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Federico Tobares
Born23 February 1976 (1976-02-23)
Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos, Argentina
Disappeared5 June 2013 (aged 37)
Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Status Missing for 10 years, 10 months and 22 days
Nationality Argentine
Occupation Chef
Employer Jalisco New Generation Cartel (suspected)
Height1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)
Parents
  • Carlos Tobares (father)
  • Ana María Surraco (mother)

Federico Tobares, an Argentine chef working in Mexico, disappeared in 2013 in a suspected organized crime killing. Tobares was last seen around midday on 5 June 2013 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, after driving from Puerto Vallarta in the same state. He was last heard from half an hour later when he phoned a friend. His friend told investigators that Tobares had told her that he was delivering a car for his boss and was being guided, but was scared and did not know where he was. The car was found two weeks later in nearby Michoacán. Gerardo González Valencia, the owner of the restaurants where Tobares had been working, was later imprisoned for money laundering, and is accused of drug trafficking as a leader of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel. No trace of Tobares has ever been found.

Background

Carlos Federico Tobares was born in Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos, Argentina, on 23 February 1976; [1] [a] to father Carlos Tobares and mother Ana María Surraco. [3] [4] He grew up in Formosa Province and studied in Buenos Aires. [2] In Formosa, he met his wife Carolina Evans. [5] Among his circle of friends and family members he was nicknamed "Fede" (short for Federico) and "Gordo" (Fatty). [b] According to his friends, Tobares enjoyed travelling, going to the beach, and was a fan of soccer team River Plate. [3] [7]

In 2009, he decided to leave Argentina and move to Mexico after he found a job as a chef in the resort city of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco. Tobares was particularly fond of Mexican cuisine. [8] In Jalisco, he worked as the main chef of Hotelito Desconocido, a luxurious boutique hotel in Tomatlán. He also worked at Nudoki Sushi Bar, an Asian restaurant in Puerto Vallarta. [c] [9] According to investigators, these two restaurants were owned by Gerardo González Valencia, a high-ranking leader of Los Cuinis, a branch of the Jalisco-based criminal group Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG). [d] [9] The Mexican drug war is an ongoing conflict between such groups and the Mexican government.

Tobares met Gerardo through an Argentine dentist who lived in Mexico. Her husband had worked at Hotelito Desconocido, which was managed by Gerardo's wife Wendy Dalaithy Amaral Arévalo. Tobares and his wife first worked at Hotelito Desconocido, but Gerardo invited him to join Nudoki Sushi Bar, arguing he did not know about cuisine and that he would let him run the business. Gerardo reportedly offered to make Tobares his business partner. [9] By that time, Tobares had separated from his wife and was open to new work opportunities. [11] His family believes Gerardo did this to keep Tobares quiet about the CJNG's illicit activities. [9]

Disappearance

Location of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco (in red) within Jalisco

The last known contact with Tobares was at 12:32 p.m. on 5 June 2013, the day he disappeared, [12] [13] when he spoke to Verónica Román, a friend from Argentina. [e] While on the phone, Tobares explained that he was doing Gerardo a favor by driving a vehicle from Puerto Vallarta to Guadalajara and exchanging it for another of his boss' preference. He told Verónica that they were guiding him along the way, but said he did not know where he was, that he was scared, and that the whole situation seemed strange to him. That was the last thing Tobares said to Verónica. [9] [15]

Tobares left Puerto Vallarta at 3 am, and at 8 a.m. he met a man named Rogelio ("Rocky"), an Argentine, in Guadalajara. After that he met with a González Valencia friend at a tobacco shop to discuss plans for González Valencia's daughter's birthday party. Tobares was there until about 12 noon when the store security camera recorded him leaving. About half an hour later he made the phone call to Verónica, from a location which investigators have not revealed to the public. The family thinks that Gerardo set a trap for him. [9] On 10 June, a co-worker and friend of Tobares went to the Mexican police to report his disappearance. [16] The report was made in both Guadalajara and Puerto Vallarta. [17] Tobares became the first Argentine to disappear in Mexico. [18]

On 19 June, police officers discovered the vehicle that Tobares had been driving abandoned in La Piedad, Michoacán, a city 165 kilometres (103 mi) east of Guadalajara and close to the border with the states of Jalisco and Guanajuato. [19] [20] It had been left in a neighborhood close to the city centre; [21] investigators said they did not find blood traces or signs of violence in the vehicle. They also stated that they could not find any evidence in the vehicle that could further clarify the case, [22] and said they were searching for his girlfriend to clarify what she knew about Tobares prior to his disappearance. [23]

As the vehicle was found in Michoacán, state authorities there began to work with Jalisco officials to try to locate Tobares. The vehicle was kept in Michoacán. [21] On social media, Tobares' friends posted the pictures of the vehicle, a 2009 Dodge Caliber with San Luis Potosí state license plates. They stated that the vehicle was owned by a Colombian national (now publicly known to be Gerardo), who was also the owner of the restaurant where Tobares worked. [14]

