European Union directive on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora
The Habitats Directive (more formally known as Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora)
[1] is a
directive adopted by the
European Community in 1992 as a response to the
Berne Convention. The European Community was reformed as the
European Union the following year, but the directive is still recognised.
The Habitats Directive required national governments to specify areas that are expected to be ensuring the conservation of flora and fauna species. This led to the setting up of a network of
protected areas across the EU, along with '
Special Areas of Conservation', which together with the existing
Special Protection Areas, became the so-called
Natura 2000 network established to protect species and habitats.
[2]
This directive is one of the main pillars of the European Union's system of wildlife and nature conservation, another being the
Birds Directive.
[3]
[4] The Habitats Directive, together with the Birds Directive, are also called the "nature directives".
[5]
The Habitats Directive consists of 24 articles of legislation to which all member states must comply. Article 17 of the directive sets the terms and standards for reporting on both the habitats and species listed in the annexes by the individual EU member countries. It stipulates a report from each member country on the state of nature every six years.
[1]
[6] The first preliminary reports were due in 2001 (but only published in 2004),
[6] the first actual assessments were due in 2007 (published 2009),
[6]
[7] the second in 2013 (published 2015), and the third set of assessment reports were due in 2019 (published 2020).
[6] The assessments of conservation status differ markedly from those of the
IUCN Red List. The aim in the case of the EU conservation status is to assess the distance from a defined favourable situation, as opposed to the distance from extinction. There are three classes of conservation status: favourable (FV), unfavourable-inadequate (U1) and unfavourable-bad (U2).
[8]
The annexes of the directive outline the protected habitats and species:
[1]
- Annex I covers habitats,
- Annex II species requiring designation of
Special Areas of Conservation,
- Annex IV species in need of strict protection, and
- Annex V species in which member countries may decide for themselves how to manage the population.
From 1988 to 1992, the policy was given importance at the national level by policy experts, scientists and ecologists; later on in the 1990s this spawned further political, social and administrative discussions among the relevant countries.
Due to differences in nature conservation traditions, national problems have arisen in the implementation of the directive. Since member states in the
south and
east of Europe participated less in nature policies, these states experienced problems with the EU provisions. In
Germany,
Austria,
Italy and
Belgium, the observation of conflicts between various government layers have caused prolonged delays in the management of nature policies. On the other hand, in member states such as the
United Kingdom and
Sweden, positive outcomes have developed due to stakeholder involvement, pro-active authorities, agencies responsible for implementation and public participation.[
citation needed]
According to one 2014 report there are increasing incompatibilities with the Natura 2000 policy on economic development.
[9]
Annex I lists the specific
habitats which have been designated as the a
Special Area of Conservation, to which a common EU-wide legislation applies. Certain habitats among those are furthermore designated as "priority habitat types". Habitats in the EU are given codes. An area or habitat can combine two habitats, and be designated as for example code 35.2 × 64.1 - Open grassland with
Corynephorus and
Agrostis (35.2), in combination with continental dunes (64.1). Example Annex I habitats are:
Open sea and tidal areas
- Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches
- Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt meadows
-
Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic salt marshes and salt meadows
- Salt and gypsum continental steppes
Dunes
- Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast
- Continental dunes, old and decalcified
Standing and running freshwater
- Sections of water courses with natural or semi-natural dynamics (minor, average and major beds) where the water quality shows no significant deterioration
Matorral
- Mediterranean arborescent
matorral
- Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe brush
-
Phrygana
Grasslands
- Natural grasslands
- Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies
- Sclerophyllous grazed forests (
dehesas)
- Semi-natural tall-herb humid meadows
- Mesophile grasslands
Bogs, mires and fens
- Sphagnum acid bogs
- Calcareous fens
Rocky areas and caves
- Scree, chasmophytic vegetation on rocky slopes
- Other rocky habitats
Forests - Only (sub-)natural
- Forests of temperate Europe
- Mediterranean deciduous forests
- Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests
- Alpine and subalpine coniferous forests
- Mediterranean mountainous coniferous forests
The full list of habitats is distributed over 9 main categories.
