In mathematics, the Dirichlet–Jordan test gives sufficient conditions for a real-valued, periodic function f to be equal to the sum of its Fourier series at a point of continuity. Moreover, the behavior of the Fourier series at points of discontinuity is determined as well (it is the midpoint of the values of the discontinuity). It is one of many conditions for the convergence of Fourier series.
The original test was established by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet in 1829, [1] for piecewise monotone functions. It was extended in the late 19th century by Camille Jordan to functions of bounded variation (any function of bounded variation is the difference of two increasing functions). [2] [3]
The Dirichlet–Jordan test states [4] that if a periodic function is of bounded variation on a period, then the Fourier series converges, as , at each point of the domain to
Stated in terms of a periodic function of period 2π, the Fourier series coefficients are defined as
The analogous statement holds irrespective of what the period of f is, or which version of the Fourier series is chosen.
There is also a pointwise version of the test: [5] if is a periodic function in , and is of bounded variation in a neighborhood of , then the Fourier series at converges to the limit as above
For the Fourier transform on the real line, there is a version of the test as well. [6] Suppose that is in and of bounded variation in a neighborhood of the point . Then
This version of the test (although not satisfying modern demands for rigor) is historically prior to Dirichlet, being due to Joseph Fourier. [7]
In signal processing, [8] the test is often retained in the original form due to Dirichlet: a piecewise monotone bounded periodic function has a convergent Fourier series whose value at each point is the arithmetic mean of the left and right limits of the function. The condition of piecewise monotonicity is equivalent to having only finitely many local extrema, i.e., that the function changes its variation only finitely many times. [9] [7] (Dirichlet required in addition that the function have only finitely many discontinuities, but this constraint is unnecessarily stringent. [10]) Any signal that can be physically produced in a laboratory satisfies these conditions. [11]
As in the pointwise case of the Jordan test, the condition of boundedness can be relaxed if the function is assumed to be absolutely integrable (i.e., ) over a period, provided it satisfies the other conditions of the test in a neighborhood of the point where the limit is taken. [12]
In mathematics, the Dirichlet–Jordan test gives sufficient conditions for a real-valued, periodic function f to be equal to the sum of its Fourier series at a point of continuity. Moreover, the behavior of the Fourier series at points of discontinuity is determined as well (it is the midpoint of the values of the discontinuity). It is one of many conditions for the convergence of Fourier series.
The original test was established by Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet in 1829, [1] for piecewise monotone functions. It was extended in the late 19th century by Camille Jordan to functions of bounded variation (any function of bounded variation is the difference of two increasing functions). [2] [3]
The Dirichlet–Jordan test states [4] that if a periodic function is of bounded variation on a period, then the Fourier series converges, as , at each point of the domain to
Stated in terms of a periodic function of period 2π, the Fourier series coefficients are defined as
The analogous statement holds irrespective of what the period of f is, or which version of the Fourier series is chosen.
There is also a pointwise version of the test: [5] if is a periodic function in , and is of bounded variation in a neighborhood of , then the Fourier series at converges to the limit as above
For the Fourier transform on the real line, there is a version of the test as well. [6] Suppose that is in and of bounded variation in a neighborhood of the point . Then
This version of the test (although not satisfying modern demands for rigor) is historically prior to Dirichlet, being due to Joseph Fourier. [7]
In signal processing, [8] the test is often retained in the original form due to Dirichlet: a piecewise monotone bounded periodic function has a convergent Fourier series whose value at each point is the arithmetic mean of the left and right limits of the function. The condition of piecewise monotonicity is equivalent to having only finitely many local extrema, i.e., that the function changes its variation only finitely many times. [9] [7] (Dirichlet required in addition that the function have only finitely many discontinuities, but this constraint is unnecessarily stringent. [10]) Any signal that can be physically produced in a laboratory satisfies these conditions. [11]
As in the pointwise case of the Jordan test, the condition of boundedness can be relaxed if the function is assumed to be absolutely integrable (i.e., ) over a period, provided it satisfies the other conditions of the test in a neighborhood of the point where the limit is taken. [12]