Investigation

Leads and possible motives

On 14 June 2013, Jalisco authorities confirmed that they were officially opening an investigation to locate Tobares. [f] [25] Argentine consular officials stated that they had filed a formal request to Jalisco authorities on 10 June and were collaborating with them. [26] [27] Tobares' friends told officials that he had been planning to visit Sayulita and Tepic, Nayarit. [25] [28] Investigators in Mexico and Argentina discarded two leads that were initially thought plausible. They do not believe that Tobares purposely decided to cut ties with his family and friends to disappear of his own free will. [29] Tobares was looking for a new job in Guadalajara and had his passport and other legal documents ready, [g] which made investigators think that it was unlikely that Tobares would go into hiding or cut communication with those close to him. [14] [30]

Chart displaying Gerardo González Valencia within the CJNG leadership chain

The other lead that was discarded was one that suggested that Tobares was kidnapped for ransom, mainly because his possible abductors have not reached out to his family for a payment. Investigators monitored Tobares' bank accounts to see if they were used after he went missing. [31] Their analysis of his social media showed that his last activity was on Facebook, where Tobares made a profile picture change on 28 May, a few days before he went missing. [32] Investigators believe that Tobares was probably hired as a cook by a drug lord for a party or event, without him knowing who he was cooking for. At some point, investigators surmised, Tobares might have seen something suspicious that put him in danger, or might have had a problem with someone at those private events. In addition, investigators concluded that rival gang members might have kidnapped Tobares to send a message to his employers, as part of a gang retaliation. [14]

His family stated that Tobares' enthusiasm for work went down a few months before he disappeared. He told his sister that he was scared, and one time he called her sobbing. In March 2013, he spoke to his sister and told her that he wanted to return to Argentina. They believe that Tobares was kidnapped because he might have seen something suspicious while on the job that his employers did not want him to see. [11] Tobares worked at Hotelito Desconocido and Nudoki Sushi Bar, but he was also a hired chef for private parties; his family told investigators that Tobares was sometimes taken by the CJNG, Tobares' last employer, to their private islands in western Mexico to cook for their exclusive events. He was not allowed to leave for a few days and was prohibited from using his cellphone while he was there. [9] His family believes that at one of those private parties, Tobares saw something suspicious and began asking third-parties to clarify what he saw. When the CJNG found out what he was doing, Gerardo reportedly threatened him and told him to ask those question to his face. [33] A week before his disappearance, Gerardo reportedly ordered Tobares to close down the sushi restaurant and fire all of the employees. [11]

Tobares was quite active on Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube, and posted pictures and videos of his personal and work life on social media including trips to Jalisco, Michoacán, Guanajuato, Nayarit, Guerrero, Mexico City, and Teotihuacán. His pictures showed his work in hotels, upscale restaurants and yachts, and private parties. In 2011, Tobares posted a photo on his Facebook of a man washing the dishes with him in a restaurant's kitchen. The man was displaying a Colt Gold Cup .45 pistol tucked behind his pants. Several of his friends commented on the picture, and one advised him to be careful. In 2013, he posted a picture on his Instagram of a tattoo displaying a figure with a gas mask. In the description, Tobares stated that the tattoo was a gift from a "man who [was] of key importance in Culiacán, Sinaloa", but the text on social media was part of a narcocorrido, a Mexican drug ballad. [h] [14] On YouTube, he posted videos of his travels through Jalisco's towns and highways. [35]

Aftermath

Reactions

A few days after his disappearance, the Argentine Embassy in Mexico City issued a communiqué with details of Tobares' disappearance and who they should reach out to if they discover any leads to his whereabouts. They stated that he was last seen in the Jardines del Bosque neighborhood of Guadalajara, that he was 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) tall and approximately 82 kilograms (181 lb), has white skin, freckles, brown hair, and identifiable tattoos on his legs and shoulder. The Embassy stated that they were working with Jalisco's Ministry of Public Security, who were leading the investigation and keeping the Tobares family and consular authorities updated with any developments in the case. [36]

On social media, family members and friends of Tobares created a Facebook page, "Encontremos A Federico Tobares" (English: Let's Find Federico Tobares), and regularly post updates of the investigation, images of Tobares' activities with his friends, and petitions to rally more people in the search. [37] [38] They have also posted several videos online asking people to help locate Tobares. [39] [40] On 14 June, Tobares' cousin Liza Bearzotti, who also served as the family's spokesperson for the case, spoke to Canal 5 Noticias on national television in Argentina to publicise the case. [41] [42]

Developments in the case

On 21 June, Tobares' sister Ana Soledad travelled to Mexico to help investigators locate her brother. [43] She told the press she was working with Argentine ambassador Diego Alonso Garcés and the Mexican Federal Police on the case. [37] She told the press on 23 June that the family had asked the Mexican National Human Rights Commission to carry out a "parallel" investigation since they wanted to prevent corruption from Mexican investigators. [44] On 7 July, people in Guadalajara conducted a march for missing people in Jalisco that ended at the city's monument, La Minerva(in Spanish). Tobares' father thanked the organizers for carrying a photo of his son during the march. [37] [45]

Chart released by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioning Hotelito Desconocido