[10]
Annex II lists species which determine if an area is a
Special Area of Conservation. These include:
[1]
-
Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus)
- Bats:
Rhinolophus blasii,
R. euryale,
R. ferrumequinum,
R. hipposideros,
R. mehelyi,
Barbastella barbastellus,
Miniopterus schreibersi,
Myotis bechsteini,
M. blythi,
M. capaccinii,
M. dasycneme,
M. emarginatus,
M. myotis
- Rodents:
Spermophilus citellus,
Castor fiber,
Microtus cabrerae
- Carnivores: Lynx (
Lynx lynx), otter (
Lutra lutra) and
Mustela lutreola
-
Grey seal and
harbour seal
- natural populations of wild goats (
Capra aegagrus)
- natural populations of wild sheep (
Ovis ammon musimon) on
Corsica and
Sardinia.
-
Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica
- the dolphin
Tursiops truncatus and the harbour porpoise
Phocoena phocoena
- Land tortoises:
Testudo hermanni,
T. graeca and
T. marginata
- Freshwater turtles:
Emys orbicularis,
Mauremys caspica and
M. leprosa
- Lizards:
Lacerta monticola,
L. schreiberi,
Gallotia galloti insulanagae,
Podarcis lilfordi,
P. pityusensis,
Chalcides occidentalis (a skink) and
Phyllodactylus europaeus (a gecko)
- Snakes:
Elaphe quatuorlineata,
E. situla and
Vipera ursinii
- Salamanders:
Chioglossa lusitanica,
Mertensiella luschani,
Salamandrina terdigitata,
Triturus cristatus,
olm (Proteus anguinus),
Speleomantes ambrosii,
S. flavus,
S. genei,
S. imperialis and
S. supramontes
- Toads:
Bombina bombina and
B. variegata
- Frogs:
Rana latastei,
Discoglossus jeanneae,
D. montalentii and
D. sardus
- All
Eudontomyzon species,
Lampetra fluviatilis,
L. planeri,
Lethenteron zanandrai,
Petromyzon marinus
-
Aphanius iberus and
A. fasciatus
- only natural populations of
Hucho hucho
- only freshwater populations of salmon (
Salmo salar), the trout
S. marmoradus and
S. macrostigma
- the
cyprid fish
Alburnus vulturius,
A. albidus,
Anaecypris hispanica,
Aspius aspius,
Barbus plebejus,
B. meridionalis,
B. capito,
B. comiza,
Chalcalburnus chalcoides,
Chondrostoma soetta,
Ch. polylepis,
Ch. genei,
Ch. lusitanicum,
Ch. toxostoma,
Gobio albipinnatus,
G. uranoscopus,
Iberocypris palaciosi,
Leuciscus lucomonis,
L. souffia, all species of
Phoxinellus,
Rutilus pigus,
R. rubilio,
R. arcasii,
R. macrolepidotus,
R. lemmingii,
R. friesii meidingeri,
R. alburnoides,
Rhodeus sericeus amarus,
Scardinius graecus
- the
Cobitidae loaches
Cobitis conspersa,
C. larvata,
C. trichonica,
C. taenia,
Misgurnis fossilis,
Sabanejewia aurata
- of the perches:
Gymnocephalus schraetzer and all
Zingel species except
Z. asper and
Z. zingel
-
Gobiidae:
Pomatoschistus canestrini,
Padogobius panizzai,
P. nigricans
- the
freshwater sculpins
Cottus ferruginosus,
C. gobio,
C. petiti
- all
Alosa species, the river herrings or scads.
