
clarification needed ]
[13]
battery, Lithium Thionyl Chloride (LiSOCl2)
[14]
2.5
Water 220.64 bar, 373.8 °C[
citation needed ] [
clarification needed ]
1.968
0.708
Kinetic energy penetrator [
clarification needed ]
1.9
30
battery, Fluoride-ion [
citation needed ]
1.7
2.8
battery, Hydrogen closed cycle H fuel cell
[15]
1.62
Hydrazine decomposition (as
monopropellant )
1.6
1.6
Ammonium nitrate decomposition (as
monopropellant )
1.4
2.5
Thermal Energy Capacity of Molten Salt
1[
citation needed ]
98%
[16]
Molecular spring approximate[
citation needed ]
1
battery, Sodium–Sulfur
0.72
[17]
1.23[
citation needed ]
85%
[18]
battery, Lithium–Manganese
[19]
[20]
0.83-1.01
1.98-2.09
battery, Lithium-ion
[21]
[22]
0.46-0.72
0.83-3.6
[23]
95%
[24]
battery, Lithium–Sulfur
[25]
1.80
[26]
1.26
battery, Sodium–Nickel Chloride , High Temperature
0.56
battery, Silver-oxide
[19]
0.47
1.8
Flywheel
0.36-0.5
[27]
[28]
5.56 × 45 mm NATO bullet[
clarification needed ]
0.4
3.2
battery, Nickel–metal hydride (NiMH) , low power design as used in consumer batteries
[29]
0.4
1.55
battery, Zinc-manganese (alkaline) , long life design
[19]
[21]
0.4-0.59
1.15-1.43
Liquid Nitrogen
0.349
Water -
Enthalpy of Fusion
0.334
0.334
battery, Zinc Bromine flow (ZnBr)
[30]
0.27
battery, Nickel metal hydride (NiMH) , High Power design as used in cars
[31]
0.250
0.493
battery, Nickel–Cadmium (NiCd)
[21]
0.14
1.08
80%
[24]
battery, Zinc–Carbon
[21]
0.13
0.331
battery, Lead–acid
[21]
0.14
0.36
battery, Vanadium redox
0.09[
citation needed ]
0.1188
70 70-75%
battery, Vanadium–Bromide redox
0.18
0.252
80%–90%
[32]
Capacitor
Ultracapacitor
0.0199
[33]
0.050[
citation needed ]
Capacitor
Supercapacitor
0.01[
citation needed ]
80%–98.5%
[34]
39%–70%
[34]
Superconducting magnetic energy storage
0
0.008
[35]
>95%
Capacitor
0.002
[36]
Neodymium magnet
0.003
[37]
Ferrite magnet
0.0003
[37]
Spring power (clock spring),
torsion spring
0.0003
[38]
0.0006
Storage type
Energy density by mass (MJ/kg)
Energy density by volume (MJ/
L )
Peak recovery efficiency %
Practical recovery efficiency %
Notes
^
a
b Prelas, Mark (2015).
Nuclear-Pumped Lasers . Springer. p. 135.
ISBN
9783319198453 .
^
http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/215/1/012194/pdf/1742-6596_215_1_012194.pdf [
bare URL PDF ]
^ Cosgrove, Lee A.; Snyder, Paul E. (2002-05-01). "The Heat of Formation of Beryllium Oxide1". Journal of the American Chemical Society . 75 (13): 3102–3103.
doi :
10.1021/ja01109a018 .
^ Glukhovtsev, Mikhail N.; Jiao, Haijun; Schleyer, Paul von Ragué (1996-05-28). "Besides N2, What Is the Most Stable Molecule Composed Only of Nitrogen Atoms?†". Inorganic Chemistry . 35 (24): 7124–7133.
doi :
10.1021/ic9606237 .
PMID
11666896 .
^
Ammonia#Combustion
^ Miller, Catherine (1 February 2021).
"Introduction to Rocket Propulsion" (PDF) . Archived from
the original (PDF) on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2021 .