On 10 July, Bearzotti stated that Jalisco authorities were "disinterested" and were moving slowly in the case. She stated that their investigators took several days to act on the leads the family gave to them, thus harming their chances of finding Tobares since she believed that the first days of his disappearance were crucial for the investigation. Bearzotti told the press that Jalisco officials progressed the case the way the family wanted to see a month later after the Argentine and Mexican government pressured them to pick up the pace of the investigation. [46] Tobares' sister Ana Soledad said she was shocked about the kidnappings and disappearances in Mexico, and thanked officials at the municipal, state, and federal level who were working on the case. [47]

On 19 August 2015, the United States Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control sanctioned 15 Mexican businesses, including Hotelito Desconocido, under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (also known as the Kingpin Act). According to the sanction, Hotelito Desconocido served as a money laundering front that provided financial and material assistance to Los Cuinis and their leader Abigael González Valencia (brother of Tobares' last employer Gerardo). All of Hotelito Desconocido's assets in the U.S. were frozen, and U.S. citizens were prohibited from doing business with it. The sanctions also extended to six Mexicans linked to Los Cuinis. [48] That same day, following a formal request through the Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit and exchange of information with U.S. officials, Mexican federal agents (PGR) confiscated Hotelito Desconocido and closed it down. [49]

On 21 April 2016, Gerardo was arrested by the National Police of Uruguay in Montevideo, Uruguay. He was arrested following an extensive money laundering investigation between Latin American officials and the U.S. government that linked him to several shell companies he used to purchase assets in the Americas and overseas. This information was discovered in 2015 through the massive information leak known as the Panama Papers. [50] [51] Following his arrest, Tobares' family spoke to the press and talked about the investigation. They said they had encountered problems in Mexico when the Argentine consular authorities were rotated and new personnel took over the case. [9]

In an effort to continue their search, they tried to increase their activity on social media, but they said that some people (who they suspect worked for Gerardo) told them that Tobares was with them or that they had seen him alive in Mexico. Ana Soledad said she was told that Gerardo was once in Argentina and wanted to speak to her, but she refused. "We just want to know where he is so we can bring him home, with his people, with his friends he loved and loved him. We do not want to know who took him. We just want to know, even anonymously, where he is," she said. [9]

As of 2019, although the Mexican government has promised to create reliable databases, [52] many bodies discovered near Guadalajara have not been identified. [53]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ According to another source, he was born in Formosa Province. [2]
  2. ^ In Argentina it is common for people to nickname individuals of larger build "Gordo", as a sign of affection. [6]
  3. ^ Another source states that the Asian restaurant was Nudoki Pisco & Sake, owned by a Colombian businessman. [2]
  4. ^ The source mentioned that Gerardo González Valencia was part of the Los Cuinis group, [9] which is a branch of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel. [10]
  5. ^ Another source states Tobares was speaking to his girlfriend. [14]
  6. ^ The reason why Jalisco authorities took the case before federal ones was because the disappearance report was issued with state authorities first. [24]
  7. ^ Some of his friends stated that Tobares had an interview lined up in Guadalajara, but it is not known with who. [15]
  8. ^ Culiacán, Sinaloa, is often cited in narcocorridos given its historic importance in Mexican drug trafficking. [34]