-
Aristotle's catfish (Silurus aristotelis)
- the beetles
Buprestis splendens,
Cerambyx cerdo,
Cucujus cinnaberinus,
Dytiscus latissimus,
Graphoderus bilineatus,
Limoniscus violaceus,
Lucanus cervus and
Morimus funereus
- the butterflies
Coenonympha oedippus,
Erebia calcaria,
E. christi,
Eriogaster catax,
Euphydryas aurinia,
Graellsia isabellae,
Hypodryas maturna,
Lycaena dispar,
Maculinea nausithous,
M. teleius,
Melanagria arge,
Papilio hospiton,
Plebicula golgus
- the praying mantis
Apteromantis aptera
- the dragonflies
Coenagrion hylas,
C. mercuriale,
Cordulegaster trinacriae,
Gomphus graslinii,
Leucorrhina pectoralis,
Lindenia tetraphylla,
Macromia splendens,
Ophiogomphus cecilia,
Oxygastra curtisii
- the grasshopper
Baetica ustulata
-
Gastropods (snails):
Caseolus calculus,
C. commixta,
C. sphaerula,
Discula leacockiana,
D. tabellata,
Discus defloratus,
D. guerinianus,
Elona quimperiana,
Geomalacus maculosus,
Geomitra moniziana,
Idiomela subplicata (as Helix subplicata),
Leiostyla abbreviata,
L. cassida,
L. corneocostata,
L. gibba,
L. lamellosa,
Vertigo angustior,
V. genesii,
V. geyeri,
V. moulinsiana
- Bivalves:
Margaritifera margaritifera and
Unio crassus
Mosses and liverworts:
Bruchia vogesiaca,
Buxbaumia viridis,
Dichelyma capillaceum,
Dicranum viride,
Distichophyllum carinatum,
Drepanocladus vernicosus,
Jungermannia handelii,
Mannia triandra,
Meesia longiseta,
Nothothylas orbicularis,
Orthotrichum rogeri,
Petalophyllum ralfsii,
Riccia breidleri,
Riella helicophylla,
Scapania massolongi,
Sphagnum pylaisii,
Tayloria rudolphiana
Ferns and allies
Monocots
-
Alismataceae:
Caldesia parnassifolia and
Luronium natans
-
Allium grosii
-
Eleocharis carniolica
-
Juncus valvatus
-
Hyacinthoides vicentina
-
Leucojum nicaeense
- Daffodils:
Narcissus asturiensis,
N. calcicola,
N. cyclamineus,
N. fernandesii,
N. humilis,
N. pseudonarcissus subsp. nobilis,
N. scaberulus,
N. triandrus subsp. capax and
N. viridiflorus
- Grasses:
Avenula hackelii,
Bromus grossus,
Coleanthus subtilis,
Festuca brigantina,
F. duriotagana,
F. elegans,
F. henriquesii,
F. sumilusitanica,
Gaudinia hispanica,
Holcus setiglumis subsp. duriensis,
Micropyropsis tuberosa.
Pseudarrhenatherum pallens and
Puccinellia pungens
- Orchids:
Cypripedium calceolus and
Liparis loeselii
- Cretan date palm (
Phoenix theophrasti)
Dicots
-
Apiaceae:
Angelica palustris,
Apium repens,
Athamanta cortiana,
Eryngium alpinum,
Petagnia saniculifolia,
Rouya polygama and
Thorella verticillatinundata
-
Aldrovanda vesiculosa
-
Asteraceae:
Centaurea corymbosa,
C. gadorensis,
C. kartschiana,
Centaurea micrantha subsp. herminii,
C. pulvinata,
C. rothmalerana,
C. vicentina,