^
Wiley Interscience
^
Octanitrocubane
^
Wiley Interscience
^
a
b
"Chemical Explosives" . Fas.org. 2008-05-30. Retrieved 2010-05-07 .
^
Nitroglycerin
^
HMX
^
"Nanowire battery can hold 10 times the charge of existing lithium-ion battery" . News-service.stanford.edu. 2007-12-18. Archived from
the original on 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2010-05-07 .
^
"Lithium Thionyl Chloride Batteries" . Nexergy. Archived from
the original on 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2010-05-07 .
^
"The Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell" . Llnl.gov. 1994-12-01. Archived from
the original on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 2010-05-07 .
^
"Technology" . SolarReserve. Archived from
the original on 2008-01-19. Retrieved 2010-05-07 .
^
"New battery could change world, one house at a time" . Heraldextra.com. 2009-04-04. Archived from
the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2010-05-07 .
^ Kita, A.; Misaki, H.; Nomura, E.; Okada, K. (August 1984). "Energy Citations Database (ECD) - - Document #5960185". Proc., Intersoc. Energy Convers. Eng. Conf.; (United States) . 2 . Osti.gov.
OSTI
5960185 .
^
a
b
c
"ProCell Lithium battery chemistry" .
Duracell . Archived from
the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2009-04-21 .
^
"Properties of non-rechargeable lithium batteries" . corrosion-doctors.org. Retrieved 2009-04-21 .
^
a
b
c
d
e
"Battery energy storage in various battery types" . AllAboutBatteries.com. Archived from
the original on 2009-04-28. Retrieved 2009-04-21 .
^ A typically available lithium-ion cell with an Energy Density of 201 wh/kg
"Li-Ion 18650 Cylindrical Cell 3.6V 2600mAh - Highest Energy Density Cell in Market (LC-18650H4) - LC-18650H4" . Archived from
the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2012-12-14 .
^
"Lithium Batteries" . Archived from
the original on 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2010-07-02 .
^
a
b Justin Lemire-Elmore (2004-04-13).
"The Energy Cost of Electric and Human-Powered Bicycles" (PDF) . p. 7. Archived from
the original (PDF) on 2012-09-13. Retrieved 2009-02-26 . Table 3: Input and Output Energy from Batteries
^
"Lithium Sulfur Rechargeable Battery Data Sheet" (PDF) . Sion Power, Inc. 2005-09-28. Archived from
the original (PDF) on 2008-08-28.
^ Kolosnitsyn, V.S.; E.V. Karaseva (2008). "Lithium-sulfur batteries: Problems and solutions". Russian Journal of Electrochemistry . 44 (5): 506–509.
doi :
10.1134/s1023193508050029 .
S2CID
97022927 .
^
"Storage Technology Report, ST6 Flywheel" (PDF) . Archived from
the original (PDF) on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2012-12-14 .
^
"Next-gen Of Flywheel Energy Storage" . Product Design & Development. Archived from
the original on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2009-05-21 .
^
"Advanced Materials for Next Generation NiMH Batteries, Ovonic, 2008" (PDF) . Archived from
the original (PDF) on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2012-12-14 .
^
"ZBB Energy Corp" . Archived from
the original on 2007-10-15. 75 to 85 watt-hours per kilogram
^
High Energy Metal Hydride Battery
Archived 2009-09-30 at the
Wayback Machine
^
"Microsoft Word - V-FUEL COMPANY AND TECHNOLOGY SHEET 2008.doc" (PDF) . Archived from
the original (PDF) on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2010-05-07 .
^
"Maxwell Technologies: Ultracapacitors - BCAP3000" . Maxwell.com. Retrieved 2010-05-07 .
^
a
b
"Archived copy" (PDF) . Archived from
the original (PDF) on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 2012-12-14 . {{
cite web }}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link )
^
[1]
Archived February 16, 2010, at the
Wayback Machine
^
"Department of Computing" . Archived from
the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2012-12-14 .
^
a
b
"Archived copy" (PDF) . Archived from
the original (PDF) on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2012-12-14 . {{
cite web }}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link )
^
"Garage Door Springs" . Garagedoor.org. Retrieved 2010-05-07 .