References

  1. ^ "Recordaron al chef Federico Tobares a dos años de su desaparición". Formosa Expres Diario (in Spanish). 6 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  2. ^ a b c "No encuentran al argentino que desapareció en México". Elentreríos (in Spanish). 23 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  3. ^ a b Gleser, Claudio (24 June 2013). "Dos argentinos desaparecidos, dos familias desesperadas". La Voz del Interior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  4. ^ "Buscan a chef entrerriano que desapareció en México". El Diario (in Spanish). 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  5. ^ "Buscan en México a Federico Tobares, argentino que vivió varios años en Formosa". Noticias Formosa (in Spanish). 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017.
  6. ^ Adams 2011, p. 68–70.
  7. ^ "Desapareció un argentino en México pero parece que nadie lo busca, ¿dónde está Federico Tobares?". El Meme (in Spanish). 17 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  8. ^ "Padre de chef urge a autoridades a localizar a su hijo". Milenio Televisión (in Spanish). Grupo Multimedios. 19 June 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Messi, Virginia (10 December 2016). "El chef argentino que desapareció en manos del cartel de Los Cuinis". Clarín (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  10. ^ Figueroa Alcántara, Héctor (24 May 2015). "PGR asesta golpe a 'Los Cuinis', brazo financiero del Cártel Jalisco Nueva Generación" (in Spanish). Excélsior. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016.
  11. ^ a b c "La misteriosa desaparición de un chef argentino en Guadalajara". Todo Noticias (in Spanish). Clarín Group. 21 April 2017. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  12. ^ "No encuentran al argentino desaparecido en México". Diario Uno Entre Ríos (in Spanish). 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  13. ^ "Buscan a un chef argentino desaparecido en México". Clarín (in Spanish). 11 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d e Becerra Acosta, Juan Pablo (20 June 2013). "Las 69 semanas en México del chef argentino secuestrado". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  15. ^ a b Camacho, América (14 June 2013). "'Estoy un poco perdido, no sé bien dónde estoy': Chef argentino". Un1ón Jalisco (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  16. ^ Camacho, América (12 June 2013). "Colega denunció desaparición de chef argentino en Jalisco". Un1ón Jalisco (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  17. ^ "Chef argentino desaparecido en México". Univision (in Spanish). 13 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017.
  18. ^ Sources:
  19. ^ Zamorroni Martínez, Ulises (20 June 2013). "Hallan en Michoacán auto de chef argentino desaparecido". El Universal (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Jalisco. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  20. ^ "Hallan camioneta, pero el chef argentino sigue desaparecido". La Voz del Interior (in Spanish). 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  21. ^ a b "Hallan auto de chef argentino desaparecido en Jalisco". El Informador (in Spanish). 20 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  22. ^ "Encuentran auto de chef argentino desaparecido en México". Univision (in Spanish). 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018.
  23. ^ "Hallan en La Piedad auto de chef argentino desaparecido en Vallarta". Radio Fórmula (in Spanish). 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  24. ^ "En México buscan a chef argentino desaparecido". CNN Expansión (in Spanish). 15 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  25. ^ a b "Jalisco abre averiguación por desaparición de argentino". Hora Cero (in Spanish). 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  26. ^ "Denuncian desaparición de chef argentino en Jalisco". Diario 24 Horas (in Spanish). 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  27. ^ García, Carolina (14 June 2013). "Destaca cónsul colaboración de PGJ para encontrar a argentino". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  28. ^ "Buscan a argentino desaparecido en Jalisco; destacan colaboración". El Informador (in Spanish). 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  29. ^ "Historias de narcos 'sazonan' desaparición de chef argentino en México" (in Spanish). Grupo SIPSE. 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  30. ^ "Reportan desaparición de argentino en Puerto Vallarta". El Universal (in Spanish). 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  31. ^ "Descartan secuestro en desaparición de chef argentino". El Informador (in Spanish). 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  32. ^ Camacho, América (13 June 2013). "De Argentina a México, redes buscan a chef argentino". Un1ón Jalisco (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017.
  33. ^ "El clan narco más rico del mundo pasó por Argentina e hizo negocios en Puerto Madero". Todo Noticias (in Spanish). Grupo Clarín. 11 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  34. ^ Polit Dueñas 2012, p. 1; 10–13; 97.
  35. ^ Morán, Judith (16 June 2013). "Chef argentino desaparecido: su bitácora por Jalisco". Un1ón Jalisco (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  36. ^ "Desaparición del ciudadano argentino Federico Tobares" (in Spanish). Embassy of Argentina in Mexico City, Mexico, Government of Argentina. 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  37. ^ a b c "Familiares siguen pista del chef argentino desaparecido en Jalisco". El Informador (in Spanish). 8 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  38. ^ Chouza, Paula (15 June 2013). "Denuncian la desaparición de un chef argentino que vivía en México desde 2009". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  39. ^ "Buscan argentino desaparecido en Jalisco" (in Spanish). Milenio TV. 13 June 2013.
  40. ^ "Siguen buscando a chef argentino". TV Azteca (in Spanish). Grupo Salinas. 22 November 2013.
  41. ^ "Buscan a un argentino desaparecido en México (Parte 1)". Canal 5 Noticias (in Spanish). 14 June 2013.
  42. ^ "Buscan a un argentino desaparecido en México (Parte 2)". Canal 5 Noticias (in Spanish). 14 June 2013.
  43. ^ "'No puede ser que no haya absolutamente nada': hermana de chef desaparecido" (in Spanish). Milenio TV. 21 June 2013.
  44. ^ Arroyo, Elda (23 June 2013). "Familia del chef desaparecido hará investigación paralela". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  45. ^ G. Partida, Juan Carlos; Ferrer, Mauricio (22 July 2013). "Van seis arraigados por presunto secuestro de jóvenes en Lagos de Moreno". La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  46. ^ Melchor, Everardo (10 July 2013). "Familia de chef desaparecido pide celeridad en el caso". El Informador (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  47. ^ "Increíbles, desapariciones en México: hermana de chef argentino desaparecido". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 10 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  48. ^ "Treasury Sanctions Business Network of the Los Cuinis Drug Trafficking Organization". United States Department of the Treasury. 19 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015.
  49. ^ "PGR asegura hotel boutique vinculado a Los Cuinis". Un1ón Jalisco (in Spanish). El Universal. 19 August 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  50. ^ Hamilton, Martha M. (25 April 2016). "Cartel-Linked Suspects Arrested After Panama Papers Revelations". International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017.
  51. ^ "Once detenidos en Uruguay por su vínculo con cartel mexicano". El País (in Spanish). 23 April 2016. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016.
  52. ^ "Mexico uncovers 3,000 secret graves hiding bodies of drug war victims". The Guardian. 30 August 2019.
  53. ^ "Mexico experts say body parts dumped in well come from 41 individuals". The Guardian. 17 September 2019.