Crepis granatensis,
Erigeron frigidus,
Hymenostemma pseudanthemis,
Leontodon microcephalus,
L. boryi,
Leuzea longifolia,
Ligularia sibirica,
Santolina impressa,
S. semidentata and
Senecio nevadensis
-
Boraginaceae:
Myosotis lusitanica,
M. rehsteineri,
M. retusifolia,
Omphalodes kuzinskyana and
Solenanthus albanicus
-
Brassicaceae:
Alyssum pyrenaicum,
Arabis sadina,
Biscutella vincentina,
Boleum asperum,
Brassica glabrescens,
B. insularis,
Coincya cintrana,
Diplotaxis ibicensis,
D. vicentina,
Erucastrum palustre,
Iberis procumbens subsp. microcarpa,
Ionopsidium savianum,
Sisymbrium cavanillesianum and
S. supinum
-
Campanulaceae:
Asyneuma giganteum,
Jasione crispa subsp. serpentinica and
J. lusitanica
-
Caryophyllaceae:
Arenaria provincialis,
Dianthus cintranus subsp. cintranus,
D. marizii,
D. rupicola,
Herniaria algarvica,
H. berlengiana,
H. maritima,
Moehringia tommasinii,
Petrocoptis grandiflora,
P. montsicciana,
P. pseudoviscosa,
Silene cintrana,
S. hifacensis,
S. longicilia and
S. mariana
-
Centranthus trinervis
-
Cistaceae:
Cistus palhinhae,
Halimium verticillatum,
Helianthemum alypoides and
H. caput-felis
-
Daphne petraea
-
Erodium paularense
-
Euphorbia transtagana
-
Fabaceae:
Anthyllis hystrix,
Astragalus alopecurus (as Astragalus centralpinus),
A. tremolsianus,
Genista dorycnifolia,
G. holopetala,
Melilotus segetalis subsp. fallax and
Trifolium saxatile
-
Gentianaceae:
Gentiana ligustica and
Gentianella angelica
-
Lamiaceae:
Dracocephalum austriacum,
Nepeta dirphya,
Origanum dictamnus,
Sideritis incana subsp. glauca,
S. javalambrensis,
S. serrata,
Teucrium lepicephalum,
T. turredanum and
Thymus carnosus
-
Malvaceae:
Kosteletzkya pentacarpos
-
Najas flexilis
-
Paeoniaceae:
Paeonia cambessedesii,
P. parnassica and
P. clusii subsp. rhodia
-
Pinguicula nevadensis
-
Plantago algarbiensis and
P. almogravensis
-
Plumbaginaceae:
Armeria berlengensis,
A. negleta,
A. pseudarmeria,
A. soleirolii,
A. velutina,
Limonium dodartii subsp. lusitanicum,
L. lanceolatum and
L. multiflorum
-
Polygonaceae:
Polygonum praelongum and
Rumex rupestris
-
Primulaceae:
Androsace mathildae,
A. pyrenaica,
Primula palinuri and
Soldanella villosa
-
Ranunculaceae:
Adonis distorta,
Aquilegia bertolonii,
A. kitaibelii and
Pulsatilla patens
-
Rosaceae:
Potentilla delphinensis
-
Saxifragaceae:
Saxifraga berica,
S. florulenta,
S. hirculus and
S. tombeanensis
-
Scrophulariaceae:
Antirrhinum charidemi,
Chaenorrhinum serpyllifolium subsp. lusitanicum,
Euphrasia marchesettii,
Linaria algarviana,
L. coutinhoi,
L. flava,
L. tonzigii,
Odontites granatensis,
Verbascum litigiosum and
Veronica micrantha
-
Thesium ebracteatum
-
Viola jaubertiana