Sources

External links

Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Disappearance_of_Federico_Tobares&oldid=1147917934"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Federico Tobares
Born23 February 1976 (1976-02-23)
Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos, Argentina
Disappeared5 June 2013 (aged 37)
Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Status Missing for 10 years, 10 months and 22 days
Nationality Argentine
Occupation Chef
Employer Jalisco New Generation Cartel (suspected)
Height1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)
Parents
  • Carlos Tobares (father)
  • Ana María Surraco (mother)

Federico Tobares, an Argentine chef working in Mexico, disappeared in 2013 in a suspected organized crime killing. Tobares was last seen around midday on 5 June 2013 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, after driving from Puerto Vallarta in the same state. He was last heard from half an hour later when he phoned a friend. His friend told investigators that Tobares had told her that he was delivering a car for his boss and was being guided, but was scared and did not know where he was. The car was found two weeks later in nearby Michoacán. Gerardo González Valencia, the owner of the restaurants where Tobares had been working, was later imprisoned for money laundering, and is accused of drug trafficking as a leader of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel. No trace of Tobares has ever been found.

Background

Carlos Federico Tobares was born in Gualeguaychú, Entre Ríos, Argentina, on 23 February 1976; [1] [a] to father Carlos Tobares and mother Ana María Surraco. [3] [4] He grew up in Formosa Province and studied in Buenos Aires. [2] In Formosa, he met his wife Carolina Evans. [5] Among his circle of friends and family members he was nicknamed "Fede" (short for Federico) and "Gordo" (Fatty). [b] According to his friends, Tobares enjoyed travelling, going to the beach, and was a fan of soccer team River Plate. [3] [7]

In 2009, he decided to leave Argentina and move to Mexico after he found a job as a chef in the resort city of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco. Tobares was particularly fond of Mexican cuisine. [8] In Jalisco, he worked as the main chef of Hotelito Desconocido, a luxurious boutique hotel in Tomatlán. He also worked at Nudoki Sushi Bar, an Asian restaurant in Puerto Vallarta. [c] [9] According to investigators, these two restaurants were owned by Gerardo González Valencia, a high-ranking leader of Los Cuinis, a branch of the Jalisco-based criminal group Jalisco New Generation Cartel (CJNG). [d] [9] The Mexican drug war is an ongoing conflict between such groups and the Mexican government.

Tobares met Gerardo through an Argentine dentist who lived in Mexico. Her husband had worked at Hotelito Desconocido, which was managed by Gerardo's wife Wendy Dalaithy Amaral Arévalo. Tobares and his wife first worked at Hotelito Desconocido, but Gerardo invited him to join Nudoki Sushi Bar, arguing he did not know about cuisine and that he would let him run the business. Gerardo reportedly offered to make Tobares his business partner. [9] By that time, Tobares had separated from his wife and was open to new work opportunities. [11] His family believes Gerardo did this to keep Tobares quiet about the CJNG's illicit activities. [9]

Disappearance

Location of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco (in red) within Jalisco

The last known contact with Tobares was at 12:32 p.m. on 5 June 2013, the day he disappeared, [12] [13] when he spoke to Verónica Román, a friend from Argentina. [e] While on the phone, Tobares explained that he was doing Gerardo a favor by driving a vehicle from Puerto Vallarta to Guadalajara and exchanging it for another of his boss' preference. He told Verónica that they were guiding him along the way, but said he did not know where he was, that he was scared, and that the whole situation seemed strange to him. That was the last thing Tobares said to Verónica. [9] [15]

Tobares left Puerto Vallarta at 3 am, and at 8 a.m. he met a man named Rogelio ("Rocky"), an Argentine, in Guadalajara. After that he met with a González Valencia friend at a tobacco shop to discuss plans for González Valencia's daughter's birthday party. Tobares was there until about 12 noon when the store security camera recorded him leaving. About half an hour later he made the phone call to Verónica, from a location which investigators have not revealed to the public. The family thinks that Gerardo set a trap for him. [9] On 10 June, a co-worker and friend of Tobares went to the Mexican police to report his disappearance. [16] The report was made in both Guadalajara and Puerto Vallarta. [17] Tobares became the first Argentine to disappear in Mexico. [18]

On 19 June, police officers discovered the vehicle that Tobares had been driving abandoned in La Piedad, Michoacán, a city 165 kilometres (103 mi) east of Guadalajara and close to the border with the states of Jalisco and Guanajuato. [19] [20] It had been left in a neighborhood close to the city centre; [21] investigators said they did not find blood traces or signs of violence in the vehicle. They also stated that they could not find any evidence in the vehicle that could further clarify the case, [22] and said they were searching for his girlfriend to clarify what she knew about Tobares prior to his disappearance. [23]

As the vehicle was found in Michoacán, state authorities there began to work with Jalisco officials to try to locate Tobares. The vehicle was kept in Michoacán. [21] On social media, Tobares' friends posted the pictures of the vehicle, a 2009 Dodge Caliber with San Luis Potosí state license plates. They stated that the vehicle was owned by a Colombian national (now publicly known to be Gerardo), who was also the owner of the restaurant where Tobares worked. [14]

Investigation

Leads and possible motives

On 14 June 2013, Jalisco authorities confirmed that they were officially opening an investigation to locate Tobares. [f] [25] Argentine consular officials stated that they had filed a formal request to Jalisco authorities on 10 June and were collaborating with them. [26] [27] Tobares' friends told officials that he had been planning to visit Sayulita and Tepic, Nayarit. [25] [28] Investigators in Mexico and Argentina discarded two leads that were initially thought plausible. They do not believe that Tobares purposely decided to cut ties with his family and friends to disappear of his own free will. [29] Tobares was looking for a new job in Guadalajara and had his passport and other legal documents ready, [g] which made investigators think that it was unlikely that Tobares would go into hiding or cut communication with those close to him. [14] [30]

Chart displaying Gerardo González Valencia within the CJNG leadership chain

The other lead that was discarded was one that suggested that Tobares was kidnapped for ransom, mainly because his possible abductors have not reached out to his family for a payment. Investigators monitored Tobares' bank accounts to see if they were used after he went missing. [31] Their analysis of his social media showed that his last activity was on Facebook, where Tobares made a profile picture change on 28 May, a few days before he went missing. [32] Investigators believe that Tobares was probably hired as a cook by a drug lord for a party or event, without him knowing who he was cooking for. At some point, investigators surmised, Tobares might have seen something suspicious that put him in danger, or might have had a problem with someone at those private events. In addition, investigators concluded that rival gang members might have kidnapped Tobares to send a message to his employers, as part of a gang retaliation. [14]

His family stated that Tobares' enthusiasm for work went down a few months before he disappeared. He told his sister that he was scared, and one time he called her sobbing. In March 2013, he spoke to his sister and told her that he wanted to return to Argentina. They believe that Tobares was kidnapped because he might have seen something suspicious while on the job that his employers did not want him to see. [11] Tobares worked at Hotelito Desconocido and Nudoki Sushi Bar, but he was also a hired chef for private parties; his family told investigators that Tobares was sometimes taken by the CJNG, Tobares' last employer, to their private islands in western Mexico to cook for their exclusive events. He was not allowed to leave for a few days and was prohibited from using his cellphone while he was there. [9] His family believes that at one of those private parties, Tobares saw something suspicious and began asking third-parties to clarify what he saw. When the CJNG found out what he was doing, Gerardo reportedly threatened him and told him to ask those question to his face. [33] A week before his disappearance, Gerardo reportedly ordered Tobares to close down the sushi restaurant and fire all of the employees. [11]

Tobares was quite active on Facebook, Instagram, and YouTube, and posted pictures and videos of his personal and work life on social media including trips to Jalisco, Michoacán, Guanajuato, Nayarit, Guerrero, Mexico City, and Teotihuacán. His pictures showed his work in hotels, upscale restaurants and yachts, and private parties. In 2011, Tobares posted a photo on his Facebook of a man washing the dishes with him in a restaurant's kitchen. The man was displaying a Colt Gold Cup .45 pistol tucked behind his pants. Several of his friends commented on the picture, and one advised him to be careful. In 2013, he posted a picture on his Instagram of a tattoo displaying a figure with a gas mask. In the description, Tobares stated that the tattoo was a gift from a "man who [was] of key importance in Culiacán, Sinaloa", but the text on social media was part of a narcocorrido, a Mexican drug ballad. [h] [14] On YouTube, he posted videos of his travels through Jalisco's towns and highways. [35]

Aftermath

Reactions

A few days after his disappearance, the Argentine Embassy in Mexico City issued a communiqué with details of Tobares' disappearance and who they should reach out to if they discover any leads to his whereabouts. They stated that he was last seen in the Jardines del Bosque neighborhood of Guadalajara, that he was 1.77 m (5 ft 10 in) tall and approximately 82 kilograms (181 lb), has white skin, freckles, brown hair, and identifiable tattoos on his legs and shoulder. The Embassy stated that they were working with Jalisco's Ministry of Public Security, who were leading the investigation and keeping the Tobares family and consular authorities updated with any developments in the case. [36]

On social media, family members and friends of Tobares created a Facebook page, "Encontremos A Federico Tobares" (English: Let's Find Federico Tobares), and regularly post updates of the investigation, images of Tobares' activities with his friends, and petitions to rally more people in the search. [37] [38] They have also posted several videos online asking people to help locate Tobares. [39] [40] On 14 June, Tobares' cousin Liza Bearzotti, who also served as the family's spokesperson for the case, spoke to Canal 5 Noticias on national television in Argentina to publicise the case. [41] [42]

Developments in the case

On 21 June, Tobares' sister Ana Soledad travelled to Mexico to help investigators locate her brother. [43] She told the press she was working with Argentine ambassador Diego Alonso Garcés and the Mexican Federal Police on the case. [37] She told the press on 23 June that the family had asked the Mexican National Human Rights Commission to carry out a "parallel" investigation since they wanted to prevent corruption from Mexican investigators. [44] On 7 July, people in Guadalajara conducted a march for missing people in Jalisco that ended at the city's monument, La Minerva(in Spanish). Tobares' father thanked the organizers for carrying a photo of his son during the march. [37] [45]

Chart released by the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioning Hotelito Desconocido