- Willow:
Salix salviifolia subsp. australis
-
Zelkova abelicea
There are also a number of priority species:
[1]
-
Apiaceae:
Angelica heterocarpa,
Apium bermejoi,
Bupleurum capillare,
B. kakiskalae,
Eryngium viviparum,
Laserpitium longiradium,
Naufraga balearica,
Oenanthe conioides and
Seseli intricatum
-
Asteraceae:
Anthemis glaberrima,
Artemisia granatensis,
Aster pyrenaeus,
A. sorrentinii,
Carduus myriacanthus,
Centaurea alba subsp. heldreichii and subsp. princeps,
C. attica subsp. megarensis,
C. balearica,
C. borjae,
C. citricolor,
C. horrida,
C. kalambakensis,
C. lactiflora,
C. niederi,
C. peucedanifolia,
C. pinnata,
Crepis crocifolia,
Jurinea cyanoides,
J. fontqueri,
Lamyropsis microcephala,
Leontodon siculus and
Senecio elodes
-
Atropa baetica
-
Bassia saxicola
-
Boraginaceae:
Anchusa crispa,
Lithodora nitida,
Omphalodes littoralis and
Symphytum cycladense
-
Brassicaceae:
Biscutella neustriaca,
Brassica macrocarpa,
Coincya rupestris,
Coronopus navasii,
Diplotaxis siettiana,
Iberis arbuscula and
Ionopsidium acaule
-
Campanula sabatia
-
Caryophyllaceae:
Arenaria nevadensis,
Gypsophila papillosa,
Herniaria latifolia subsp. litardierei,
Silene hicesiae,
S. holzmanii,
S. orphanidis,
S. rothmaleri and
S. velutina
-
Convolvulaceae:
Convolvulus argyrothamnus and
C. fernandesii
-
Cistaceae:
Tuberaria major
-
Daphne rodriguezii
-
Euphorbia margalidiana
-
Fabaceae:
Astragalus algarbiensis,
A. aquilanus,
A. maritimus,
A. verrucosus,
Cytisus aeolicus,
Ononis hackelii and
Vicia bifoliolata
-
Gentianaceae:
Centaurium rigualii and
C. somedanum
-
Geraniaceae:
Erodium astragaloides and
E. rupicola
-
Euphorbia margalidiana
-
Hypericum aciferum
-
Lamiaceae:
Micromeria taygetea,
Nepeta sphaciotica,
Thymus camphoratus and
T. cephalotos
-
Linum muelleri
-
Lythrum flexuosum
-
Plumbaginaceae:
Armeria helodes,
A. rouyana,
Limonium insulare,
L. pseudolaetum and
L. strictissimum
-
Primulaceae:
Primula apennina
-
Ranunculaceae:
Aconitum corsicum,
Aquilegia pyrenaica subsp. cazorlensis,
Consolida samia and
Ranunculus weyleri
-
Reseda decursiva
-
Ribes sardum a currant from Saridnia
-
Rubiaceae:
Galium litorale and
G. viridiflorum
-
Salicornia veneta
-
Scrophulariaceae:
Euphrasia genargentea,
Globularia stygia,
Linaria ficalhoana,
L. hellenica,
L. ricardoi,
L. tursica and
Veronica oetaea
-
Viola hispida
There is a separate list for plants from
Macaronesia.
-
Apiaceae:
Ammi trifoliatum,
Bupleurum handiense,
Chaerophyllum azoricum,
Ferula latipinna,
Melanoselinum decipiens,
Monizia edulis,
Oenanthe divaricata and
Sanicula azorica
-
Arceuthobium azoricum
-
Asteraceae:
Andryala crithmifolia,
Argyranthemum thalassophylum.