On 10 July, Bearzotti stated that Jalisco authorities were "disinterested" and were moving slowly in the case. She stated that their investigators took several days to act on the leads the family gave to them, thus harming their chances of finding Tobares since she believed that the first days of his disappearance were crucial for the investigation. Bearzotti told the press that Jalisco officials progressed the case the way the family wanted to see a month later after the Argentine and Mexican government pressured them to pick up the pace of the investigation. [46] Tobares' sister Ana Soledad said she was shocked about the kidnappings and disappearances in Mexico, and thanked officials at the municipal, state, and federal level who were working on the case. [47]

On 19 August 2015, the United States Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control sanctioned 15 Mexican businesses, including Hotelito Desconocido, under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (also known as the Kingpin Act). According to the sanction, Hotelito Desconocido served as a money laundering front that provided financial and material assistance to Los Cuinis and their leader Abigael González Valencia (brother of Tobares' last employer Gerardo). All of Hotelito Desconocido's assets in the U.S. were frozen, and U.S. citizens were prohibited from doing business with it. The sanctions also extended to six Mexicans linked to Los Cuinis. [48] That same day, following a formal request through the Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit and exchange of information with U.S. officials, Mexican federal agents (PGR) confiscated Hotelito Desconocido and closed it down. [49]

On 21 April 2016, Gerardo was arrested by the National Police of Uruguay in Montevideo, Uruguay. He was arrested following an extensive money laundering investigation between Latin American officials and the U.S. government that linked him to several shell companies he used to purchase assets in the Americas and overseas. This information was discovered in 2015 through the massive information leak known as the Panama Papers. [50] [51] Following his arrest, Tobares' family spoke to the press and talked about the investigation. They said they had encountered problems in Mexico when the Argentine consular authorities were rotated and new personnel took over the case. [9]

In an effort to continue their search, they tried to increase their activity on social media, but they said that some people (who they suspect worked for Gerardo) told them that Tobares was with them or that they had seen him alive in Mexico. Ana Soledad said she was told that Gerardo was once in Argentina and wanted to speak to her, but she refused. "We just want to know where he is so we can bring him home, with his people, with his friends he loved and loved him. We do not want to know who took him. We just want to know, even anonymously, where he is," she said. [9]

As of 2019, although the Mexican government has promised to create reliable databases, [52] many bodies discovered near Guadalajara have not been identified. [53]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ According to another source, he was born in Formosa Province. [2]
  2. ^ In Argentina it is common for people to nickname individuals of larger build "Gordo", as a sign of affection. [6]
  3. ^ Another source states that the Asian restaurant was Nudoki Pisco & Sake, owned by a Colombian businessman. [2]
  4. ^ The source mentioned that Gerardo González Valencia was part of the Los Cuinis group, [9] which is a branch of the Jalisco New Generation Cartel. [10]
  5. ^ Another source states Tobares was speaking to his girlfriend. [14]
  6. ^ The reason why Jalisco authorities took the case before federal ones was because the disappearance report was issued with state authorities first. [24]
  7. ^ Some of his friends stated that Tobares had an interview lined up in Guadalajara, but it is not known with who. [15]
  8. ^ Culiacán, Sinaloa, is often cited in narcocorridos given its historic importance in Mexican drug trafficking. [34]

References

  1. ^ "Recordaron al chef Federico Tobares a dos años de su desaparición". Formosa Expres Diario (in Spanish). 6 June 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  2. ^ a b c "No encuentran al argentino que desapareció en México". Elentreríos (in Spanish). 23 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  3. ^ a b Gleser, Claudio (24 June 2013). "Dos argentinos desaparecidos, dos familias desesperadas". La Voz del Interior (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  4. ^ "Buscan a chef entrerriano que desapareció en México". El Diario (in Spanish). 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  5. ^ "Buscan en México a Federico Tobares, argentino que vivió varios años en Formosa". Noticias Formosa (in Spanish). 10 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017.
  6. ^ Adams 2011, p. 68–70.
  7. ^ "Desapareció un argentino en México pero parece que nadie lo busca, ¿dónde está Federico Tobares?". El Meme (in Spanish). 17 December 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  8. ^ "Padre de chef urge a autoridades a localizar a su hijo". Milenio Televisión (in Spanish). Grupo Multimedios. 19 June 2013.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Messi, Virginia (10 December 2016). "El chef argentino que desapareció en manos del cartel de Los Cuinis". Clarín (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  10. ^ Figueroa Alcántara, Héctor (24 May 2015). "PGR asesta golpe a 'Los Cuinis', brazo financiero del Cártel Jalisco Nueva Generación" (in Spanish). Excélsior. Archived from the original on 30 July 2016.
  11. ^ a b c "La misteriosa desaparición de un chef argentino en Guadalajara". Todo Noticias (in Spanish). Clarín Group. 21 April 2017. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  12. ^ "No encuentran al argentino desaparecido en México". Diario Uno Entre Ríos (in Spanish). 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  13. ^ "Buscan a un chef argentino desaparecido en México". Clarín (in Spanish). 11 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d e Becerra Acosta, Juan Pablo (20 June 2013). "Las 69 semanas en México del chef argentino secuestrado". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  15. ^ a b Camacho, América (14 June 2013). "'Estoy un poco perdido, no sé bien dónde estoy': Chef argentino". Un1ón Jalisco (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  16. ^ Camacho, América (12 June 2013). "Colega denunció desaparición de chef argentino en Jalisco". Un1ón Jalisco (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
  17. ^ "Chef argentino desaparecido en México". Univision (in Spanish). 13 June 2015. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017.
  18. ^ Sources:
  19. ^ Zamorroni Martínez, Ulises (20 June 2013). "Hallan en Michoacán auto de chef argentino desaparecido". El Universal (in Spanish). Guadalajara, Jalisco. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  20. ^ "Hallan camioneta, pero el chef argentino sigue desaparecido". La Voz del Interior (in Spanish). 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  21. ^ a b "Hallan auto de chef argentino desaparecido en Jalisco". El Informador (in Spanish). 20 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  22. ^ "Encuentran auto de chef argentino desaparecido en México". Univision (in Spanish). 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018.
  23. ^ "Hallan en La Piedad auto de chef argentino desaparecido en Vallarta". Radio Fórmula (in Spanish). 19 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  24. ^ "En México buscan a chef argentino desaparecido". CNN Expansión (in Spanish). 15 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  25. ^ a b "Jalisco abre averiguación por desaparición de argentino". Hora Cero (in Spanish). 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  26. ^ "Denuncian desaparición de chef argentino en Jalisco". Diario 24 Horas (in Spanish). 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  27. ^ García, Carolina (14 June 2013). "Destaca cónsul colaboración de PGJ para encontrar a argentino". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  28. ^ "Buscan a argentino desaparecido en Jalisco; destacan colaboración". El Informador (in Spanish). 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  29. ^ "Historias de narcos 'sazonan' desaparición de chef argentino en México" (in Spanish). Grupo SIPSE. 21 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  30. ^ "Reportan desaparición de argentino en Puerto Vallarta". El Universal (in Spanish). 14 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  31. ^ "Descartan secuestro en desaparición de chef argentino". El Informador (in Spanish). 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  32. ^ Camacho, América (13 June 2013). "De Argentina a México, redes buscan a chef argentino". Un1ón Jalisco (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017.
  33. ^ "El clan narco más rico del mundo pasó por Argentina e hizo negocios en Puerto Madero". Todo Noticias (in Spanish). Grupo Clarín. 11 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  34. ^ Polit Dueñas 2012, p. 1; 10–13; 97.
  35. ^ Morán, Judith (16 June 2013). "Chef argentino desaparecido: su bitácora por Jalisco". Un1ón Jalisco (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  36. ^ "Desaparición del ciudadano argentino Federico Tobares" (in Spanish). Embassy of Argentina in Mexico City, Mexico, Government of Argentina. 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  37. ^ a b c "Familiares siguen pista del chef argentino desaparecido en Jalisco". El Informador (in Spanish). 8 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  38. ^ Chouza, Paula (15 June 2013). "Denuncian la desaparición de un chef argentino que vivía en México desde 2009". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  39. ^ "Buscan argentino desaparecido en Jalisco" (in Spanish). Milenio TV. 13 June 2013.
  40. ^ "Siguen buscando a chef argentino". TV Azteca (in Spanish). Grupo Salinas. 22 November 2013.
  41. ^ "Buscan a un argentino desaparecido en México (Parte 1)". Canal 5 Noticias (in Spanish). 14 June 2013.
  42. ^ "Buscan a un argentino desaparecido en México (Parte 2)". Canal 5 Noticias (in Spanish). 14 June 2013.
  43. ^ "'No puede ser que no haya absolutamente nada': hermana de chef desaparecido" (in Spanish). Milenio TV. 21 June 2013.
  44. ^ Arroyo, Elda (23 June 2013). "Familia del chef desaparecido hará investigación paralela". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  45. ^ G. Partida, Juan Carlos; Ferrer, Mauricio (22 July 2013). "Van seis arraigados por presunto secuestro de jóvenes en Lagos de Moreno". La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  46. ^ Melchor, Everardo (10 July 2013). "Familia de chef desaparecido pide celeridad en el caso". El Informador (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  47. ^ "Increíbles, desapariciones en México: hermana de chef argentino desaparecido". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 10 July 2013. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017.
  48. ^ "Treasury Sanctions Business Network of the Los Cuinis Drug Trafficking Organization". United States Department of the Treasury. 19 August 2015. Archived from the original on 22 August 2015.
  49. ^ "PGR asegura hotel boutique vinculado a Los Cuinis". Un1ón Jalisco (in Spanish). El Universal. 19 August 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  50. ^ Hamilton, Martha M. (25 April 2016). "Cartel-Linked Suspects Arrested After Panama Papers Revelations". International Consortium of Investigative Journalists. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017.
  51. ^ "Once detenidos en Uruguay por su vínculo con cartel mexicano". El País (in Spanish). 23 April 2016. Archived from the original on 24 April 2016.
  52. ^ "Mexico uncovers 3,000 secret graves hiding bodies of drug war victims". The Guardian. 30 August 2019.
  53. ^ "Mexico experts say body parts dumped in well come from 41 individuals". The Guardian. 17 September 2019.

Sources

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