A. winterii,
Atractylis preauxiana,
Calendula maderensis,
Cheirolophus duranii,
Ch. ghomerytus,
Ch. junonianus,
Ch. massonianus,
Cirsium latifolium,
Helichrysum gossypinum,
H. oligocephala,
Phagnalon benettii,
Stemmacantha cynaroides and
Sventenia bupleuroides
-
Beta patula
-
Caralluma burchardii
-
Boraginaceae:
Echium candicans,
Myosotis azorica and
M. maritima
-
Brassicaceae:
Crambe laevigata and
Sinapidendron rupestre
-
Campanulaceae:
Musschia aurea
-
Cistaceae:
Cistus chinamadensis
-
Crassulaceae:
Aeonium gomeraense,
A. saundersii,
Aichryson dumosum,
Monanthes wildpretii and
Sedum brissemoretii
-
Caryophyllaceae:
Spergularia azorica
-
Erica azorica
-
Euphorbia lambii and
E. stygiana
-
Fabaceae:
Anthyllis lemanniana,
Lotus callis-viridis and
Vicia dennesiana
-
Frangula azorica
-
Kunkeliella subsucculenta
-
Lamiaceae:
Sideritis infernalis,
S. marmorea,
Teucrium abutiloides and
T. betonicum
-
Maytenus umbellata
-
Oleaceae:
Jasminum azoricum and
Picconia azorica
-
Plantago malato-belizii
-
Plumbaginaceae:
Limonium dendroides
-
Rumex azoricus
-
Rosaceae:
Bencomia sphaerocarpa,
Dendriopterium pulidoi,
Marcetella maderensis,
Prunus lusitanica subsp. azorica and
Sorbus maderensis
-
Scabiosa nitens
-
Scrophulariaceae:
Euphrasia grandiflora,
Isoplexis isabelliana,
Odontites holliana and
Sibthorpia peregrina
-
Viola paradoxa
Macaronesian priority species
Androcymbium psammophilum
-
Asteraceae:
Argyranthemum lidii,
Atractylis arbuscula,
Lactuca watsoniana,
Onopordum nogalesii,
O. carduelinum,
Pericallis hadrosoma and
Tanacetum ptarmiciflorum
-
Boraginaceae:
Echium gentianoides
-
Brassicaceae:
Crambe arborea,
C. sventenii and
Parolinia schizogynoides
-
Campanulaceae:
Azorina vidalii and
Musschia wollastonii
-
Ceropegia chrysantha
-
Cistaceae:
Helianthemum bystropogophyllum
-
Convolvulaceae:
Convolvulus caput-medusae,
C. lopez-socasii and
C. massonii
-
Euphorbia handiensis
-
Fabaceae:
Anagyris latifolia,
Dorycnium spectabile,
Lotus azoricus,
Lotus kunkelii,
Teline rosmarinifolia and
T. salsoloides
-
Geranium maderense
-
Lamiaceae:
Sideritis cystosiphon and
S. discolor
-
Myrica rivas-martinezii
-
Pittosporum coriaceum
-
Plumbaginaceae:
Limonium arborescens,
L. spectabile and
L. sventenii
-
Rosaceae:
Bencomia brachystachya and
Chamaemeles coriacea
-
Sambucus palmensis
-
Solanum lidii
-
Scrophulariaceae:
Euphrasia azorica,
Globularia ascanii,
G. sarcophylla and
Isoplexis chalcantha
This annex explains the criteria which are used to select sites which are eligible to be recognised as important for Europe, or as
Special Areas of Conservation. The process consists of two stages. The first stage is to assess the importance at a national level, based on the habitats and species listed in Annex I and II. The second stage is to assess the importance for Europe as a whole, again based on the two earlier annexes.
[1]
Annex IV lists species of interest to Europe which are in need of strict protection.
- Insectivores:
Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus),
Erinaceus algirus and
Crocidura canariensis
- All species of
Microchiroptera
- Rodents: Beaver (
Castor fiber),
Cricetus cricetus, porcupine (
Hystrix cristata),
Sicista betulina, suslik (
Citellus citellus),
Sciurus anomalus,
Microtus cabrerae,
Dutch tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus arenicola), and all species of
Gliridae except
Glis glis and
Eliomys quercinus
- Carnivores: Grey wolf (except Spanish populations north of the Duero and Greek populations north of the 39th parallel), brown bear (
Ursus arctos), otter {
Lutra lutra},
Mustela lutreola, wild cat (
Felis silvestris), lynx (
Lynx lynx), Iberian lynx (
Lynx pardinus) and monk seal (
Monachus monachus)
- Hoofed animals:
Corsican red deer (Cervus elaphus corsicanus), natural populations of wild goats (
Capra aegagrus), natural populations of wild sheep (
Ovis ammon musimon) on
Corsica and
Sardinia, Balcan (
Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica) and Apennine chamois (
R. ornata)
-
Cetaceans: All species
Turtles
Lizards
-
Algyroides fitzingeri,
A. marchi,
A. moreoticus and
A. nigropunctatus
-
Chamaeleo chamaeleon
-
Gallotia atlantica,
G. galloti (including specifically the subspecies insulanagae),
G. simonyi and
G. stehlini
- Geckoes:
Cyrtopodion kotschyi,
Phyllodactylus europaeus,
Tarentola angustimentalis,
T. boettgeri,
T. delalandii and
T. gomerensis.
-
Lacerta agilis,
L. bedriagae,
L. danfordi,
L. dugesi,
L. graeca,
L. horvathi,
L. monticola,
L. schreiberi,
L. trilineata and
L. viridis
-
Ophisaurus apodus
-
Ophisops elegans
-
Podarcis erhardii,
P. filfolensis,
Podarcis hispanica atrata,
P. lilfordi,
P. melisellensis,
P. milensis,
P. muralis,
P. peloponnesiaca,
P. pityusensis,
P. sicula,
P. taurica,
P. tiliguerta and
P. wagleriana
- Skinks:
Ablepharus kitaibelli,
Chalcides bedriagai,
Ch. occidentalis,
Ch. ocellatus,
Ch. sexlineatus,
Ch. viridianus and
Ophiomorus punctatissimus
-
Stellio stellio
Snakes
-
Coluber caspius,
C. hippocrepis,
C. jugularis,
C. laurenti,
C. najadum,
C. nummifer and
C. viridiflavus
-
Coronella austriaca
-
Eirenis modesta
-
Elaphe longissima,
E. quatuorlineata and
E. situla
-
Eryx jaculus
-
Natrix natrix cetti,
N. natrix corsa and
N. tessellata
-
Telescopus falax
-
Vipera ammodytes,
V. schweizeri,
V. seoanni (except Spanish populations),
V. ursinii and
V. xanthina
Salamanders:
-
Chioglossa lusitanica
-
Euproctus asper,
E. montanus and
E. platycephalus
-
Olm (Proteus anguinus)
-
Salamandra atra,
S. salamandra aurorae,
S. lanzai and
S. luschani
-
Salamandrina terdigitata
-
Speleomantes ambrosii,
S. flavus,
S. genei,
S. imperialis,
S. italicus and
S. supramontes
-
Triturus carnifex,
T. cristatus,
T. italicus,
T. karelinii and
T. marmoratus
Toads and frogs:
-
Alytes cisternasii,
A. muletensis and
A. obstetricans
-
Bombina bombina and
B. variegata
-
Bufo calamita and
B. viridis
-
Discoglossus galganoi,
D. jeanneae,
D. montalentii,
D. pictus and
D. sardus
- Treefrogs:
Hyla arborea,
H. meridionalis and
H. sarda
-
Pelobates cultripes,
P. fuscus and
P. syriacus
-
Rana arvalis,
R. dalmatina,
R. graeca,
R. iberica,
R. latastei and
R. lessonae
- Beetles:
Buprestis splendens,
Carabus olympiae,
Cerambyx cerdo,
Cucujus cinnaberinus,
Dytiscus latissimus,
Graphoderus bilineatus,
Osmoderma eremita and
Rosalia alpina
- Dragonflies:
Aeshna viridis,
Cordulegaster trinacriae,
Gomphus graslinii,
Leucorrhina albifrons,
L. caudalis,
L. pectoralis,
Lindenia tetraphylla,
Macromia splendens,
Ophiogomphus cecilia,
Oxygastra curtisii,
Stylurus flavipes and
Sympecma braueri
- Grasshoppers:
Baetica ustulata and
Saga pedo
- Lepidoptera:
Apatura metis,
Coenonympha hero,
C. oedippus,
Erebia calcaria,
E. christi,
E. sudetica,
Eriogaster catax,
Fabriciana elisa,
Hypodryas maturna,
Hyles hippophaes,
Lopinga achine,
Lycaena dispar,
Maculinea arion,
M. nausithous,
M. teleius,
M. arge,
Papilio alexanor,
P. hospiton,
Parnassius apollo,
P. mnemosyne,
Plebicula golgus,
Proserpinus proserpina and
Zerynthia polyxena
- Mantids:
Apteromantis aptera
-
Gastropods (snails):
Patella feruginea,
Caseolus calculus,
C. commixta,
C. sphaerula,
Discula leacockiana,
D. tabellata,
D. testudinalis,
D. turricula,
Discus defloratus,
D. guerinianus,
Elona quimperiana,
Geomalacus maculosus,
Geomitra moniziana,
Helix subplicata,
Leiostyla abbreviata,
L. cassida,
L. corneocostata,
L. gibba and
L. lamellosa
- Bivalves:
Lithophaga lithophaga,
Pinna nobilis,
Margaritifera auricularia and
Unio crassus
Annex IV contains all the plant species listed in Annex II (except the mosses and lichens), plus the plant taxa listed below:
- Ferns:
Asplenium hemionitis
-
Dracaena draco
-
Iridaceae:
Crocus etruscus,
Iris boissieri and
I. marisca
-
Liliaceae:
Androcymbium europeum,
Bellevalia hackelli,
Colchicum corsicum,
C. cousturieri,
Fritillaria conica,
F. drenovskii,
F. gussichiae,
F. obliqua,
F. rhodocanakis,
Ornithogalum reverchonii,
Scilla beirana and
S. odorata
-
Narcissus longispathus and
N. triandrus
- Orchids:
Ophrys argolica,
Orchis scopulorum and
Spiranthes aestivalis
-
Apiaceae:
Bunium brevifolium
-
Aquilegia alpina
-
Asteraceae:
Argyranthemum pinnatifidum subsp. succulentum,
Helichrysum sibthorpii,
Picris willkommii,
Santolina elegans,
Senecio caespitosus,
S. lagascanus subsp. lusitanicus and
Wagenitzia lancifolia
-
Berberis maderensis
-
Campanula morettiana and
Physoplexis comosa
-
Euphorbia nevadensis
-
Gesneriads:
Ramonda heldreichii (as Jankaea heldreichii) and
Ramonda serbica
-
Lamiaceae:
Rosmarinus tomentosus,
Teucrium charidemi,
Thymus capitellatus and
T. villosus subsp. villosus
-
Mandragora officinarum
-
Moehringia fontqueri
-
Murbeckiella sousae
-
Primulaceae:
Androsace cylindrica,
Primula glaucescens and
P. spectabilis
-
Saxifraga cintrana,
S. portosanctana,
S. presolanensis,
S. valdensis and
S. vayredana
-
Scrophulariaceae:
Antirrhinum lopesianum and
Lindernia procumbens
-
Sideroxylon marmulano
-
Thymelaea broterana
-
Viola athois,
V. cazorlensis and
V. delphinanth
Annex V details the species which are of 'interest' to the European Union, of which the taking or exploitation of wild may be subject to the management decisions of the individual countries concerned.
[1] This largely concerns plants or animals in which the hunting or gathering was/is an economic activity.
Mammals
Amphibians
Fish
Other
Plants
This annex compiles the types of capture and killing (i.e. hunting) which are prohibited in the European Community (and now the European Union), as well as prohibited modes of transport (while hunting). These can vary according to form of life.
[1] Birds are covered by the older
Birds Directive.
- Mammals, for example, may not be hunted using explosives, gassing or smoking out burrows, poisons and poisoned or anaesthetic bait, tape recorders, artificial light sources, mirrors and other dazzling devices, blind or mutilated animals used as live decoys, non-selective nets or traps, crossbows and semi-automatic or automatic machine guns with a magazine capable of holding more than two rounds of ammunition. Other prohibited hunting devices are those to illuminate targets, electrical and/or electronic devices capable of killing or stunning and sighting scopes for night shooting with an electronic image magnifier or image converter.
[1]
- Fish may not be caught using poisons or explosives.
[1]
It is furthermore illegal to hunt wildlife in the European Union from an aircraft or moving motor vehicle.
[1]